研究目的：本研究釐清不同成人依戀風格在羅夏克墨漬測驗上的表現，並檢證Fonagy的精神分析理論，進而反思臨床心理學上的應用。 研究程序：研究期間，共招募到302位大學部學生填寫《親密關係經驗量表—關係結構版》。而後，根據量表信、效度分析後，篩選出高焦慮依戀分數、高逃避依戀分數及兩分數均低之控制組各25人，邀請其參與羅夏克墨漬測驗。最終收取焦慮依戀組12人、逃避依戀組12人、安全依戀控制組15人進行資料分析。 研究結果：認知及投入向度方面，焦慮依戀者與逃避依戀者在F%顯著高於安全依戀者；同時，焦慮依戀者在Complexity、Sy、Blend、M及MC 表現亦差於安全依戀者，答題使用範圍則顯示Dd%較高、W%較低。情緒指標方面，焦慮依戀者在V變數上顯著高於其他兩組。人際互動方面，焦慮依戀者的SumH及H顯著低於安全依戀者。 研究貢獻：本研究初步支持Fonagy精神分析論於不安全依戀者的認知與心智化、情緒控制與人際表徵分化等證據。此一結果亦可增加臨床實務中對不安全依戀者的衡鑑遞增效度，並探究其背後的心理病理機制。 / Objective: When attachment comes to assessment, many clinicians would utilize self-report inventories to gather information. However, different attachment styles, in fact, represent diverse behavior patterns; thus, using instruments adopting multi-rating techniques such as the Rorschach would be ideal. Based on Fonagy’s psychodynamic theory and past Rorschach results, we predict participants with different attachment styles will have different pattern in Rorschach task. Methods: We conducted a double-blind research design and recruited 302 volunteers. All participants were required to fill out the Experiences in Close Relationship - Relationship Structure inventory, a measurement used to classify the adult attachment styles. The top 7% of highest scoring participants on the Anxiety Dimension were assigned to the Anxiety Group(ANG), and the same strategy was applied to those in the Avoidance Group(AVG). The Control Group(CG) consisted of 7% of the randomly-selected individuals who scored below the means of both Anxiety and Avoidance Dimensions. Participants in these three groups were invited and encouraged to take the Rorschach test according to the R-PAS. Results: Current research collected 39 participants Rorschach protocols (n = 12 for both the ANG and ACG; n = 15 for the CG). Results shows that both ANG and AVG have higher F% then CG, and ANG have lower Complexity, Sy, Blend, M, W%, MC, SumH and H then CG. ANG have higher V then AVG and CG. Conclusion: Current results partially supported Fonagy’s psychodynamic theory. Results also support using multi-rating tasks to increase assessment validity when evaluating different attachment styles in clinical settings.

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第一章：結論，包括研究動機與目的、研究方法與資料、皮爾著作的特色、重要名詞 釋義等四節。 第二章：生平與時代，包括皮爾的生平、時代背景、思想基礎等三節。 第三章：皮爾的人生教育，包括問題正是人生的標誌、解決問題的方法、積極思想的 驚人力量、勢心的奇蹟、成功的公式、看重今天等六節。 第四章：宗教、心理與教育，包括宗教與人生、心理與人生、皮爾對教育的貢獻三節 。 第五章：結論，包括評論與建議兩節。 人生教育在教導人能從生命中追尋到永恆的精神生命，從生活上生活出一種具有理想 的生活，而在方向上又能達到天人合一，與天地同參的真善美聖的境地。本論文即以 皮爾的人生教育為主體，探討其對教育之貢獻，進而以宗教精神與實用心理學加深或 批評皮爾的思想，尚祈對教育界有所拋磚引玉之功。

論文提要內容: 在瑪格莉特. 艾特伍之<< 秀色可餐>> 中，拉崗式的閱讀揭露了文本中之象徵式食人主義(symbolic cannibalism ) ，鏡像理論乃是拉崗理論架構之雛型，雖然他後續對理論作了潤飾。拉崗式理論之核心在於匱缺(lack)。鏡中的影像乃是個金鐘罩(armour)，其功用在於保護主體，使其遠離支離破碎的身體意象，達到肉身再塑、毫髮無損之意象。換句話說，在拉崗的論述中，此過程既是一種錯生(meconnaissances), 亦是接肢法的(orthopaedic) 功能，目的在於形塑主體心中合而為一與充足飽滿之錯覺。相同地，象徵界(the Symbolic Order) 亦為主體編織一套巧製而成的幻象(fantasy) 來掩飾其背後之匱缺。此目的在於規範與臣服主體，易於收編的過程。 此論文乃欲揭露在<<秀色可餐>>中的幻象。文本中之象徵式食人主義被挪用來建構幻象，將女性框架於由男性建構的女性典範。文本中的女主角看穿了幻象背後所掩飾的匱缺。她的自覺掀起了一連串之自我分離及厭食症。諸如此類 vii 的現象與拉崗式幻真界(the Real)的範疇有異曲同工之妙。女主角能從厭食症復原導因於她對於此不平衡關係的自覺。此關係將她歸類為被消費者及被獵食者。克理絲蒂娃厭棄(abjection) 的理論對於檢視女主角烘焙及吃下蛋糕之舉動提供了具有剖析度的見解。此舉動在於擺脫危害她主體性且擾亂自我與他者區隔之元素。 厭食症長久以來被認為是主體為要迎合消費市場意識型態的策略。如此一來，主體乃保有其經濟價值，並能在經濟市場上流通。透過精神分析式之閱讀，我們體認到厭食症亦可被挪用來抵制那臣服於外在氛圍籠罩下意識型態的自我。以文本中女主角的例子而言，與其說她的厭食症是為了迎合象徵性食人主義的手段，不如說這是個反撲外在氛圍的策略。 / Lacanian reading of Margaret Atwood’s The Edible Woman offers a way to lay bare the symbolic cannibalism that lies at the center of this text. Theory of the mirror stage is the prototype of Lacan’s theoretical structure though Lacan gradually embellished his theories as he found necessary. The focal point of Lacanian theory lies in “lack.” The mirror image serves as an armour that protects the subject from realizing a sense of incompleteness and fragmentation in part of the subject. In other words, this process is “orthopaedic” and “meconnaissances” in Lacanian terms, which functions to weave an image of totality and plentitude for the subject. Similarly, the Symbolic Order weaves a fantasy for the subject in order to cover up the lack. Such an act aims to regulate and subjugate the subject for easy manipulation. This thesis attempts to lay bare the fantasy in The Edible Woman. That is, the symbolic cannibalism is employed as a fantasy to entrap women into a model of femininity, which is constructed by the male idea. The female protagonist in this text sees through the rupture in such a fantasy. Her awareness ushers in a stage of self-laceration and eating disorder, which manifest themselves as working of the Real. Marian’s recovery from anorexia results from her awareness of such an asymmetrical relationship which posits her as the consumed and the hunted. Julia Kristeva’s ix theory of abjection is a useful and insightful tool to examine Marian’s gesture of baking and eating a cake for herself. Such a gesture is, in fact, a way to rid herself of what endangers her sense of subjectivity and what disturbs her distinction between self and other. Anorexia is traditionally conceived as a strategy of the subject to cater to the ideology of the consumer market. In that way, the subject remains a product to be able to circulate in the economy market and maintains its economy value. Through psychoanalytical reading of anorexia nervosa, we understand that such a symptom is employed as a strategy to rebel against part of the self that succumbs to the discursive ideology. In the case of Marian, anorexia is not so much a way to cater to the symbolic cannibalism as a strategy to fight against such a discursive atmosphere.

中文摘要 當前精神醫療過程中，存在若干矛盾的現象，尤其是生物－生理的以及社會文化的病因解釋與治療手法被交互運用。由於治療方法都是從診斷而來，因此精神治療意義的闡明指向診斷依據的釐清。本研究的目的在於探討當前的臨床精神醫療團隊拿什麼標準對於瘋狂的現象進行觀察，這個觀察的客觀標準的基礎又是什麼。研究方法使用田野觀察和質性訪談。資料分析則採用現象學的方法。 主要研究發現指出，正規臨床精神醫療的診斷標準，其實是社會文化生活中的常識。雖然常識作為衡量瘋狂是否存在的標準是客觀的，但也是不精確的。面對這個難題，臨床精神醫療的診斷採用了一種特殊的技術，亦即在一個已經設定好的時間中進行觀察，並且為這段時間設定好治療的目標。於是瘋狂的差異性就有了被規定出來的邊界，被觀察到的瘋狂將只是在一段治療時間中所觀察到的瘋狂，而且治療的目標也被設定為在這段時間中達成穩定的狀態的維持，以及讓精神病患養成一個不斷連結或憶起這段治療時間所學會的種種「儀式」的習慣。 因此，當今的精神醫療採用生物─心理─社會的社區精神醫療的模式，入院治療只是一種回歸社會的技術。現今的精神科醫療團隊，以治療計劃來為病人擬定「回歸社會」或「復原」的目標，進而提昇病人適應社會的功能，醫療在其中所扮演的角色就是控制瘋狂的差異相，讓它保持「穩定」。 然而，臨床精神醫療的深層結構其實是較不為人意識到的時間結構。透過這個可以被理性所限定與規劃的時鐘時間，形成一套將非理性時間納入理性時間的規範，這種時間的規範才是臨床精神醫療的時間結構的核心現象。時間因此成了一種技術，透過這種技術就能將瘋狂圈圍起來，在這個被限定的範圍內，瘋狂終於得以被認識，進而被有效地控制。 關鍵詞：臨床精神醫療、技術結構、時間結構、慢性病房、復原 / Abstract This study aims to explore the criterion of observation in modern psychiatric team’s madness observing, and to explore what is the basis of the criterion of observation. The research methods involved field observation and qualitative interviews. The data analyses were phenomenological methods. The major findings suggested that the clinical psychiatric team use a special technology in diagnosis which they observe madness phenomena in a schedule, and they set the target of curing for the time of observation and treatment. The target of curing is being setted to maintain a stable situation of symptom.To achieve the goal of recovery, modern psychiatry would place emphasis on one’s ability of adapting to norms of the society. In the beginning of recovering, medication would be used to keep patients' condition in a stable situation. Secondly, the whole team of treatment needs a comprehensive plan to guide themselves. In a way of "location", "orientation" and "connection", doctors and nurses ask patients to pass through a "threshold", and turn the process of treatment into the process of passing through. To find out a "breakthrough point " will be the first important thing in recovering, it is the roadmap of teaching a patient to form new habits by making an appointments, punishing and keeping a watchful eye on her or him. Once the patient has really proved herself or himself the ability of adapting to the society , it is the time for her or him to leave the hospital and go home. The results of the study may help psychiatric team members to rethink the strategies of treatment and to the possible benefits of understanding the modern culture which belongs to us. Key words: Clinical Psychiatry, Technical Structure, temporal structure

繼文化知識證書、職業技能證書之後「創業教育」於1989年11月被聯合國教科文組織列為「第三本教育護照」。而1998年10月，聯合國教科文組織在巴黎首次召開的世界高等教育會議，大會宣言—《21世紀的高等教育：展望與行動宣言》中更指出：「為方便畢業生就業，高等教育應關心培養創業技能和主動精神；畢業生不再是求職者，首先將成為職業崗位的創造者。」而台灣身為世界經濟體系的一員，想要擁有更強大的經濟競爭力，更不能忽視培育具高行動力、創新能力之創業者的重要性。 本研究旨在探討如何建構一個適合台灣的創業教育推動機制，並以世界各國推動創業教育做法為借鏡，從有限的教育資源中找出優先投入的方案，以更有效的協助青年提升創業能力。 本論文採層級分析法(AHP)進行研究，從文獻資料中發現創業能力基本要素，以產官學界專家為研究對象，找出影響創業能力關鍵因素優先順序，提出政府制訂創業教育政策時可參考之建議。 經資料分析，獲致重要結論如下： 一、影響青年創業能力提升的關鍵因素共3大構面11項因素。 1、學校教育：課程內容、專業師資、跨國或跨校學習、創業競賽、企業實習。 2、政府組織：專責創業教育單位、創業育成輔導、政策性創業貸款。 3、社會資源：NGO、育成中心、中介組織。 二、經以AHP運算評比排序後發現社會資源構面列三大教育系統的第一優先，顯示專家學者認為就創業面而言社會資源的支援體系優先於政府單位及學校教育。 三、就學校教育構面而言，企業實習因素列為第一優先；政府組織構面則以政策性創業貸款優先；社會資源中育成中心的相對權重值最大。 依據結論，提出以下建議： 一、社會資源面向：營造有利於青年創業的社會氛圍，鼓勵青年提升創業興趣，進而勇於創業，並達到創業型社會的目標。優先考量從社會資源面的鼓勵措施或法規鬆綁，以充裕市場資金及增加專家對創業者的經驗傳承機會。 二、學校教育面向：將“企業實習”列為進修學分，培育與選拔專業師資。並將創業教育往下紮根，普及創業意識。 三、政府組織面向：事權統一的政府執行單位，減少資源重置的活動舉辦，制訂原則性、方向性的創業教育政策。 / The policy options have three alternatives composed of schooling, administration resources and social resources, which are critical factors affecting entrepreneurial ability. Therefore, an entrepreneurial education simulation and evaluation model is presented, which is designed for the assessment of policy options aiming to achieve feasibility in entrepreneurial education. According to the higher education of the 21th century: prospective and action manifesto, to cultivate entrepreneurship skill and active attitude is the main mission for higher education organization. In this research we find the 11 factors, belonging to 3 constructs, influence entrepreneurial education quality. They are program content, disciplined teacher, foreign study or exchange student, entrepreneurial competition, practical training, related authority of entrepreneurship education, guidance of entrepreneurship incubation, NGO, incubation center and intermediate organization. The AHP is applied to determine the elements of entrepreneurship ability. The decision group members have 7 experts, 5 scholars and 5 directors whom to promote the entrepreneurial education has professional opinion. An application of questionnaire acquires viewpoints of the decision group on the promotion of entrepreneurship. In our research, the first priority alternative to promote the entrepreneurship education is social resource, and the second is to popularize incubation center.

本文旨在研究臺北市樟新社區與一壽重殘照顧中心之互動，關於一個都市社區與精神障礙照顧機構之互動情形。分析主要分為兩部分，第一部份回溯一壽重殘照顧中心進入樟新社區之過程與情形，第二部分則分析樟新社區與一壽重殘照顧中心現階段之互動情形與未來建議。此外，本文也特別引用了「鄰避情結」（即「不要在我家後院」，”Not-In-My-Backyard syndrome”，簡稱NIMBY）作為論述基礎，試圖去檢視社區居民對於照顧中心的觀感，找出居民排斥或接納照顧中心之情形與原因等，並以衝突歷程的概念去剖析互動現狀。本研究目的則是希望透過個案研究，探討一個社區如何與精神障礙照顧服務機構互動，以從中找出能使社區居民與照顧服務機構二者共生、互助、融合之社區工作精隨。 本研究採質性研究之個案研究法，運用多重資料來源，並藉由觀察互動及深度訪談法來蒐集資料。其中深度訪談選取參與或了解本研究議題者作為訪談對象，包括規劃或承辦照顧中心進入社區的政府人員、來自照顧中心承辦單位及在照顧中心服務的管理者或工作者、對議題了解或熟悉社區事務的社區居民，藉此先行了解一壽重殘照顧中心進入社區之過程，包括照顧中心設立的過程與決策考量、照顧中心設立時與社區之衝突對立情形，以及政府單位、民間團體、社區居民三方對於衝突對立的認知、處理方式或行動。再者，也深度探究社區與機構過去至今的互動樣貌，包括社區與照顧中心的互動現況、社區居民對照顧中心設立觀感與鄰避情結、社區居民排斥或接納照顧中心之情形與原因，進而找出促進照顧中心融合社區或其他可能作法。 最後，根據本研究，提出相關政策建議如下： 一、檢討我國公有土地政策，以避免社福資源被稀釋； 二、讓障礙者參與決策過程，以落實真正的社區照顧； 三、在各地廣設心理衛生中心，讓障礙者能在原本的社區居住； 四、透過立法保障與教育倡導，以維護障礙者之居住權； 五、組織經營照顧中心志工團，並促進機構與社區的互惠及共生關係； 六、社區或機構相關工作者可採低姿態、柔性、創意方式，長期經營社區關係。 　　 關鍵字：社區、精神障礙、照顧機構、鄰避情結 / This research aims to study the interaction between the Zhangxin Community in Taipei City, an ordinary community in a big city, and the Taipei Yi-Shou Care Center, an institution for the psychiatric disabled. In the first part of the study, the researcher reviews the process of how the Taipei Yi-Shou Care Center moved into the Zhangxin community, whereas the second part analyzes the interaction between them and further provides suggestions for future cooperation. Besides, the researcher specifically adopts the concept of “Not-in-my-backyard syndrome” (NIMBY) as the theoretical background to survey the perceptions of the community residents toward the care center. Moreover, this study identifies the reasoning behind the acceptance or refuse of the move-in of the care center. Finally, this paper analyzes current status of interactions through the lens of conflict process. In summary, the aim of the research is to identify how community residents interact with an institution for the psychiatric disabled; furthermore, this study concludes the essence of community work in helping community residents and health care institution to cohabit, achieve mutual help, and integrate with each other. This research adopts case study method and collects data from multiple sources, such as onsite observation of the interaction and in-depth interview. For the in-depth interview, this study recruited key persons who have participated in and are aware of the issue. Therefore, the interviewees range from the government officials who have planned or taken charge of the move-in, the managers or workers of the care center or higher level of administration, to the Zhangxin community residents who are aware of the issue or general community affair. Accordingly, this paper first strives to investigate the move-in process, from the decision-making processes of the establishment of the Taipei Yi-Shou Care Center and the conflicts between the supporters and critiques during construction, to the perceptions, solutions, and actions toward the problem from the government, non-government organizations, and the residents. Second, the study thoroughly reviews the history of the interaction pattern between the residents and the institution, including the status quo of the interaction, the perception and the NIMBY of the residents toward the care center, and the situation and reasons of acceptance or refuse of the care center. In the end, this paper proposes possible means to help the care center better integrate with the community. This research proposes six suggestions for policy below: 1. Review the policy of public lands to avoid diluting the resources of social welfare. 2. Invite the disabled to participate in policy making to realize essential community care. 3. Set up community mental health centers to render the opportunities for the disabled to live in the original community. 4. Safeguard the right of residence of the disabled through legislation and education. 5. Organize volunteer groups of the care center, and improve the mutual benefit and cohabitation relationship between the institution and the community. 6. Community and institution workers manage long-term relationship with the community through modest attitude and in flexible, creative ways. Key words: community, psychiatric disability, care institution, Not-In-My-Backyard syndrome(NIMBY).

城邦出版集團執行長何飛鵬說：「創業就是一個人的變身過程，從貧窮到富有，從平凡到成功，從能力不足到能力完備。每一個階段創業者都在向前、向上推升自己的人生境界，不斷測試自己人生的極端值。」 許多創業者嚮往自由彈性的工作環境，於是結合熱情與專業所長，稟持著「人生有夢，逐夢踏實」的信念，開始選擇創業這條路，勇於實現夢想。「吳寶春麥方店」創辦人為吳寶春先生，他在2010年奪得世界麵包冠軍後，為了向自己不斷挑戰，隨後獨自創立「吳寶春麥方店」，對於未來充滿企圖心的他，想要把麵包店格局做大，當成企業來永續經營，因此自己不斷地延伸閱讀、學習吸收經營管理知識，並向各方前輩請益，朝著「國際企業家」的目標繼行。 經濟部中小企業處2013年9月26日發表「2013中小企業白皮書」，資料顯示2012年台灣中小企業家數比前一年成長2.11%，續創歷史新高，佔全體企業高達9成7，獨資經營佔比超過5成6。近年，在政府鼓勵「創業創造就業」的政策利多之下，許多創業家勇於開創新業，各中小企業零散分據市場各產業、各領域、各角落，各有專精、擁有其特色產品、客群與形象，主要特徵有二：小規模、低資產，皆面臨著「資本額小、體質弱、力量分散」困境。 多數中小企業因為規模不大，在面對變動快速的環境，能夠保有靈活應變能力；唯因資產不足之原因，讓多數中小企業往往面臨資源短缺，因資金周轉不靈，而走上失敗或倒閉之途。普遍說來，中小型企業因為規模、產值與創業背景的不同，創業者在充滿障礙的創業過程中，每一步皆是生死存亡的關鍵，亦沒有想像中容易。 在創業過程中，創業者面臨機會的決策過程，如何因應創業活動運用既有資源，或尋求所需資源，都是欲踏入中小型企業創業市場的創業者在乎的關鍵點。另，即便是小規模的企業，只要有能力辨識機會，依然有能力創造或發掘新市場，創造新價值。 「創業者」是創業過程中最重要的關鍵元素，由創業者所引發的創業活動最為重要，可能是「創業者與機會」、「創業者與資源」或「機會與資源」，因當時所處環境因素的改變，產生對創業活動不同程度的影響。本研究藉由創業精神、動機、機會、資源、能力等創業要素以及創業模式之文獻探討，用以分析「吳寶春麥方店」之成功創業要素與成功創業模式之關聯。 / Cite Media Holding Group CEO Mr Fei-Peng Ho once said: “Entrepreneurship is the transformation of an individual from poor to wealthy; from the average Joe to the extraordinary, and from the inexperienced amateur to full capable professional. The entrepreneur steps forward with every stage of their business, continuously challenging themselves to the vertical limits in life and pushing themselves into the realm of personal success” Entrepreneurs look forward to a career with freedoms and flexibilities, directed by a combination of motivating passion and the self-belief of “Live life to the fullest. Chase to dreams to reality”. To choose the road of entrepreneurship is to bravely chase the dream of self-created success. After winning the 2010 World Baker championship, Mr. Wu Pao Chun founded The “Wu Pao Chun Bakery Chain” with the ambitious plan to dominate the bakery industry. Mr. Wu was a motivated learner in business operation management. Mr. Wu built the foundations of his business knowledge from a variety of sources i.e. studying books on business management, adapting from real-life experiences and listening trusted mentors. Determined to become a successful entrepreneur, Mr. Wu transformed small stores into corporate level bakery chains through sustainable management. In September 26, 2013, the Taiwan Ministry of Economic Affairs publicized the“ 2013 Official White Paper on SMEs in Taiwan”. According to the document, SMEs in Taiwan grew by 2.11% from 2011-2012. It was a record high, accounting for up to 70% of all enterprises. Among the sample, 83% of these enterprises were privately owned and/or operated. In recent years, the Taiwan Government has encouraged a policy focus on “Entrepreneurships to create Jobs”. With government support, many entrepreneurs have started businesses across the nation, creating unique products, identifying new customers, and creating company images across diverse range of industries. Since the majority of these entrepreneurs are small-scale and low capital ventures, capital shortage and lack of competiveness was a common problem. Small scale operations allowed entrepreneurs to adapt quickly to changing business environments but the lack of capital funding and resources shortage caused many entrepreneurs to fail. Weak cash flow was the ultimate cause of closure in businesses. Even with a small scale operation, the ability to identify opportunities is critical in developing and sensing new markets and ultimately, generating value. The entrepreneur themselves are the key contribution to the success of their businesses. To becoming an entrepreneur is no easy task, in fact, very challenging. Entrepreneurs face challenging decisions throughout every stage of their business. Every entrepreneur has their own scale of operation, capital funding and knowledge background. Every decision the entrepreneur makes is critical for the survival of their business. Successful allocation of existing resources and/or finding new resources through business operations is the key to success which all entrepreneurs strive for in the SMEs sector. The most important factors influencing a successful start-up business are the combination of keen-eyed entrepreneur, new opportunities in businesses, and adequate resources. My study in entrepreneurship focuses on personal drive/motivation of the entrepreneur, identifying key business opportunities, allocation of resources and the compatibility of these three factors as the basic elements in a successful business model and analyst how these elements contributed to Wu Pao Chun Bakery’s entrepreneurial success and the overall success of Mr. Wu’s business model.

本研究旨在探討以優勢觀點為基礎之社會工作實施場域中，社會工作者與情感性精神疾病個案助人關係歷程、雙向復元因素與意涵，與不同組織政策與文化對雙向復元之影響，進一步形成實務場域中助人關係與雙向復元之建議與策略。 　　本研究運用質性研究深度訪談法與詮釋現象學觀點，採立意與滾雪球抽樣，使用半結構式訪談大綱與研究者於田野之互動與觀察，再現八名受訪者（五名優勢觀點社工、三位情感性精神疾病個案）之生活經驗，回歸現象本質綜觀與探討。 　　本研究主要發現如下： 一、情感性精神疾病的重新詮釋：社會工作者正視個案憂鬱或躁狂發作而產生生理、心理與社會的排除，將疾病常態化、普同化，並經由多面向的宏觀檢視以打破原本負面框架與預設立場，包含：1.給予自殺的生命解套—給予選擇與自我決定；2.賦予反覆訴說的意義—重新詮釋生命的機會。 二、歷經「隧道」、不斷攀升—助人關係發展之歷程：歸納優勢觀點社會工作者與情感性精神疾病個案發展助人關係之歷程，可分為想像期、建立期、考驗期、合作期與復元期五大階段，形塑「穿越生命隧道之旅」般的助人關係意象，並發現差序格局文化下的助人關係連續體之特色。 三、雙向復元的實質意涵：由個案「置身死地而後生」與社會工作者「從助人意義中回觀自我」的復元經驗中，歸納「雙向復元」之實質意義與內涵，是一種助人關係與個人內、外在情境三者交互作用而成的超越狀態與主體終極目標，影響成因包含個人、人際與環境三大層面和七個項目。 四、組織政策與文化對雙向復元之影響：不同組織政策與文化之對雙向復元具有實質之影響，分析受訪社會工作者所屬的機構內部可發現「考驗」與「支持」的態樣，後者不但創造充分的人際支持與成長環境，更能促進社會工作者的復元、提升個案服務品質與績效、穩定社工流動率。 依據上述研究發現，提出以下建議： 一、情感性精神疾病個案之助人關係策略：1.增強個體權能：擱置並轉化問題、充分尊重與信任、著力優勢與能力、累積成功經驗、創造選擇性。2.善用關係影響：借重家庭的影響力、保持助人關係中的接觸與等待、建立分享與互惠的彈性關係、善用權力落差形成改變。3.導入環境資源：地緣與文化的親近性、開放的會談地點與時間、連結資源與網絡合作。 二、正視雙向復元之目標：回歸自身被忽略的正向經驗，賦予生命及工作狀態之意義，個案或社會工作者復元的同時也使對方進一步昇華和復元，像漣漪效應般能擴及旁人，間接影響家庭與社會系統，啟動整體社會文化的善循環。 三、機構推動優勢觀點模式之建議：瞭解如何有效學習並運用優勢觀點模式、適度激勵並給予充分支持、提供合理的保障與實質誘因。 四、未來研究之建議：瞭解情感性精神疾病之特性並有所應變、具備接近田野之管道並增加研究對象的多元性、學習與受訪對象共創新的復元價值。 / The study aimed to explore the process, elements and meanings of mutual recovery for social workers and the clients with mood disorder, the organizational influences on the mutual recovery, and to propose strategies for mutual recovery for social workers. The methodology adopted in this study was hermeneutic phenomenology. Using purposive/ snowball sampling, the researcher interacted, observed, and in-depth interviewed the participants using a semi-structured interview guide. Though this process, the living experiences of the eight interviewees (five strengths-based social workers and three clients with mood disorder) were represented to reveal the nature of the phenomenon of mutual recovery. The major discoveries of this study include: 1.Re-definition of mood disorder: social workers could recognize the consequence of clients being seriously excluded from the society due to their depressive or manic episode; they helped the clients to normalize their disease, as well as to break their own negative assumptions toward the disorder. The tactics that they used were such as like：a) Providing relief to suicide–personal choice and self-determination, b) giving meaning to repetitive narratives– opportunity to redefine life. 2.“Tunnel” process, continuing to rise, the process of helping relationship: the process of strength-based social workers in developing relationship with clients with mood disorder could be categorized into five stages: imagination stage, development stage, challenge stage, cooperation stage, and recovery stage. Hence, the nature of helping relationship was like “going through the life tunnel” . The characteristics of such a relationship reflected the differential association continuum among Chinese culture. 3.Essential meaning of mutual recovery: For the clients, the recovery experiences were as if being brought back to life. For the social workers, they rediscovered of themselves in the meaning of assisting others. The real meaning and essence of mutual recovery could be summed up as the interaction of within a person, internal and external environment, and in turn further shaping the transcendental force to help acquire the life goal. Moreover, those goal were affected by personal, relational and environmental factors. 4.Organizational influences on mutual recovery: by analyzing the effects of organizational policies and cultures on mutual recovery, we found that “supportive surrounding” creates an environment which was better for the development of interpersonal relationship than an “challenging surrounding”. The former could help facilitate the recovery and performance of social workers, as well as decrease the turnover rate of social workers. Based on these findings, we propose: 1.Strategy for forming the helping relationship with clients with mood disorder: 1) empowering individual: letting go and transform problems into respect, trust, and focusing on advantages, capabilities, and successful experiences to create options. 2) Better utilizing the effects of interpersonal relationship: by using the influences from family, maintaining the contacts in interpersonal relationship, building mutual and flexible relationship, and using the power differentiation to facilitate changes. 3) Introducing resources from surrounding: an open location and timing that connect the clients/social workers with their surrounding and culture, and enabling the linkage of resources and networks. 2.Emphasizing mutual recovery: stressing the positive experiences that were over sighted previously and finding meaning to life and work status. The recovery of the clients and social workers will further influence their families and the whole social system, and create a benign cycle accordingly. 3.Suggestions for organizations in promoting the strength-based model: to learn the effective ways of learning and applying strengths-based models, giving adequate encouragement and support, and providing reasonable assurance and incentives. 4.Recommendations for future research: should understand the characteristics of mood disorder and know how to handle the situations, to expand the sources of participants, and to have the intention of creating the new meaning of recovery with participants.

黑格爾的哲學在政治思想史上佔有極重要的地位，自馬克思之後乃至許多當代思潮都從黑格爾處獲得豐富的靈感，對於黑格爾哲學也出現了許許多多不同立場的詮釋方式。這些不同的詮釋或把黑格爾解讀為一激進的哲學家，或視他為支持現存政治秩序的哲學家，其中的爭議至今仍然未解。 本文的工作就是在回答黑格爾的思想是激進的或保守的，而研究的途徑有三個方向他的辯證哲學是否是唯心的、他的政治哲學是否擁護現存政治權威以及他是否主張歷史終結。如辯證法是唯心的則黑格爾是保守的，因為所有的激進改革動作只在觀念中發生；如黑格爾擁護現存政治權威則他是保守的，因為所有改變現存政治權威的企圖都是不正當的；如果黑格爾主張歷史終結則他是保守的，因為在歷史終結時所有能改變歷史的激進政治動作都將不可能發生。 第一章從《邏輯學》與《精神現象學》等書中，說明黑格爾如何藉由批評形式邏輯以及康德的批判哲學以建構他的精神辯證法，並將說明黑格爾的辯證法如同馬克思所批評是一種唯心主義。第二章中，從《法哲學》一書探討了黑格爾的政治哲學，說明黑格爾的政治哲學主張一種理性國家，這理性國家並非現存的國家，在這理性國家中個人因為與國家有機地相互構成，而享有具體自由，毋須屈服於國家權力之下。第三章中，分別就《精神現象學》與《歷史哲學演講錄》討論黑格爾的歷史哲學，得出的結論是在辯證法的基礎上，黑格爾並不能被視為主張歷史終結的保守哲學家；但是在他的神義論中，世界歷史進程中必然出現的「理性之狡計」卻使他的哲學因為主張歷史必然性，排拒了個人自由，而更動了早期他在《法哲學》中共和主義的立場，成為一保守的哲學家。