失憶型輕度認知功能障礙（a-MCI）患者被認為是演變成為阿茲海默症的高危險群，在早期由於海馬迴結構的神經纖維糾結，患者會開始產生記憶障礙。Braak和Braak在1991年將神經纖維糾結分成六個時期，開始會先從海馬迴結構的前內鼻區和側海馬迴產生病變，最後才會順延到海馬迴本體。由於前內鼻區主要處理事件及物件特徵，側海馬迴主要處理空間背景訊息，海馬迴本體主要處理空間位置記憶，所以本研究假設事件及物件特徵與空間背景訊息的配對記憶在a-MCI階段就會產生障礙，而空間位置記憶則在輕度阿茲海默症會開始產生障礙，如果不同階段神經病變的認知功能表現，可以在研究結果中呈現出來，或許可以協助找到早期偵測海馬迴結構病變的神經認知功能指標。 本研究受試者主要包含正常組（NC組）30人，失憶型輕度認知功能障礙組（a-MCI組）30人和輕度阿茲海默症組（AD組）30人，共計90人。每組受試者均接受神經心理測驗衡鑑和本研究自行發展的空間脈絡記憶測驗。空間脈絡記憶測驗總共分為三個部分：（1）空間位置記憶測驗：要求受試者回憶之前在地圖上隨機出現的建築物位置；（2）事件與地點連結測驗：事件和地點配對出現後，要求受試者選擇事件所配對的地點背景為何；（3）地點與物體的連結測驗：物體和地點配對出現後，要求受試者選擇該地點之前出現的物體為何。 研究結果呈現，不同組別在神經心理測驗結果，a-MCI組在延宕提取以及記憶保留的部分相較於其他認知功能顯著較差，而AD組相較於a-MCI組，除了記憶力表現更差外，其他認知功能的缺損也更為嚴重。而不同組別在空間脈絡記憶的結果，空間位置記憶分測驗呈現NC組＞a-MCI組＞AD組的結果，在事件與地點的連結分測驗呈現NC組＞a-MCI組＝AD組的結果，在地點與物體的連結分測驗呈現NC組＞a-MCI組＞AD組的結果。從ROC曲線分析呈現，空間脈絡記憶測驗相較於其他篩檢測驗，在區分NC組和a-MCI組的敏感度及特異度較好，而MMSE則在區分a-MCI組和AD組的敏感度及特異度較好。 研究結果呈現a-MCI受試者在一般認知功能尚未顯著下降的同時，空間脈絡記憶就已經呈現障礙，這可能和早期神經纖維糾結所破壞的區域有關，結果也呈現空間脈絡記憶測驗在a-MCI階段，比其他篩檢測驗能更敏感的區分出正常和異常的患者。目前臨床常用的MMSE測驗，因為複合了多項認知功能，反而適合用於篩檢已經為輕度阿茲海默症的患者。 / Background: Amnesic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI) was identified to have a high risk to become Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In early stage of AD, because of neurofibrillary tangles, patient began complaining progressive memory deficits. The progressive course of neurofibrillary tangles was divided into 6 stages (Braak and Braak, 1991). Initially, the neurofibrillary tangles destroyed perirhinal and parahippocampus neurons, which may correspond to the a-MCI stage and then proceed to hippocampal body that correspond to early AD. According to previous studies, the perirhinal is primarily associated with item features encoding, the parahippocampus associated with scene features encoding, and the hippocampus associated with spatial location memory. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that the item and scene features association memory would show impairments in a-MCI and the spatial location memory would not be impaired in a-MCI but in early AD. If the different stages could be discriminated by the performance on spatial context memory test that we design, it can be utilized in clinical settings to assist the diagnosis of a-MCI. Method: Three groups of subjects were selected from the clinic of the neurological department of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, including normal subjects (n=30), a-MCI subjects not diagnosed with dementia (n=30), and mild AD subjects (n=30). All of them were administered a package of neuropsychological tests and a self-developed spatial context memory test that include three sub-tests: (1) a spatial location memory test: subjects have to recognize the location of a building that was appeared in a map; (2) an event-place association memory test: subjects need point out which spatial scene that was associated with this event; and (3) a place-object association memory test: subjects need point out which object that was associated with this place shown before. Result: In neuropsychological tests, a-MCI group demonstrated significant impairment in delay retrieval and memory retention in comparison to their performance on tests for other cognitive functions. The AD group showed decline in overall cognitive functions including declarative memory and others. In the spatial context memory test, both the spatial location memory test and the place-object association memory subtest showed a decline in a-MCI group, and a further decline in AD group; the event-place association memory test presented significant decreases in both a-MCI and AD group in comparison to normal control, but no difference between the two clinical groups. Conclusion: The current study shows that the spatial context memory in a-MCI patients has greater impairment than their general cognitive function. Compared with other screening test, the spatial context memory has greater sensitivity and specificity to discriminate a-MCI from NC.

In 2003, China surpassed Japan to become the world’s second largest oil consumer (behind the United States), and the third largest oil importer (behind the United States and Japan). China’s huge demand for oil and its dependence on oil imports have forced the Chinese government continuously to adopt the energy expansion strategy in order to secure the country’s oil supply. The energy supply and reserves in Southeast Asian region are not the critical core area to supply China’s energy demand, but it is located in the periphery of China where it controls the transportation link of the Strait of Malacca, directly to hold a strategic point of the sea lane of communication for transporting oil to China. Under this scenario, China is proactively to carry out its energy diplomacy with ASEAN’s nations and to ensure completely an overall strategic arrangement in Southeast Asia so as to assure China’s oil security. In this thesis, it is mainly to probe into the following questions: the inquiring into China’s oil security strategy? Why China and how to readjust its relations with the nations in Southeast Asia? What is the driving factor? After China has become the oil importer, China has to face what kinds of challenges in oil transportation security? What is its intention of resolution projection? In terms of geographic shares, about 60% of the China’s oil import comes from the Middle East, passing through the highly insecure the Strait of Malacca in Southeast Asia that has taken the advantages to influence China’s oil sea transportation routes. Those issues will lay stress on the key points of breaking through the “Malacca Dilemma,” meet the China’s oil demand, sustain economic development, even consolidate the legitimacy of the ruling Chinese Communist Party, and conform to the national interests. / In 2003, China surpassed Japan to become the world’s second largest oil consumer (behind the United States), and the third largest oil importer (behind the United States and Japan). China’s huge demand for oil and its dependence on oil imports have forced the Chinese government continuously to adopt the energy expansion strategy in order to secure the country’s oil supply. The energy supply and reserves in Southeast Asian region are not the critical core area to supply China’s energy demand, but it is located in the periphery of China where it controls the transportation link of the Strait of Malacca, directly to hold a strategic point of the sea lane of communication for transporting oil to China. Under this scenario, China is proactively to carry out its energy diplomacy with ASEAN’s nations and to ensure completely an overall strategic arrangement in Southeast Asia so as to assure China’s oil security. In this thesis, it is mainly to probe into the following questions: the inquiring into China’s oil security strategy? Why China and how to readjust its relations with the nations in Southeast Asia? What is the driving factor? After China has become the oil importer, China has to face what kinds of challenges in oil transportation security? What is its intention of resolution projection? In terms of geographic shares, about 60% of the China’s oil import comes from the Middle East, passing through the highly insecure the Strait of Malacca in Southeast Asia that has taken the advantages to influence China’s oil sea transportation routes. Those issues will lay stress on the key points of breaking through the “Malacca Dilemma,” meet the China’s oil demand, sustain economic development, even consolidate the legitimacy of the ruling Chinese Communist Party, and conform to the national interests.

本研究旨在瞭解臺北市公立幼稚園園長人格特質與團隊領導能力之內涵與現況，探討其兩者之間的關係，進而探討臺北市公立幼稚園園長人格特質對團隊領導能力的影響。 本研究方法主要為訪談法以及問卷調查法，問卷調查樣本以臺北市公立幼稚園園長及教師為研究對象，共500位，樣本回收290份，回收率為58%，可用樣本為287份，可用率為57.4%。研究工具為「臺北市公立幼稚園園長團隊領導能力調查問卷」，主要包括兩大部分，首先是參考Saucier(1994)所編製的「Mini-Markers」(五大人格特質精簡量表)，經翻譯與題意修正後發展成適用於國內的「臺北市公立幼稚園園長人格特質量表」，第二，則是自編之「臺北市公立幼稚園園長團隊領導能力量表」。本研究所使用的統計方法包含描述性統計分析、單因子變異數分析(One-way ANOVA)、皮爾森積差相關(Pearson’s product -moment correlation)、逐步多元迴歸分析(Stepwise Multiple Regression)等方法進行分析。根據研究結果與分析後歸納之研究結論如下： 一、臺北市公立幼稚園園長人格特質與團隊領導能力的內涵及現況 (一)臺北市公立幼稚園園長人格特質包含活潑外向、友善隨和、負責認真、情緒穩定、經驗敞開等五大向度；其整體和分向度得分均為中上，其中以「友善隨和」得分最高，「經驗敞開」得分最低。 (二)臺北市公立幼稚園園長團隊領導能力包含核心領導能力、團隊塑造能力、人際智能與問題解決能力等三大向度；其整體和分向度得分均為中上，其中以「人際智能與問題解決能力」得分最高，「團隊塑造能力」得分最低。 二、不同背景變項在臺北市公立幼稚園園長人格特質與團隊領導能力之差異情形 (一)不同背景變項在臺北市公立幼稚園園長人格特質的得分方面：研究發現在最高學歷、園長年資及園所規模有顯著差異，年齡和服務年資沒有顯著差異。 (二)不同背景變項在臺北市公立幼稚園園長團隊領導能力的得分方面：研究發現在園所規模有顯著差異，而年齡、最高學歷、服務年資、園長年資等方面無顯著差異。 三、臺北市公立幼稚園園長人格特質與團隊領導能力之相關情形 臺北市公立幼稚園園長整體人格特質與整體團隊領導能力之間呈顯著高度正相關(r=.810，p＜.01)，人格特質各分向度與團隊領導能力各分向度之間皆呈顯著正相關。 四、臺北市公立幼稚園園長人格特質對團隊領導能力之預測情形 臺北市公立幼稚園園長人格特質之經驗敞開、負責認真、友善隨和、活潑外向等聯合四個向度對整體團隊領導能力、核心領導能力、團隊塑造能力有顯著的預測力，而經驗敞開、友善隨和及負責認真等聯合三個向度對人際智能與問題解決能力有顯著的預測力，其中團隊領導能力及其分向度皆以經驗敞開最具預測力。 最後，本研究根據研究發現，提出相關建議，俾供臺北市教育行政機關、臺北市公立幼稚園園長以及後續研究參考。 / The main purpose of this study was to investigate personality traits and team leadership competencies of directors for public kindergarten in Taipei City, and to explore the relationship between personality traits and team leadership competencies, and to discuss personality traits how to influence team leadership competencies. The survey method included interview and questionnaires investigation. Participants in this study were teachers and directors for public kindergarten in Taipei City, and the number of participants were 500, and 290 samples(58%) were retrieved, and 287 valid samples(57.4%) were used in this study. The measures included Mini –Markers that made by Saucier (1994) and team leadership competencies questionnaire that made by author. Data were analyzed by description statistics, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s product -moment correlation and Stepwise Multiple Regression. Based on the statistics analysis of the questionnaire, this study finds reaches the following results: A.In the aspect of personality traits and team leadership competencies of directors for public kindergarten in Taipei City: 1.The personality traits include five parts: (1) Extraversion, (2) Agreeableness,(3) Conscientiousness,(4) Emotional stability,(5) Openness to Experience. The perception of directors and teachers were above average agreement of the five parts. For directors, the best dimension is “Agreeableness”, and the worst dimension is “Openness to Experience”. 2.The team leadership competencies include three parts: (1) Core Leadership,(2) Team Building,(3) Interpersonal Intelligence and Problem-Solving. The perception of directors and teachers were above average agreement of the three parts. For directors, the best dimension is “Interpersonal Intelligence and Problem-Solving”, and the worst dimension is “Team Building”. B.The influences of personality traits and team leadership competencies of directors for public kindergarten in Taipei City: 1.Personality Traits: highest educational degree, years of director service, and school size have significant influences on personality traits. But director’s age and years of service do not have any significant influences. 2.Team Leadership Competencies: school size has significant influences on team leadership competencies. But director’s age, highest educational degree, years of service, and years of director service do not have any significant influences. C.In the aspect of relationship between personality traits and team leadership competencies of directors for public kindergarten in Taipei City: 1.There is a significant and positive correlation between personality traits and team leadership competencies. 2.Personality traits (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience) do promote team leadership competencies, especially Openness to Experience.

本研究旨在探討內部稽核單位規模之影響因素，透過問卷調查方式向國內上市櫃公司的稽核主管蒐集相關資料，藉此瞭解內部稽核單位的運作情形與稽核主管對其單位規模未來變動的看法。本研究發現： 1.內部稽核之功能對稽核單位規模有正向顯著的影響，顯示我國上市櫃公司係依據其內部稽核功能之強弱，以決定其稽核單位的規模。 2.內部稽核功能的影響因素係以機構的內在管理因素為主，包括治理單位的重視與要求、公司之資訊透明度以及組織內其他部門的配合，而內部稽核的相關法令規範亦為影響稽核功能的因素之一。 3.上市櫃公司稽核單位的規模在近三年來大多為持平的狀態，而目前的員工人數，仍以1至2人的小規模單位為主。我國稽核單位普遍面臨人力不足的情況，主要原因為機構所設定的內部稽核功能超過稽核單位的人力，以及缺乏特定專長的人員。目前稽核單位多採取減少低風險項目的稽核、提昇稽核效率與加班等方式，以因應人力不足之限制。 4.非金融業稽核主管，其大多認為未來稽核單位規模將持平；而金融業稽核主管則有近半數認為其單位規模會逐步增加，顯示金融業對於內部稽核單位的擴充較具信心。 / This purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that significantly influence the size of a firm’s internal audit department (IAD). This paper also reports the status of IAD operations and chief audit executives’ (CAEs) opinions regarding the possible change in size of their departments. A research questionnaire was sent to the CAEs of listed companies in Taiwan to collect data for empirical analysis. The main conclusions of this study are as follows. 1.Internal audit functions positively influence the size of IAD. Most organizations determine the size of their IADs in accordance with their expected functions of internal audit. 2.There are four factors affecting the functions of internal audit, namely, the board of directors’ emphasis on internal audit, corporate information transparency, other departments` cooperation and coordination with IAD, and the laws and regulations on internal audit. 3.The size of IAD remains stable for the past three years. The size of IAD is very small. For most IADs, there are only 1 to 2 auditors, and lots of IADs are experiencing shortage in manpower. The shortage is mostly due to the board’s expectation of IAD exceeds the current capability of IAD and its lack of specialty personnel. To overcome the constraint in manpower, most IADs decrease the audit of low-risk items, increase audit efficiency and/or work overtime. 4.Most CAEs believe that the size of their IADs will not change significantly in the near future. However, the CAEs in the banking industry generally believe that the size of their IADs will increase gradually.

本研究旨在探究國民小學校長儲訓之實務實習課程與校長專業能力之關係。本研究方法為文件分析法及問卷調查法，問卷調查樣本以臺北市12個行政區內之公、私立國民小學現任校長及主任為研究對象，共375位，可用問卷247份，可用率為65.87%；研究工具包含參考專家訪談結果分析自編之「國民小學校長儲訓之實務實習課程調查問卷」及採用之「國民小學校長專業能力調查問卷」。本研究之統計方法為描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析與薛費法事後比較、皮爾森積差相關分析、逐步多元迴歸分析等方法進行分析討論。根據研究結果與發現，分析後歸納之研究結論如下： 壹、校長儲訓之實務實習課程的建置實屬重要，並以「標竿學校參訪課程」最 具實質幫助，而「原校實習課程」之建置則有待考量。 貳、應重視校長專業能力的涵養，並以「行政管理能力」為重。 参、背景變項中，調查對象之現任職務及最高學歷在校長儲訓之實務實習課程 看法的差異達顯著水準，但性別、年齡、服務年資、學校屬性及學校規模 未達顯著差異。 肆、背景變項中，調查對象之現任職務及最高學歷在校長專業能力的看法得分 差異達顯著水準，但性別、年齡、服務年資、學校屬性及學校規模未達顯 著差異。 伍、校長儲訓之實務實習課程得分高分組者，在校長專業能力得分顯著優於 中、低分組；校長儲訓之實務實習課程得分中分組者，在校長專業能力得 分顯著優於低分組。 陸、重視校長儲訓之實務實習課程可提升校長之專業能力。 柒、有效施行校長儲訓之實務實習課程，對校長專業能力的養成具有中度預測 力，並以「卓越校長訪談課程」之建置最具關鍵性。 最後，本研究根據研究發現及結論分別提出以下建議： 壹、對教育行政機關的建議 一、參酌過往豐富的儲訓經驗以規劃實務實習課程具體方向及內容。 二、國小校長儲訓制度宜加強實務實習課程，並藉以提升校長專業能力。 三、應重視個別差異，依照學員的需求提供合適之課程模組。 四、建議增添副校長一職及赴教育行政當局實習制度。 五、參準專業核心能力為國小校長儲訓之實務實習課程規劃依據。 六、舉辦校長專業能力涵養之研習進修活動。 七、國小校長儲訓之實務實習課程規劃宜重視績效評量設計。 八、建置國小校長儲訓之實務實習課程數位資料庫及人才資料庫。 九、統合相關資源，建置校長資訊提供及分享之網絡。 貳、對國民小學校長、主任的建議 一、建議國民小學校長在實習過程中依據自我需求增強學習知能。 二、建置校長專業發展之知識分享平臺，提升校長之核心專業能力。 三、組成校長、主任專業社群以增進交流、激盪與對話。 四、注重專業知能與實踐能力，以持續進修達成自我之提升。 參、對後續研究的建議 可由研究架構、研究對象、研究內容及研究方法等方面加以精進，並整合量化與質化方法，裨益於整體研究建立更完整的資料與模式，使研究結果更為詳盡。 / The main purpose of this research is to study of relationship of principal’s preparation curriculum of internship course and principal’s professional competence in elementary school. The research methods used was documentary analysis and questionnaire survey. The research instrument was distributed to 375 school incumbent principal and director of public or private elementary schools in 12 administrative areas of Taipei. There are 247 valid samples which were used in this study. The data obtained was interpreted using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé posteriori comparison, Pearson’s product-moment correlation, and Multiple Regression. The conclusions drawn from the study were as follows: 1.It is really important to establish internship course of principal preparation curriculum. Among the course dimensions, the “benchmarking schools visit course” contributes most, while the establishment of “original school internship course” still remains consideration. 2.The nourishment of principal’s professional competence should be underscored, especially for the dimension of “administrative government”. 3.The elementary school incumbent principals and directors’ background demography including incumbent duty and highest education reached a significant difference with all the preparation curriculum of internship course. 4.The elementary school incumbent principals and directors’ background demography including incumbent duty and highest education reached a significant difference with all the principal’s professional competence. 5.Elementary school incumbent principals and directors who got high score on the preparation curriculum of internship course were gotten better score in the principal’s professional competence than low and middle ones, who got middle score on the preparation curriculum of internship course were gotten better score in the principal’s professional competence than low ones. 6.Principal’s professional competence can be enhanced by the emphasis of internship course of principal preparation curriculum. 7.The efficient implementation of internship course of principal preparation curriculum can positively predict the achievement of principal’s professional competence. Among the course dimensions, the establishment of “remarkable principals interview course” is the most crucial. Based on the research results, the researcher proposed some suggestions for “educational administrative agencies”, “the principals and directors of elementary schools”, and “other researchers”, hoping to benefit the school principal preparation systems and in-service education of school principals and directors in the future.

在《純粹理性批判》中，康德藉由幾行簡短的文字以及一種思想方法的操作—孤立法，便將判斷表放置在讀者面前。判斷表中有四大類的主要區分：量、質、關係與模態，每一類之下有三個環節，一共是十二個判斷的邏輯形式。康德不曾告訴他的讀者，他如何獲得判斷表，這問題至今仍困擾著我們。判斷表是康德論述的開始點，而且也是他的哲學體系的核心部份之一，康德從判斷表導出範疇表，而範疇是康德用以證明人類認知如何可能的重要理論。因此，判斷表內部的任何更動也將影響整個批判哲學體系的哲學證明與面貌。本篇碩士論文中提出一個問題：康德如何獲得判斷表？判斷表有哪些本質特性？這個問題將從兩個方面著手：一方面，筆者試圖從康德的其他相關邏輯學著作與文獻中尋找根據，以說明康德數行文字背後所預設的哲學主張與方法論，嘗試解釋康德如何獲得判斷表；另一方面，筆者試圖回溯判斷表的思想背景，將判斷表放置在邏輯學發展的脈絡之中，以期能釐清康德的判斷表可能受到哪些哲學家的影響。透過這兩方面的考慮，我們將可以把握到判斷表以及判斷的邏輯形式的本質特性。 按照上述兩個進路，本研究可以分為以下五個主要章節：第一章做為導論，介紹本研究要處理的問題、問題之釐清與研究的進路；第二章則從康德的判斷理論做為本研究的開始點。所有判斷都由判斷的邏輯形式構成，所以本章先釐清康德的判斷理論的特殊性以及康德描述與界定判斷的各種面向。第三章則以前一章所分析的結果為基礎，進一步深入判斷的構成要素：判斷的邏輯形式。筆者試圖證明康德在方法論上預設了判斷的形式與質料之區分，如此就解釋了康德如何透過一種哲學證明的方式獲得判斷的邏輯形式。與此同時，這一預設也揭示了判斷的邏輯形式的本質特性。第四章則從思想背景的面向考慮康德的判斷表，雖然康德之前沒人提出任何類似的判斷表，但判斷表也並非康德憑空想像出來的結果。判斷表在某些面向下是建立在前人研究的成果，並進一步完善它。所以，透過思想背景的考查，我們可以在歷史之中發現判斷的邏輯形式之劃分的一些根據，以及康德和邏輯學家之間的差異。第五章是結論，筆者將對以上的研究做一個總結，並反省以上研究的局限同時指出一些仍遺留未決的問題。 綜合這幾個方面的研究工作，筆者預期能更進一步了解判斷表的性質，也能幫助我們更了解判斷表在康德哲學體系中的位置。 / There is no doubt that the table of judgments in Critique of Pure Reason is the tenet of Kant’s philosophical system. For Kant derives the table of categories from the table of judgments, even an analysis of various kinds of judgment (like empirical, practical and aesthetical) was proceeded by according to this table. However, Kant’s establishing and derivation of this table always put into question. On the one hand, in Critique of Pure Reason, Kant puts forward the table of judgments with a method of isolation (by abstracting the form of thought from the contents). Without any further explanation, this table is showed up in front of us, as if it is evident to all of us. On the other hand, in Prolegomena to any Future of Metaphysics, Kant informs us that the establishment of the table of judgment was indebted to the achievements of the labor of logicians, as if this table entirely comes out from logical works. It is remains a question of how Kant constructs his table of judgment? What is the nature of these forms of judgment? Kant never tells us how he meets this problem (even to his servant, Lampe!). In this dissertation, I aim to expose some philosophical presuppositions which Kant never mentions in the above two works but indispensible for deriving this table of judgment. I try to argue that, once these presuppositions rise into our horizon, they will at the same time shed light on how Kant constructs his table of judgment and the nature of the forms of judgment.

本研究旨在探討臺北市國民中學校長領導風格、教師知識管理與學校效能之關係。採用問卷調查法進行研究，以97學年度臺北市公立國民中學教師為研究對象，各校依班級數多寡，選取8至16位教師進行問卷調查，總計發出問卷750份，回收問卷663份，問卷回收率88.4%，有效樣本620份。所得資料輸入電腦後，以SPSS for Windows 12.0版統計套裝軟體進行統計分析。採用平均數、標準差、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、Pearson積差相關分析、多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法加以處理，獲致如下之結論： 一、臺北市國民中學校長領導風格中，轉型領導較注重「願景」；交易領導較注重「介入管理」；教師知識管理，較注重「知識取得」及與「知識創新」；學校效能整，較注重「社區關係」及「學生表現」 二、臺北市國民中學校長領導風格之現況受性別、服務年資、擔任職務、學校規模、學校歷史影響有所差異；教師知識管理受性別、年齡、教育程度、服務年資、擔任職務、學校歷史影響有所差異；學校效能受性別、年齡、服務年資、擔任職務、學校規模、學校歷史影響而有所差異。 三、校長領導風格愈佳則教師知識管理愈佳；教師知識管理愈佳則學校效能愈佳 四、校長領導風格各層面對學校效能之預測力，以「激勵」最具有預測力 五、教師知識管理各層面對學校效能之預測力，以「知識取得」最具有預測 依據本研究之結論，提出下列建議： 一、對教育行政機關的建議 (一)加強校長之專業發展，強化校長專業領導能力 (二)針對校長培育課程增列轉型領導概念課程 (三)針對教師增列知識管理研習課程、提升知識管理能力 二、對校長的建議 (一)應增進校長轉型領導的運用，以提升學校效能 (二)少使用法職權、多用專業與熱忱帶領學校組織 三、對教師的建議 (一)、增進教師間的交流平台，提昇教育專業知識分享 (二)、教師應積極參加研習活動、多方請益，以提昇教師專業知能 四、對學校的建議 (一)、建置硬體設備及設計相關課程，提供有利於教師知識管理的情境 (二)、推動學校教師知識管理，營造知識分享的學校文化，以提昇學校效能 / The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship among principals’ leadership style, teachers’ knowledge management and the school effectiveness of the municipal junior high schools in Taipei. The research was conducted through questionnaire survey. The participants were the teachers in Taipei municipal junior high schools in academic year 2009. 8 to 16 teachers were selected from each school according to the class number of the schools. 750 questionnaires were issued, and a total of 663 questionnaires were collected from all the target schools, with the rate of retrieval, 88.4%. 620 copies were valid samples. The research data acquired was processed by SPSS for Windows 10.0 version and analyzed with average mean, standard deviation, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Based on the results, the following conclusions were reached: 1.In Taipei municipal junior high schools, principals’ transformational leadership pays more attention to the “vision” field; while principals’ transactional leadership emphasizes more on the “interference management” field. Besides, “knowledge acquisition” and “knowledge innovation” are more valued among the knowledge management conducted by the teachers. In the aspect of school effectiveness, “community relationship” and “student achievements” are more emphasized. 2.In Taipei municipal junior high schools, principals’ leadership styles are verified with the influence of teachers’ gender, seniority, position, school scale, and school history. Teachers’ knowledge management is verified with the influence of teachers’ gender, age, education background, seniority, position, and school history. And the school effectiveness is verified with the influence of teachers’ gender, age, seniority, position, school scale, and school history. 3.The better principals’ leadership style is, the better teachers’ knowledge management is. The better teachers’ knowledge management is, the better school effectiveness is. 4.“Encouragement” is the best way to enhance the predictions of principals’ leadership style on school effectiveness. 5.“”Knowledge acquisition” is the best way to enhance the predictions of teachers’ knowledge management on school effectiveness. According to the findings, some suggestions were made: 1. Suggestions for education and administration institutes 1) Strengthen principals’ professional development and leadership. 2) Integrate courses about transformational leadership into principal preparation curriculum. 3) Arrange more workshops or seminars about knowledge management for teachers and upgrade teachers’ knowledge management ability. 2. Suggestions for principals 1) Develop principals’ transformational leadership and thus improve school effectiveness. 2) Make use of less authority but more profession and enthusiasm on school leading. 3. Suggestions for teachers 1) Enhance the communication among teachers; increase opportunities to share and exchange educational knowledge. 2) Be active in participating in seminars or workshops, listen to good advice, and upgrade teachers’ professional knowledge. 4. Suggestions for schools 1) Construct hardware facilities, design correlated curriculum, and offer the circumstances which are helpful for teachers’ knowledge management. 2) Promote teachers’ knowledge management, build a knowledge-sharing atmosphere at school, and thus enhance school effectiveness.

動能效果是各國股票市場中最常見的異常現象，Sharpe (1964)提出資本資產定價模型(CAPM)，認為股票報酬與系統風險之間呈現正相關，而和其他非系統性風險無關，因此投資人透過投資所能獲得的超額報酬皆因承擔系統風險而得到的補償。然而近來許多實證研究的結果皆發現了一些非系統性風險能夠解釋股票報酬的異常現象，例如規模效應、本益比效應等等。若股票市場是具有效率的，那麼市場上所有已公開資訊皆應已充分反應在股價上，因此透過各種投資策略皆應無法獲得超額報酬，然而Jegadeesh and Titman (1993)卻發現利用買進過去報酬相對較佳之股票和賣出過去報酬表現相對較差之股票可獲得顯著的超額報酬，即所謂的動能投資策略，這種策略的獲利性很顯然的違背了效率市場假說，因此許多學者相繼提出理論來解釋造成此種現象之原因，其中有某些行為財務理論將此現象歸因於投資人對市場上之新訊息反應不足所致。 本文研究係以Grinblatt and Han (2005)的實證方法，透過建立資本利得與損失的代理變數來衡量由於處分效果造成股價反應不足之程度，並利用Fama-Macbeth橫斷面分析法來探討台灣股市的動能效果是否是因市場上存在處分效果，導致股價反應不足所引起。實證結果發現台灣股市在中長期(過去27到52週)存在顯著的動能效果，然而利用資本利得與損失的代理變數並無法成功的將該動能效果消除，顯示處分效果無法有效的解釋台灣股市中動能效果的來源。

近年來，消費者在資訊超載環境中，每天所接觸到的廣告量數以萬計，如何造就一支成功的廣告，實為一重要議題，除了在視覺上引起消費者注意外，音樂或是廣告標語更成為廣告訊息中詮釋品牌的主要角色，不僅能再一次提醒消費者該廣告的產品品牌，更重要的是能加強消費者對該品牌的認知。 Yalch(1991)指出有音樂短歌標語較無音樂短歌標語有較高的品牌再認與回憶，然而目前國內對廣告短歌標語之研究仍相當稀少。本研究由消費者之觀點出發，主要探討廣告標語結合音樂旋律有無對品牌權益的影響，並分析在「涉入程度」的干擾作用與「廣告態度」的中介作用下，對上述關係有何影響。 本研究經由前測，選擇大陸「德克士」速食快餐廣告結合「我要我的滋味」廣告標語為標的廣告，進入正式實驗。藉由影片播放，將標的廣告與其他九支廣告隨機安排在三次的廣告時段中。施測於105位政大學生，進行兩組實驗組與控制組正式實驗。 研究結果顯示：一、就廣告短歌有無的主效果而言，有音樂標語的廣告比無音樂標語的廣告更能提高消費者對該品牌的評價。二、廣告態度為廣告音樂標語與品牌權益的中介變項，對於消費者之品牌態度、購買意願有正向關係影響。 　　整體而言，廣告音樂標語的確會影響消費者對品牌之評價。本研究提供廣告行銷人員未來在採用廣告音樂標語時，可考量的更多因素，以選擇合適的廣告音樂標語加以應用。

本研究的樣本資料來自2006年台灣地區第二次產業創新調查，以及後續追蹤調查所建立的資料庫。主要目的為探討政府資助廠商進行創新活動的政策，對於廠商的附加性程度。 在變數的選擇上，本研究以「在民國97-98年獲得政府資助」作為應變數，而以廠商創新能力、廠商技術來源以及前期（民國93-95年）是否曾獲得政府資助，作為本研究的三構面。本研究的分析分為兩階段，第一階段利用Probit迴歸模型，分析三個構面與政府資助之間的相關性，第二階段則是使用Multi-variate Probit模型，分析廠商在無政府資助情況下，對於其創新活動的因應措施。結合兩階段分析結果，定義出四種典型的情境。 實證結果發現： （1）廠商規模愈大、創新能力愈強、技術來源為自行研發或取得外部知識，具以上特質的廠商，與獲得政府資助具正向關係，且廠商規模對於獲得資助具有顯著正向影響。在無政府資助的情況下，具有以上四種特性的廠商較不會改變其創新活動的行為，因此資助政策之附加性低，屬於情境3：所補非人的情況。 （2）技術來源為購買機器設備則與獲得政府資助具有正向關係，當無政府資助時，會「選擇風險較低的創新活動」。代表政府資助對於此類型廠商具有附加性，屬於情境1：雪中送炭的情況。 （3）委外研發對於獲得政府資助具有顯著負向影響，且當無政府資助時，廠商不會「照原訂計畫進行創新活動」，因此資助政策能為此類廠商帶來較高的附加性，屬於情境4：嗷嗷待「補」的情形。 （4）前期獲得政府資助對於後期獲得政府資助並無顯著正向影響。而廠商在無政府資助時，較可能會改變其創新活動的行為，尤其對「縮小創新活動的資金規模」的選項為顯著正相關，因此政府資助對於此類型廠商存在附加性。 本研究著重於廠商成本面的考量，來詮釋補助政策之附加性，然而若要依此制定政策方向，僅以附加性為依據將顯得不足，為此，本研究最後依據建立的架構與實證模型結果，提出若干後續研究方向的建議。 / The study provides insights into the additionality of government subsidy on firms’ innovation activities. Previous research has focused on the relationship between government funding and private R&D input and output, but no consensus were made. Using a sample of 581 observations in the database of Taiwan Technology Innovation SurveyⅡ, the study contains a two-stage analysis. First, the Probit regression model is used, and the dependent variable is "whether a firm gaining government subsidy in 2008-2009 or not". The explanatory variables include firm size, innovation capacity, technology sources and subsidy history. In the second stage, we used the counterfactual scenario about what could happen if there existed no government-sponsored programs intervention. Firms could choose from four alternatives:1. Abandoning innovative activities. 2. Choosing projects which contain lower risk. 3. Downsizing the scale of capital and 4.Keeping the same project. If firms choose the first one, then the additionality of government subsidy is the highest. If firms choose the second or the third one, then the additionality is in the middle. If firms choose the fourth one, then the additionality is the lowest. In this stage, the Multi-variate Probit model is used. The empirical results show that there is a significant positive correlation between firm size and gaining government subsidy, and a significant negative correlation between outsourcing R&D and gaining government subsidy. In the second stage, we find that subsidy toward the firms which "outsourcing R&D and "purchasing machines" have the highest additionality. Besides, subsidy toward firms which received subsidy in 2004-2006 has median additionality.