本研究主要探討是我國古蹟指定程序中的相關問題。在各章節中，分別討論古蹟保存的現代意義與內涵、古蹟指定的現況與問題、古蹟指定保存涉及人民財產權限制的情形、古蹟以及古蹟指定行政之特性、古蹟指定的執行與檢討等問題。 　　古蹟活保存為現代古蹟保存的趨勢。然而，現行的制度之下，古蹟指定的結果，僅是消極的限制古蹟所有人權益的行使，不但獎勵不足，而且在執行上是透過罰則，以達到嚇阻的效果，造成古蹟所有人的不滿，而排斥古蹟指定，或是在古蹟指定之後採取消極的抵抗策略，並無法滿足古蹟活保存的需求。為達成古蹟活保存的目的，古蹟指定的過程中，如何充分反應、接納住民意見，以兼顧古蹟的形體與精神，即為重要關鍵。 　　經歸納結果，古蹟具有公共財以及不具備可替代性兩大特色；古蹟指定行政，則具有不確定的法律概念的審查與專業人士跨領域參與、涉及廣泛的利益衝突以及普遍性的人民參與等特色。因此，古蹟保存工作的推行，政府有介入的必要，同時在保存手段上應以獎勵為主，而在古蹟指定程序的設計與檢討上，則必須兼顧古蹟活保存與古蹟與古蹟行政特性上的需求。例如，將民眾參與導入正式的古蹟指定程序、明確的界定利害關係人範圍，以利古蹟指定程序的進行。 　　本文另就古蹟指定實務上的問題加以探討，並認為，必須建立制度保護進行指定程序中的歷史遺跡，人民參與古蹟指定程序之參與對象、參與目的、參與方式，有予以明確規範與界定之必要，最後則是必須建立專業獨立的古蹟審查機制，並加強古蹟指定前之調查與研究，同時行政機關也應詳為說明古蹟指定之理由，始能讓古蹟指定的結果為人民所信賴。

本研究旨在藉由探討教科書評選指標的權重，了解國小英語教師對於英語教科書評選所採用之評選指標的看法，以及其教師背景對英語教科書評選的影響。本研究方法採用階層程序分析法(AHP), 並由文獻探討將教科書評選指標分為2大層面，5大向度，以及26個指標，建構出階層程序分析法問卷，以隨機方式發放於台北市12個行政區公私立126位國小正式英語教師，並藉由Expert Choice 2000 軟體分析，計算出各層面、向度、指標之權重值，並予以排序。 研究主要結果如下： 1.教師重視教科書內在評選高於外在評選。 2.教科書外在評選，教師較為重視整體編排架構；教科書內在評選，教師認 為語言能力比語言成分重要。 3.整體編排架構裡，教師認為最重要的指標為「使用英語文正確、自然流 暢。」；編印設計，最重要的指標為「字體大小適宜，印刷清楚。」； 4.教具與輔助教材，最重要的指標為「提供配合課程的電腦多媒體教材。」 5.教科書內在評選，男性教師較重視教科書語言成分；女性教師則較重視 語言能力。教學經驗較少的教師重視語言成分高於語言能力；教學經驗較 豐富的教師則認為語言能力較為重要。 6.教具與輔助教材，學士學歷教師較重視指標為「提供配合課程的電腦多媒 體教材。」；碩士學歷教師較重視指標為「CD發音正確清晰，速度適 宜。」 綜合本研究結果，教師對於教科書評選指標有不同看法及重視程度，期能提供教師對於教科書評選及評選指標有進一步瞭解。 / The current study aimed to understand how elementary English teachers in Taiwan prioritized criteria for textbook evaluation, and whether their various backgrounds influenced their prioritization of criteria. The research framework was constructed based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), including 2 objectives, 5 sub-objectives, and 25 criteria. An AHP questionnaire was randomly administered to 126 elementary English teachers in Taipei City. All the data were analyzed by means of the software Expert Choice 2000. The major findings in the current study are summarized below. 1.Internal evaluation of textbooks was prioritized before External evaluation by a majority of the teachers. 2.In external evaluation, most teachers emphasized General features of a textbook; in internal evaluation, teachers focused more on Language skills rather than Language components in a textbook. 3.Concerning criteria for evaluating General features of textbooks, teachers considered the criterion Accuracy and fluency most important; as for Layout and physical makeup of a textbook, the criterion Typeface came out top; in Teaching aids, Multimedia was viewed as the most crucial criterion. 4.In respect to criteria for evaluating Language components and Language skills in textbooks, the criterion Integration of components and Integration of skills were respectively emphasized by teachers. 5.While male teachers focused more on Language components of a textbook, female teachers found Language skills more important. 6.Novice teachers were more in favor of Language components than Language skills; however, to more experienced teachers, it was Language skills that they prioritized first. 7.For criteria evaluating Teaching aids of a textbook, teachers with a Bachelor's degree prioritized Multimedia as the most important criterion, while teachers holding a Master's degree put much emphasis on the Quality of CDs. To conclude, it is hoped that these findings can shed light on textbook development and provide useful information for teachers when selecting and evaluating textbooks and for textbook developers when compiling textbooks for students.

本研究旨在建構國民中學校長資料導向決策指標，做為國民中學校長進行資料導向決策之參考依據，以提升學校行政效率及教學效能，並根據研究結論，提出建議供有關單位參考。為達上述研究目的，本研究採用模糊德懷術及分析網路程序法，以具備資料導向決策理念與實務的專家學者及國民中學校長為研究對象，共寄發問卷14份，回收有效問卷14份，有效回收率為100％。本研究採用統計軟體Super Decision 2.0.8 beta進行分析，獲得以下結論： 一、國民中學校長資料導向決策指標體系由「學校願景領導」、「學校教學領導」、「學校組織運作與道德觀點領導」、「合作夥伴關係與區域政治領導」4個向度和20個決策指標構成。 二、國民中學校長資料導向決策向度以學校願景領導最重要，其次為學校教學領導、學校組織運作與道德領導、合作夥伴關係與區域政治領導。 三、各向度下最重要指標分別為：「1-1我能運用資料發展學校的學習願景，以促進所有學生學習的成功。」、「2-1我能運用資料界定並確認學生學習上所面對的問題。」、「3-1我能運用資料配置人力資源，以提升學生的學習成就。」、「4-1我能運用資料發展有效的溝通計畫。」。 四、國民中學校長資料導向決策指標體系最重要指標中，以「學校願景領導」最為重視，其次為「學校教學領導」。 最後依據上述研究結論，提出具體建議，以做為教育行政機關、國民中學校長參考運用。

政府採購法下之工程採購較他類採購規模大，契約金額高，且因履約期長，履約之不可預期性增加，常造成履約過程中，對於契約無法明確釐清之事項及責任，在機關為維護公共利益，而廠商為爭取合理利潤，雙方立場不一致情形下，無法有效解決問題，遂產生履約爭議，而須透過履約爭議處理制度來解決雙方之紛爭。而仲裁係履約爭議處理的一種快速有效解決爭議之方式，由雙方當事人各自推舉仲裁人，再共推一名主任仲裁人組成仲裁庭解決雙方之紛爭。然現行情況機關多抗拒仲裁，不信任仲裁，質疑仲裁程序之公正性，進而提出撤銷仲裁判斷之訴訟，但幾乎皆遭法院駁回，機關最終必須接受仲裁判斷結果。本研究針對公共工程採購仲裁爭議案件，以深度訪談實際參與仲裁庭審理過程之機關與廠商兩造，就整個仲裁過程是否以公平公正、符合程序正義，有效合理的解決紛爭，並探究為何機關提起撤銷仲裁判斷之訴訟之原因。研究結果發現機關質疑仲裁制度公正性的原因係對工程採購履約爭議制度不熟悉，且仲裁人在處理過程有代理人之行為，加上機關的律師不若廠商的律師積極、仲裁結果輸多贏少，導致不信任仲裁。而機關除認為仲裁結果不公正外，又為避免遭受圖利廠商質疑遂提起撤銷仲裁判斷訴訟。因此研究建議機關可選任由具工程專業背景之資深公務人員擔任仲裁人，並提供聘任律師合理費用以提升機關參與仲裁之信心與意願。 另公開工程採購爭議仲裁判斷書供社會大眾閱覽、加強仲裁人訓練、推廣仲裁、相關主計、政風及審計等監督單位應尊重採購專業人員之判斷等建議，使當事人更能接受仲裁判斷結果。 / Under Government Procurement Law, the scale and amount of public construction procurement is usually much larger. The increased unexpected factors due to longer compliance period, and different standpoint from both sides could rise the possibility of disputes, which should be solved with a more systematic way. Arbitration, which solves disputes by selecting arbitrators and forming an arbitral tribunal, is a fast and efficient way to deal with disputes from public construction procurement. However, presently, most government agencies distrust arbitration and often file out a revocation of an arbitral, which usually be dismissed by the court. At last, government agencies have to accept the outcome of the arbitration.This thesis studies the cases of public construction procurement disputes. By interviewing both sides of the actual participants, the fairness, effectiveness and justifiability of an arbitral tribunal is carefully examines. The result indicates that the major reasons why government agencies distrust arbitration include the followings: First, government agencies are often unfamiliar with the system of public construction procurement arbitration. Second, arbitrators could assign delegates. Third, attorneys of government agencies could be less aggressive than that of contractors. Forth, government agencies often lose in arbitrations. Moreover, government agencies could file out a revocation of an arbitral preventing being suspected to be in favor to contractors. It is suggested by this study that government agencies could select senior staffs from government agencies with engineering background as arbitrators and provide them with reasonable subsidy. Other suggestions includes: arbitration award be opened for public reference, enhancing arbitrator's training, promoting arbitrator, other divisions of government agencies respect public construction procurement professionalism, et cetera.

建築行為若以其進展過程來作區分，大致可分為規劃設計階段、施工階段、以及使用階段。而主管建築機關實施的建築管理制度，就建築法的規範及其機關組織編制而言，亦大致分為與其相呼應的三個階段。 建築行為的各個階段固然皆與公共安全有密切的關係，但起始的建築許可階段可說是最具關鍵，因其影響及於後續各階段之管理與安全；同時，該階段不僅涉及相當多工程專業之領域，尚且涉及許多行政上的法令規定，更是與人民的自由權益息息相關。 政府機關既然經由實施建築管理的手段，對人民建築行為加以限制，採行建築許可制，則除了專業技術上須符合規則規範外，尚須經過一定的行政程序。建築許可就狹意而言即建造執照之申請審查，故亦可說建築管制最重要的階段即建造執照的審查程序；申請人除了心繫所委託建築師及專業人員之規劃設計外，最關心者莫過於主管建築機關能否依法行政以及提高行政效率了。 因此主管機關如何進行審查，如何掌控行政效率，如何嚴明紀律，如何因應法律變動，如何釐清權責，在在皆與人民切身利益悠關，而為其所最關心者。

供應商績效評估一直都是供應鏈管理重要的課題，企業中的採購部門必須定期的評估供應商的績效，以期望供應商能達到企業的需求。在進行供應商評估時，必須同時考慮多個指標及決定指標的權重，由於指標間具有相依及回饋的情形，因此權重的決定也較為複雜，此外，由於績效指標有互相影響的情形，指標間的關連度也是評估供應商時必須考慮的問題。本研究提出一個新的供應商績效評估方法，結合分析網路程序法(Analytic Network Process, ANP)及決策實驗室法(Decision making trial and evaluation laboratory, DEMATEL)建構評估模式，以達到正確的評估供應商績效，及可回溯績效表現找出關鍵改善原因之目的。 在進行供應商績效評估時，利用分析網路程序法求出各指標的權重，量化指標並求得供應商的總分；另外利用決策實驗室法得知各指標的因果關係及關連度大小，當檢視供應商績效時，可從權重大或關連度大但表現差的指標回溯，以提供供應商改善的方向。最後以模擬的方式進行驗證，結果顯示本研究對指標之排序符合模擬之結果，因此可供企業參考使用。 / Supplier performance evaluation for some time now has been receiving increasing importance as a supply chain management component. Purchasing managers need to periodically evaluate supplier performance in order to retain those suppliers who meet their requirements. Buyers usually consider multi-criteria and must determine the relative weights of the criteria when evaluating suppliers. Because of these performance criteria usually exist interdependence and feedback, the weights of the criteria are hard to obtain. In addition, performance criteria usually affect each other, so the direct and indirect effects are also a crucial problem when evaluating suppliers. This paper proposes a model which combines the methods of the analytic network process (ANP) and the decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) to evaluate supplier performance accurately and can find out which criterion is the key factor to improve performance. When evaluating a supplier, ANP are used to determine the weights of performance criteria and can get the total performance of the supplier. DEMATEL are used to compute the effects between criteria. The model can propose the criterion which is the most important or affects other criteria the most, so buyers will know which criterion can improve the performance the most and can ask suppliers to modify it. Finally, a simulation is employed to verify our model. The result through the simulation is complied with our model, so it can provide the information for making decision concerning suppliers performance.

The aim of this thesis is to formulate a business of a mobile app producing company, while focusing on some key concepts crucial for this kind of business. Especially the new digital environment marketing, freemium monetization concept supporting features and application features for effective customer retention and payment incentives. How is the concept of new digital environment marketing understood in this thesis? New digital environment is seen as the environment created by the mobile device applications, their distribution channels, social media, their users and some of the other online products. Special attention is dedicated to the social media marketing, Freemium monetization concept is a key element of income for many successful application developers and same it shall be in the case of discussed business. These purchases have to be set in such way, that the benefit provided to the user would be a sufficient motivation for him to realize the purchase, while not discouraging the use of application by those who does not pay. The customer retention is being examined in the environment of mobile device rpg game. The principles and features discussed in this relation are generally applicable.

摘 要 資訊時代下，要求國家對於人民提供資訊，係為行政程序要求公開透明化之國家重要任務。近年來，我國法制發展，主要著重在要求政府對不特定多數人公開資訊之相關法制建構。相較於此，課予行政機關於行政程序對特定人民提供資訊，無論是行政機關為單方面的資訊提供，或進一步以對話的方式提供意見的諮詢，為我國法制規範上未予關注之處。現代社會變遷下，行政任務內容朝向複雜及專業化發展，國家扮演的角色亦隨之重新定位，除了在消極方面，要求國家不得過度干預人民權利的行使外；在積極的面向上，國家負有提供人民生存照顧服務的義務。具體落實在一般行政程序當中，由於行政任務的變遷以及法規的繁雜，常使人民難於釐清之間的權益關係，除此之外，在社會行政程序中，程序相對人大多具有在資訊取得較為弱勢之特徵，為了有效落實並達成個別社會給付之目的，需透過行政機關在社會給付行政程序中，提供人民相關協助。 要求國家於行政程序中提供人民相關資訊，涉及正當行政程序在憲法上的定位。釋憲實務對於正當法律程序之發展，及對該概念所為的闡釋，說明程序在憲法上亦受到檢視。除了透過憲法明文規定之權利推導出程序的要求外，特別是在行政領域中，行政程序基本權的肯認，所能發揮人民權利保障的功能，係為近年來實務及學理上，就該權利主張之具體依據及內涵，於法制發展上關注的重心。而要求國家對個別人民提供資訊，足以作為行政程序基本權的具體內涵之一。 在法律的層次方面，基於公益的考量，課予行政機關於行政程序中踐履相關的義務，必須進一步探求系爭法規之規範意旨，透過保護規範理論的操作，探究人民是否具備主觀公權利。我國行政程序法中，並未就行政機關對人民之諮詢及提供資訊義務作一般性規定，然而，在個別社會相關專業法規當中，則存在許多課予行政機關負有諮詢及提供資訊之具體規範。對此，德國法上考量在一般行政程序中，相較於在社會行政程序中的不同需求，將行政機關之諮詢及提供資訊的內容作不同規範，甚至及於行政程序尚未開啟前之程序階段作討論。在我國未就社會給付行政程序另行規範一部專業法規的前提下，在社會給付行政程序中，說明行政機關對個別人民負擔諮詢及提供資訊義務之正當性，分別從行政程序法之一般性規定，及個別社會專業法規之規範作探討。 行政機關違反行政程序行為的法律效果，除了影響系爭行政決定作成的效力外，在國家責任制度方面，透過地位回復請求權之制度建構，俾使人民得請求回復到，如同行政機關已為正確資訊提供之程序地位，進而得為權利之行使及選擇。地位回復請求權對於人民權利保障所能發揮的功能，殊值作為未來我國相關法制度發展的思考面向。 關鍵詞：正當法律程序、正當行政程序、程序基本權、協助義務、良好行政、 諮詢、提供資訊、社會法地位回復請求權、社會行政程序、信賴保護。 / Abstract Under the information age, requiring the State to provide information to the people, is the important tasks for the procedural requirements of transparency. In recent years, the development of Taiwan’s legal system, mainly focused on asking the Government for disclosure of information to public. Compared to this, whether to ask administrative agency to provide information, further to provide advice on ways of dialogue to the specific people were not of the legal norms of the attention. Changes in modern society, the administration task definition faces complex and the specialized development. The role of the State is to reposition, except the negative side, requires that the State shall not interfere unduly with the exercise of the right of the people, on the positive side, the State have obligations to provide the life of care. Realization in general administrative procedure, due to the changes of the administrative tasks, as well as the complexity of regulations, often makes people difficult to clarify the relationship between rights and obligations. In the social administrative procedure, most people are more disadvantaged on the information obtained. In order to effectively implement and achieve social benefits purposes, asked the administrative agency to provide people to assist in the social welfare procedure. Require the State in administrative procedures to provide relevant information to the people, is related to administrative procedures in the positioning of the Constitution. Due process of law in the interpretation of the Judicial Yuan, to illustrate the procedure has also been reviewed in the Constitution. Except through the right of the Constitution provides to derive the requirements specification process, there is necessary to develop the procedural constitutional rights. Especially in administrative area, administrative practice and doctrinal in recent years, are committed to advocating the basis and content of the rights. Require the State to provide information to specific people, enough to serve as one of the content of the procedural constitutional rights. At the level of the legal aspects, based on public interest considerations, obligations of administrative agency in administrative procedures, must further explore whether people have the right of the legal norm. The Administrative Procedure Act of Taiwan, does not provide for the obligation of the administrative agency to consult and provide information to specific people. However, among the social regulations, provides that the administrative agency must provide consultation and information. In this regard, Germany considered the law of general administrative procedure, compared to the different needs in the field of social administrative procedure, provides consulting and providing information in different content, even before the stage has not yet been opened. In the case of social welfare are not standardized administrative procedures and regulations. The legitimacy of the administrative agency in social welfare procedures to provide advice and information to the people of the obligations, can be discussed separately from the general provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act, and the requirements of social administrative regulations. If the administrative agency violated administrative procedures, in addition to affecting the validity of administrative decisions made. In the regime of State responsibility, through on the right to recover the procedure status, so that people will ask to return to, as administrative agency to provide correct information, for the exercise of the rights and choices, as the future development of Taiwan's legal system. Key Words：due process of law, due process of administration, the procedural constitutional rights, obligation to assist, Good Administration, consultation, information, the right to recover the procedure status, social administrative procedure, bona fide.

台灣教育體系的發展在傳統倫理觀念、集體管理主義、升學與粗廉主義等歷史因素交相影響下，始終無法脫離僵化的惡性循環，校園中充滿大量的管制規範與獎懲制度，不僅有礙於人權教育的推展，更為管制文化的生根提供茁壯的土壤。 本研究從校園制度層面著手，結合校規演變與人權教育進行探討，首先透過歷史溯源，探詢相關校園規範之教育法令與校規的演變，探析演變的因素與過程，以及在演變的過程中，學校教育、教師圖像與學生主體的關係呈現何種變化？期望藉此研究重新反省教育人員的定位，並企圖探索教育人員能否從中檢討自身所處社會的、文化的與實際的環境，並能批判並澄清其在合法化政治、經濟、社會、利益上的角色。 其次，透過文件分析與比較分析，探析城鄉兩所不同學校校園規範與校園生態之實際情形，探究在相同的歷史發展脈絡下，兩校所呈現出的校園規範與校園文化是否有所不同。研究結果發現，面對校園民主化的到來，兩校於制度層面均能順應社會期待，但在心態上，是否有所積極與消極做為則觀乎其對於學校教育、教師專業倫理與學生本質之不同預設而有不同。 整體而言，我國校園規範之發展，係由國家教育權與義務本位觀，逐漸朝向國民為教育權之主體以及權利義務觀的方向發展。校園的民主化與整體教育法制及文化政治相互影響，校園規範的演變促動了校園文化的改變，在民主化的進程中，受到人權思潮的影響，顯現出「人」的自覺與反省與大環境的相互辯證關係。 校園規範牽涉到權威、正義、隱私、責任等相關人權教育的價值，因此，民主的開放性不僅給于學校有自主的可能，同時也是希望教師有創造、轉化的可能，在體會到「人民為教育權之主體」後，學校方才能轉化其教育環境，改變其教育心態與行動，彰顯其目的性與任務性。 / The development of the education system in Taiwan could not break away from the rigid vicious circle under the influence factor between the traditional ethics idea, collective managerialism, proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade and thick inexpensive principle. There are lots of obstruct the implementation of human rights education but also offer a field for the growing of culture of control. The argument in this study combine the development of school regulations and human rights education that probe into the legal system of education. First, the research start analyzing through history background of the development of the school regulations and the education in campus the probe into the legal system. During the process of developing, what kind of change of the relation happened between school education, teacher’s picture, student’s subject appear？ Expect through this study to introspect educator’s location and examine educational environment. Attempt to explore whether a teacher can criticize one’s own role in legalizing the politics, economy, society and interests. Secondly, through text analysis and comparative analysis, analyze the school regulation and reality of two different schools in urban and rural area. Discuss the difference between the school regulation and culture of the two schools in the same historical background. The result of the study discovered two schools can both comply with the society’s expect on the system aspect facing the arrival of democratization. But on the change of mindset, it’s should depend on the school education, teacher professional ethics and student essence. Treating the wholeness as single conclusion, the development of the school regulations in our country in the beginning are dominated by nationalism, then gradually democratized. In fact, democratization of campus and the legal system of education are influence each other. The development of school regulations promote the change on campus culture. In the process of democratization, influenced by human rights, display people’s conscientious and introspection with the dialectical relation of the environment. The school regulations of education value involves authority, justice, privacy, responsibility and human rights, etc. Therefore, The openness of democracy not merely gives independent possibility for the school, But make the teacher possible to create and transform at the same time. When school realize ‘people are the main body of education’. It same will be able to change the education environment, Education attitude and action, and then reflect its purpose and task.

不動產的高度異質常使得市場參與者蒙受相當大的不確定性，若不動產市場參與者能對於不動產價值有效預測與掌握，將可以減少所面臨的風險。因此，不動產估價人員提供的專業服務-估價訊息，逐漸形成市場運作的一環。而估價(valuation)除了是一種技術過程之外，也是一種「行為」過程，終究離不開人的執行問題。 本論文嘗試以認知心裡學中肯證偏誤角度，探討不動產估價人員於決定估值時可能發生的偏誤，藉此瞭解估價人員是否會於必要的估價程序前，一個不容易改變的自信估值已經決定；而這樣提早產生估值的行為，是否足以影響估價結果。 本論文採取問卷調查方式進行課題之實證，問卷預試方法則以認知訪談予以修正。結果得到台灣估價人員並非依照理論模式決定估值，隱含採取捷思法的價格決定方式；而且越早決定估值的估價人員對於認知合理區間越大。另外，發現年資兩年以上與所處公司或估價部門規模越大的估價人員，其估值決定較早，這可能來自於可靠交易資訊不足之下估價必須大量倚賴經驗以及大規模公司可接觸的訊息多樣之緣故。 關鍵字：不動產估價、估價程序、行為研究、肯證偏誤