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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

刑事案件舉證責任轉換之研究-以特別背信罪及內線交易之抗辯事由為檢討適例 / A Study on the Reverse Onuses in Criminal Law - Focusing on the Special Breach of Trust and Insider Trading

王妙華, Wang, René Unknown Date (has links)
刑事訴訟制度具有兩大目的,分別是發現真實以及保障被告人權,二者不可偏廢,不可為了發現真實而犧牲被告人權之保障,亦不得為了保障被告之人權,忽視真實之發現。 被告在憲法上受有無罪推定原則之保障,原則上無須證明自己無罪,舉證責任落在身為控方的檢察官身上,檢察官須就被告之犯罪事實予以證明至無合理懷疑之程度,使法官依據其所舉證之內容依自由心證予以衡酌,如未能形成超越合理懷疑之心證門檻時,依照無罪推定原則,即應對被告諭知無罪判決。 目前我國法已明文肯認無罪推定原則的保障,除了被告得因此享有相關之保障外,負責追訴犯罪的檢察官,身為控方,亦應善盡其舉證責任,當使法官形成超越合理懷疑的心證時,方能推翻對被告的無罪推定,對被告諭知有罪判決,然而,控方應負舉證責任縱然作為原則,但不可否認的是,本文認為仍有存在例外的空間,故試圖從舉證責任之架構釐清在無罪推定原則的制度下是否有轉換、調整之空間。 站在當事人對等的天平上,筆者認為立法者考量到特殊案件類型之需求,可以透過立法的方式將某些事項的提出證據責任轉換到被告身上,但說服責任則不可以移轉之,因為被告在訴訟上仍受有不自證己罪原則之保障,要將舉證責任予以移轉,筆者以為歐洲人權法院所形塑之標準可資參考,當爭點具有一定的重要性,且被告的防禦權未完全被剝奪時,當檢察官已就一定犯罪事實予以舉證時,即可將舉證責任轉換到被告身上,如此可使呈現在法庭上的證據越來越多,亦可使真實更容易被發現。 本文以經濟犯罪作為檢討舉證責任轉換可行性之主軸,並以特別背信罪與內線交易作為檢討之適例,試圖檢驗本文架構出的判準之可行性。然礙於篇幅有限,故僅以商業判斷法則及內線交易之抗辯事由作為本文檢討之核心。
12

企業結合效率抗辯之法律經濟分析-以水平結合為中心-

張建隆 Unknown Date (has links)
反壟斷法(我國為公平交易法)上的效率抗辯,是指經營者通過證明結合的效率效果足以抵消或超過反競爭效果而取得反壟斷法豁免。“減損競爭”和“促進效率”這兩大因素的權衡是企業結合反壟斷控制的核心內容。 第一章為引言部分,提出本文的研究動機,並對研究方法、研究限制及論文大綱進行簡要介紹。在第二章介紹效率抗辯定義,及反壟斷法視野下普遍被接受的主要效率類型。第三章對效率抗辯制度在歐美國家的發展作了回顧。第四章則是利用經濟分析方法,計算反競爭效果,再比較分析實質性減少競爭標準和嚴重妨礙有效競爭標準之差異。第五章分三部份,第5.1章提及普遍被採納的效率抗辯模式,主要係一體分析模式、抵消分析模式和混合分析模式三種。並建議基於我國國情和《公平交易法》的相關規定,我國宜採用混合分析模式。第5. 2章就效率抗辯制度的適用標準而言,主要有價格標準、消費者剩餘標準、總剩餘標準和權重平衡標準。第5. 3章建議確立效率抗辯制度的證明標準、證明方法。尤其,就效率抗辯制度的適用條件而言,主要有效率為集中所特有、效率的及時性、效率的可證實性、在壟斷或接近壟斷的集中案件不應適用等要件。第六章建議我國明確建立安全港標準,凡屬於安全港範圍的結合不再作進一步審查。第七章綜合上述的結論,試著對我國效率抗辯制度建立提供建議 。 關鍵字:效率抗辯、事業結合、實質性減少競爭標準、嚴重妨礙有效競爭標準、抵消分析、一體分析、混合分析、價格標準、消費者福利標準、總剩餘標準、權重平衡標準 / The efficiency plea on the antitrust law refers that the intensified efficiency effect proved by the operator is sufficient to set off or stronger than the anti-competition effect so as to be exempted by the antitrust law. Competition impairment and efficiency promotion are two factors need to be traded off during the anti-monopoly control on concentration for business operators. Chapter One presents the motive , approach, framework, scope and limitations of the paper. Chapter Two introduces the definition of efficiency and the main types of efficiency which includes production efficiency, allocative efficiency, dynamic efficiency and other efficiencies. Chapter Three provides a brief history of efficiency plea practices in Europe and the United States . Chapter 4 tries to compare the Substantial Lessening of Competition test (SLC) with Significantly Impedes Effective Competition test (SIEC ) standards and try to prove the SIEC is suitable for our country. Chapter 4 also attempts to analyze anti-competitive effects of mergers by using economic analysis methods. Chapter Five is divided into three sections. Section one analyzes the main types of efficiency defense system models, including the integrated analysis model, offset analysis model and mixed analysis model. Considering the actual situation in our country and in accordance with regulations by the Antitrust Law of Taiwan, a mixed analysis mode is suggested for application. Section two focuses on the welfare standards of price standard, consumer welfare standard, the total surplus standard and the balancing weights standard. Section three recommends that standard of proof and method of proof and types of application conditions shall be established. Especially, the main types of application conditions are efficiency specific to concentration, the timeliness of the efficiency, the verifiability of the efficiency and whether the efficiency defense system is applied in the situation of near monopoly. Chapter Six defines the relevant market and suggest Critical loss analysis should be introduced for the relevant market definition. Chapter Six also suggests to adopt the " strong safe harbor" standard which means that once undertakings belong to the safe harbor range,they will no longer be subject to further review. The final chapter tries to offer some suggestions on the establishment of efficiency defense in Taiwan . Key words: efficiency plea, concentration of undertakings, the Substantial Lessening of integrated analysis model, offset analysis model, mixed analysis model, price standard, consumer welfare standard, the total surplus standard, the balancing weights standard
13

由美國聯邦最高法院廣達案判決後最新發展探討專利權耗盡原則之演變 — 以台灣資訊代工產業為中心 / Exploring the Evolution of the Doctrine of Patent Exhaustion After Quanta Case of the U.S. Supreme Court — Centering on Taiwan’s Information OEM/ODM Industry

闕河國, Chueh, Ho Kuo Unknown Date (has links)
美國聯邦最高法院廣達v.LG案的判決結果,再次確認「專利權耗盡原則」之適用原則及標準。被告廣達電腦乃為台灣資訊代工產業的龍頭,該判決除了限制專利權人對產業鏈的不當控制外,也將影響整個產業供應鏈對於專利風險的承擔及專利授權策略。廣達案除了建立「未完成品足以體現專利物之必要特徵,且唯一用途係該專利物」及「方法權利項」適用專利權耗盡的重要標準,但也留下「附條件銷售或授權」合法性的爭議。在廣達案後續判決,對「專利權耗盡原則」的詮釋及適用,更值得加以重視。台灣資訊產業在產業供應鏈多居於「製造或組裝」角色,卻受制於上游關鍵元件的強勢及品牌客戶的訂單壓力,而被迫必須承擔產品引發的所有專利侵權的風險。如何善用廣達案及後續各國相關判決,將有助於台灣資訊代工廠商處理國際專利爭訟、專利授權等議題,並做為專利侵權抗辯手段的參考。 本論文首先從經營策略及代工模式,探討台灣資訊代工產業發展與面臨的困境。其次,從專利權與專利侵害的法律規範,到專利權耗盡原則的法理基礎做一完整論述,加以美國先前相關案例的整理及類型分析,對「專利權耗盡原則」的理論與發展做一完整的探討。更進而整理廣達案判決後美國、中國大陸及台灣重要案例,探討「專利權耗盡原則」在其專利法制及實務案例的適用及影響。接著,探討在「契約自由原則」與「專利權耗盡原則」的衝突與調和下,其對於專利授權實務的操作及影響。最後,整理台灣資訊代工產業的代工類型化與廣達案前後美國、中國大陸及台灣權利耗盡重要判決之關聯性,並提出看法及建議。本文初步結論,美國法院案例可初步解析侵權風險及專利權耗盡的適用,並在專利授權談判可提出有效因應條款。廣達案後,美國各級法院均大致遵守此一判決先例,惟中國大陸及台灣法院實務判決仍未完全採取美國的判斷原則。對於後續的研究建議,新興3D列印科技發展及應用,其引發的複雜智慧財產權及「專利權耗盡原則」適用的爭議,確實值得重視。 / Quanta v. LG reaffirmed the applicable principles and standards of the "patent exhaustion principle". As the Quanta plays the lead role in Taiwan’s Information ODM/OEM industry, this US Supreme court’s decision not only limits the patent holder improper control of the industrial chain, but also affects the entire supply chain face the risks and patent license strategies. Quanta establishes the index that "unfinished finished enough to reflect the essential features of the patent and the sole purpose thereof " and "method claim" apply to patent exhaustion. However, "conditional sale or license" is still controversial. Therefore, the Post-Quanta interpretation is worthy of attention. Taiwan's IT Industries most account for the role of "manufacture or assembly" in the supply chain. Subject to the upstream suppliers of the key components or downstream brand customers, they bear all risks caused by infringement of patented products. The Quanta case and its post development will help Taiwan Information foundries to deal with international patent litigation, patent license and etc., and take it as a means to defend against patent infringement claim. Firstly, this thesis explores the development of Taiwan's information ODM/OEM industry and the difficulties of its business strategies and ODM/OEM models. Secondly, it turns to discuss the development of the "patent exhaustion doctrine", and then reviews US critical cases of "patent exhaustion doctrine". In addition, it analyzes post-Quanta cases of the United State, China and Taiwan to discuss the application and impact of the "patent exhaustion doctrine". Furthermore it explores its operation and effect on patent license practice under the conflict and reconciliation of "freedom of contract" and "patent exhaustion doctrine". Then, it identifies Taiwan’s information OEM/OEM industry in a variety of models and associates the models with the important cases of the United States, China and Taiwan regarding patent exhaustion, and makes remarks and suggestions. Finally, this thesis preliminarily concludes that US court cases basically resolve the risk of infringement and patent exhaustion application, and patent license negotiation may be made to respond effectively to the situation. After Quanta, US courts are substantially in compliance with this precedent judgment, but not for China and Taiwan. For subsequent study suggestion, it is worth attention about dispute of the emerging 3D printing technology development and application, which link complex intellectual property rights and the application of "patent exhaustion doctrine".
14

信用卡或融資型分期付款交易之研究

劉藝文 Unknown Date (has links)
傳統分期付款,原係由出賣人提供買受人之信用交易,後來因銀行等機構介入,使分期付款交易之兩造關係演變成出賣人、買受人及金融機構之三方法律關係。社會經濟活動不斷創新,交易類型早已脫逸出民事法律原本預期規制事項之外,實務上遂本於契約自由原則,而以交易雙方締結之契約作為決定當事人間權利義務之主要依據。 然而以定型化契約進行之信用卡或融資型分期付款交易,因為交易流程較為複雜,我國法律又欠缺詳細之具體規範,致使業者常利用其擬定不利於消費者之定型化約款而為交易。尤其是作為出賣人之企業經營者,以合作之金融業者所提供之信用貸款內容作為分期付款交易之條件,令消費者於交易時,同時簽下銀行信用貸款申請書,並由金融業者將交易對價總額一次撥付給出賣人,消費者則對於該金融業者分期償還。若交易標的為遞延型商品(服務),因可歸責於出賣人之事由致無法繼續履行給付義務,消費者卻因為銀行已經一次撥款,而無法行使同時履行抗辯等權利;此類交易複數契約間之關聯性與抗辯延伸之問題,頗值檢討研究。 本文擬以近年發生之信用卡或融資型分期付款交易等重大消費爭議,例如山基電信、亞力山大健身俱樂部等事件為主要研究對象,整理德、日兩國分期付款法制之沿革與重要規範,比較檢討我國法制之不足,並藉由釐清交易過程,探討對於此類交易之消費糾紛,應如何正確認定事實、適用法律,以避免經濟優勢地位者濫用契約自由。期能縮小分期付款交易相關當事人間權利義務與消費資訊之落差,以達成消費者保護法促進國民消費生活安全、提昇國民消費生活品質之目的。
15

消費信用保護 / Consumer Credit Protection

潘玥竹 Unknown Date (has links)
在現代社會中,信用交易普遍存在於每一個角落。急需現金之人,向銀行申辦貸款以應付生活所需;商品或服務提供人為增進消費者購買能力,同意以分期方式收取價金。利用不同形式的信用交易,可使個人之財務規劃有更佳之配置,對於企業經營者及金融機構而言,信用交易更是促進業績及繼續經營不可或缺之手法。然而,無論是消費者過度依賴信用交易、企業經營者或金融機構在定型化契約中設計不合理之約款,或為業績考量過度促銷信用交易,皆有可能對於整體經濟與社會造成傷害。我國在民國九十三年年底發生雙卡風暴後,社會各界對於信用交易多有檢討,本文則從定型化契約及現行法之規定,探討目前信用交易(以金錢借貸契約與分期付款交易為主)之法律問題。
16

醫療訴訟之舉證責任

吳俊達, Wu,Chun Ta Unknown Date (has links)
在醫療糾紛與日俱增的趨勢下,醫療損害民事責任之研究,無疑是法學研究所必須面對的重要課題。除了在實體法層面上,建構適當的醫療損害賠償歸責體系外,程序法上發展出一套特別適用於醫療訴訟的舉證責任分配規則,對於司法審判實務尤具實益。此一舉證責任分配規則具有適當緩和過失責任與無過失責任爭論之作用,使民事損害賠償法面對醫療糾紛得以發揮功能,進一步正當化醫療傷害去刑化努力,並能減少體制外抗爭上演。 關於醫療行為所生損害賠償責任可概分為:基於「醫療瑕疵行為」與基於「自我決定告知義務違反」兩種類型之損害賠償責任。在一般舉證責任分配的基本原則—規範說之適用下,病患(或家屬)原則上仍必須就「醫療疏失行為」、「受有損害」、「兩者間存在因果關係」等要件負舉證責任,惟鑑於醫療資訊上的高度專業性、證據的構造性偏在情況及醫界組織上的專業自律性,不論在醫療疏失或因果關係之舉證上,病患都遭遇舉證上的困難。因此,有必要在一定條件下,適當修正規範說於醫療訴訟之適用,發展出醫療訴訟之舉證責任分配特別規則,以減輕病患的舉證責任。 就醫療瑕疵類型之舉證責任分配特別規則,實包括以下各種舉證責任減輕之制度:表見證明、民法第二二七條之舉證責任減輕、重大醫療瑕疵之舉證責任減輕、證明妨礙、違反文件義務與診斷報告作成及確保義務之舉證責任減輕、可完全控制危險領域之舉證責任減輕、損害賠償之舉證責任減輕等,及證明度之降低等制度。關此,本論文整理德國及我國學理看法、實務案例,並就上述各項制度逐一詳細討論,俾使讀者瞭解各項舉證責任減輕制度之實際運作功能。 另在「病患自我決定告知義務違反」之類型上,根據目前多數見解,每一個侵害身體完整性的醫療行為,都是構成要件該當的身體侵害,此一侵害本身即表徵出違法性,唯有存在「病患有效的同意」,始得排除之。因此,關於「對病患已善盡告知義務」且「已取得病患之同意」,醫師或醫院則負有舉證責任。關此,本論文乃以「醫師告知」、「病患同意」為主軸,分析「告知後同意」原則所衍生之舉證責任問題。 最後,本論文除了回顧歸納各章節之重要結論外,並再就醫療訴訟上之舉證責任分配規則體系,重新作一建構。

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