本研究目的在探討反芻與因應對於失功能態度及憂鬱情緒之關係的影響，欲藉由此議題的探討，了解在憂鬱症預防的臨床實務工作中，除了改善個人具有的失功能態度外，尚存在其他可介入調整的有效因子為何。 過去研究顯示，具有失功能態度的人，不一定會具有憂鬱情緒，二者的關係可能受到其他因素的影響。近期研究者認為，反芻可能擴大失功能態度對憂鬱情緒的效果，對於失功能態度與憂鬱情緒之關係，反芻可能扮演中介因子或調節因子的角色，本研究將以反省式反芻與自責式反芻作為反芻概念的探討。 另一方面，反芻被認為與問題解決有關，並且反芻作為一種情緒反應型態，亦可視為對於負向情緒的一種因應方式，因此，本研究納入因應之概念一同探討。過去研究顯示，反芻與因應之間可能存在中介關係或者調節關係，本研究將以主動因應與被動因應作為因應概念的探討。 本研究從過去的研究觀點，整合失功能態度、反芻、因應與憂鬱情緒之間可能存在的關係，發現存在三種不同的型態，分別為失功能態度、反芻與因應的交互作用效果、將反芻作為一認知特性在失功能態度、反芻、因應與憂鬱情緒之中介模式，以及將反芻作為一因應策略在失功能態度、反芻、因應與憂鬱情緒之中介模式，本研究將進一步檢驗此三種型態是否能說明上述關係。 本研究有效樣本為557位台灣的大學生，以自陳式量表填答失功能態度量表、中文反芻反應風格量表、簡版因應量表、中文版貝克憂鬱量表第二版，及其背景資料，其中男性有189人、女性有333人；政治大學有238人、玄奘大學有119人、東南大學有118人、台灣藝術大學有82人。本研究以階層回歸以及單因子變異數分析檢驗失功能態度、反芻、因應之間的交互作用效果及單純主要效果，以路徑分析檢驗上述概念之間的中介效果。 研究結果顯示，失功能態度與憂鬱情緒之間的關係，可受到自責式反芻、被動因應，以及主動因應的調節，此外，被動因應可調節自責式反芻與憂鬱情緒之間的關係。另一方面，反芻作為認知特性之失功能態度、反芻、因應與憂鬱之中介關係，以及反芻作為因應策略之失功能態度、反芻、因應與憂鬱之中介關係，也受到實徵資料支持。 因此，個人被動地將目前狀態與未達到的標準進行比較，或者採取自責、行為脫離及否認等因應方式時，將會增加失功能態度對憂鬱情緒之效果；當個人採取計畫、接受、正向重釋、幽默與主動因應之因應策略時，將會降低失功能態度對憂鬱情緒之效果。另一方面，失功能態度愈高的人，將採取自責式反芻，繼而可能再透過被動因應而增加憂鬱情緒；若個人採取反省式反芻，可能透過轉變為自責式反芻而增加憂鬱情緒，或者可能透過主動因應而降低憂鬱情緒。此外，具失功能態度者將傾向採取反省式反芻、自責式反芻以及被動因應的因應策略，這些策略將增加個人的憂鬱情緒；具失功能態度者將較少採取主動因應的策略，而此策略將減緩憂鬱情緒。 反芻因應對失功能態度及憂鬱關係之影響，及其在臨床實務應用上的意涵，在文中將進一步的討論。

本研究旨在探討主管排擠部屬行為的前因，以部屬能力與威脅感作為解釋之機制，部屬能力可藉由威脅感對主管排擠產生影響。並以集體認同、知覺相似性作為部屬能力與威脅感間關係的調節變項；最後則探討主管排擠對於部屬幸福感與部屬主管承諾的影響。 本研究採用便利性取樣，使用對偶方式進行資料收集，研究對象為一般私人企業之員工，共發出紙本問卷328套，回收234套，回收率為71%，有效問卷為207套，有效回收率為63%。藉由SPSS 20與Lisrel 8.8等統計軟體進行資料分析，本研究結果顯示，部屬能力會透過威脅感對主管排擠產生正向的間接效果；當部屬越知覺主管對自己有排擠行為時，部屬之主管承諾越低；部屬知覺主管排擠對部屬幸福感則不具影響；而不論是集體認同或是知覺相似性，對於部屬能力與威脅感間的關係，皆無預期之調節效果。最後，針對本研究之結果進行討論，並說明理論貢獻、管理意涵、研究限制與未來研究建議。 / This study aimed at investigating the antecedents of supervisor ostracism. We used subordinates’ competence and threat from subordinates as mechanisms to illustrate the antecedents of supervisor ostracism. We hope to explore the indirect effect of subordinates’ competence on supervisor ostracism via threat from subordinates. Moreover, we proposed that collective identity and perceived supervisor-subordinate similarity can moderate the relationship between subordinates’ competence and threat from subordinates. We further explore the direct effect of supervisor ostracism on supervisor commitment and well-being. The sample of this study is selected using convenience sampling, and the data is dyad-level data. Totally 328 questionnaires were issued and 234 were returned. The response rate is 71%. Among returned questionnaires, there were 207 effective questionnaires with the effective rate of 63%. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS 20 and Lisrel 8.8. The result indicated that subordinates’ competence has positive indirect effect on supervisor ostracism via threat from subordinates. Although subordinate perceived supervisor ostracism has negative effect on supervisor commitment, it had no effect on well-being. Supervisor collective identity and perceived supervisor-subordinate similarity did not moderate the relationship between subordinates’ competence and threat from subordinates. Finally, theoretical and managerial implications of these findings are discussed.

在全球競爭劇烈、市場迅速變化的環境下，企業能否在所屬產業的供應鏈中做適當且敏捷的調整，以維持創新與產品開發績效，成為影響企業競爭優勢的重要課題。一般供應鏈相關論文大多將供應鏈整合放入單一構面討論，較少研究能將其作進一步區分並探討構面內部可能的關係。本研究將供應鏈整合區分成企業內部與外部整合，且再將外部整合區分為供應商整合、顧客端整合，並根據相關文獻探討構面之間的關係。其中”整合”的意義有別於傳統的作業整合，強調在放眼中長期規劃的策略整合，進而形成供應鏈策略整合。依據資源基礎觀點，本研究探討供應鏈整合策略、創新能力對於企業供應鏈績效的影響。本研究資料來源為高績效工廠計畫 (High Performance Manufacturing，HPM)，其中收集了歐、美、亞共八個國家，橫跨產業為高科技、機械、運輸三大製造業供應鏈訪查資料，本計畫總共訪問約238家廠商，其中有效問卷共199份。本研究計量方法採用近年逐漸被重視的偏最小平方法(Partial Least Squares)，並使用SmartPLS工具做衡量。 研究結果顯示，企業內部整合對供應商整合有正向顯著性影響; 企業內部整合對顧客端整合有正向顯著性影響;供應商整合對創新能力有正向顯著性影響; 顧客端整合對創新能力影響不顯著;創新能力對供應鏈績效有正向顯著性影響; 創新能力在供應商整合與供應鏈績效有中介效果;創新能力在內部整合與供應鏈績效間具有中介效果。最後我們將論述本研究相關的管理意涵。 / Under intense global competition and rapidly changing market environment. It is an important issue for a company that whether can properly adapt and agile supply chain in their respective industry. In previous studies, most of them put supply chain integration (SCI) into a single dimension for discussion, However, it causes too many sub-constructs and questions to distinguish actual cause effect in single dimension. In this case, we separate a supply chain integration from a single dimension into multiple dimensions, which are internal integration, customer integration and supplier inte- gration , and related reviews are discussed in this thesis. This study also focus on long term vision of strategy integration instead of tradition operational integration to form our supply chain integration strategy. From Resource Based View, we would like to discuss how supply chain integration strategy can generate a unique capability, which is innovative capability, and impact supply chain performance in a company. This study is based on the High Performance Manufacturing (HPM) project database collected from 238 manufacturing plants in eight countries and three representative industries (machinery, electronics and transportation components), using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) methods. In our research result indicate as following: Internal integration is positively related to supplier integration. Internal integration is positively related customer integration. Innovation capability is positively related to supply chain performance. Innovation capability has indirect effect between internal integration and supply chain performance. Innovative capability has indirect effect between supplier integration and supply chain performance.

在秘魯城郊地區設立太陽能供應系統之社會企業企劃書 / This social business aims to achieve double bottom line: the social and the financial ones. The former is giving access to electricity to households out of the reach of the grid. The latter is being financially sustainable, running activities without needing external subsidy. Our Vision: “A rural Peru where every family has access to electricity in their homes.” Our Mission: “Enable access to affordable and sustainable solar energy for poor families, as a means for social inclusion and development in the rural Peru.” Our objective: To provide access to photovoltaic energy for families in remote areas of the Andean highlands of Ayacucho, Peru. Our economic model: We partner up with district, province or regional governments, and private companies, to help them to promote social development or carry out their corporate social responsibility mandate. We sell to them solar home systems to be installed in rural households which are not considered in any national rural electrification plan (they will not have electricity in the following 7 years or more). We install the solar home systems in households who are willing to be part of the project (so the families pay a fee for the operation and maintenance and cooperate with their labour force, small accessories, and local materials). The solar home systems are bundled with social engineering activities to ensure the sustainability of the project in the village. This entire task is carried out with local technician who are specially trained to solve any problem and provide the operation and maintenance service. Our target: Install solar home systems for 7700 households.

為了因應全球暖化，鼓勵再生能源發展，先進國家逐步推動「綠色電價」。由於再生能源發電成本較一般傳統電力成本來得高，故再生能源電能之價格也會高於傳統電能之價格。對於高成本高售價之再生能源電能，多數國家在市場上透過用電戶自願認購方式進行銷售，並收取所謂的綠色電價，以作為綠色電力基金之來源，或作為未來發展再生能源之資金來源。透過這樣的制度，可以讓整體社會共同參與環境保護的工作，也可提高人民的環保意識和各界環境責任感，也可籌措再生能源發展所需的資金。 本研究透過問卷調查法，以網路問卷－Google Form發放，觀察並探討民眾對於綠色電價政策之購買意願，以及民眾對於當前政策之考量，透過ANOVA檢定，分析民眾填答問卷之結果，了解民眾本身對於環保問題的認知與意識，及民眾對於綠色電價政策之考量因素主要為何。根據問卷分析與檢定結果發現：多數民眾對於綠色電價的概念仍然相當模糊，但是大多會選擇購買綠色電價。 其次是對於本文所歸納的五個政策因素考量存有疑慮－政府政策宣導、綠色電價的制度設計、相關法規制定、執行單位之效能，以及支付額外的綠色電價對國人經濟上的負擔。五項當中，又以執行單位可能效能不佳之疑慮評分為最高。 本研究另外發現，民眾對於綠色電價的願付價格，接受度最高的是綠色電價比一般電價貴10%以下，意即在回收的221份問卷中，當綠電價格每度低於3.18元，一般民眾有五成以上會選購，與目前綠電價格設定3.96元存有落差。據此，在綠色電價政策推行上，和實際民眾購買意願之間，應該如何制訂一個合理的綠色電價，是需要仰賴國內產、官、學各界充分討論，以及民眾意見妥善表達，在國家與社會民眾間，取得一個平衡點，並且參考各先進國家發展自願性綠色電價之經驗。如此，方能在國家發展經濟的同時，又能兼顧環境保護和節能減碳，達到國家永續發展之政策目標。 / In response to global warming, the development of renewable energy is encouraged. Advanced countries are gradually promoting “green power pricing programs”. Due to the higher generating costs of renewable energy’s electricity than conventional one, therefore renewable energy electricity prices will be definitely higher than traditional electric energy prices. The high cost of renewable energy’s electricity pushes most countries in the market to sell this type of electricity to consumers through a voluntary subscription mode and charge a so-called green power pricing. Using green power as a source of funds or as the future development of renewable energy funding sources and with such a system, you can make the whole society participate in environmental protection work. People from all walks of life will have their environmental awareness and responsibility adequately improved. This study uses an online questionnaire－Google Form to survey, observe and explore the public’s reaction towards green power pricing policy, its willingness to purchase and its considerations for the current policies. Through the ANOVA test and the analysis of the results of the survey to understand the public’s cognition and awareness of environmental issues and the public’s main considerations towards the green power pricing policy, for most people such concept is still quite vague but anyhow they will choose to buy green. Secondly, this article summarizes five policy factors for consideration –doubts about government policy and advocacy, the designing of the green power pricing system, the related laws and regulations, the performance of the executive units and the payment of the green power pricing adding to the economic burden of the people. In the above five points, the poor performance of the units will, undoubtedly, carry the highest score. This study also found that the public is willing to pay for green power pricing and there is even a higher acceptance if the price would not exceed more than 10% of conventional electricity price. In other words, according to the response of 221 questionnaires, if the green power price lower than NT$3.18 /kWh, there will be half of people to purchase it. This study conducted a gap analysis between the current green power price－NT$3.96 /kWh and the price people accepted generally. Accordingly, the implementation of a policy on green electricity and the real willingness of the people to purchase such electricity depend on how reasonable the green tariff is. The industry, the government , the academia should all express their opinions. The state and the society must seek and strike a balance while referring to the development of green energy voluntary subscription tariffs in advanced countries. In this way, while simultaneously developing the economy of the country and taking into account the environment protection, energy saving and carbon reduction, we can reach our national goals of achieving a sustainable development.

依據「多層次混合試題反應理論」與「隨機試題混合模型」，本研究提出「混合試題與受試者模型」。本研究旨在評估此模型在不同樣本數、不同試題差異功能的試題數下，偵測試題差異功能的表現，以及其參數回復性情形。研究結果顯示，「混合試題與受試者模型」在樣本數大、試題差異功能試題數較多之情境下，具有正確的參數回復性，能正確判斷出試題是否存在試題差異功能，且具有良好的難度估計值，並能將樣本正確地分群，其也與「隨機試題混合模型」的估計表現頗為相近。建議未來可將「混合試題與受試者模型」應用於大型教育資料庫相關研究上，並加入其他變項後進一步探討。 / Drawing upon the framework of the multilevel mixture item response theory model and the random item mixture model, the study attempts to propose one model, called the mixture items and examinees model(MIE model). The purpose of this study was to assess the respective performances of the model on different sample-sizes and differential item functioning (DIF) items. Particularly, the study assessed the model performances in the detection of DIF items, and the accurate parameters recovery. The results of the study revealed that with large sample-sizes and more DIF items, the MIE model had the good parameters recovery, the accurate detection of the DIF items, the good estimate of the item difficulty, and the accurate classifications of the sub-samples. These model performances appeared similar to those of the random item mixture model. The findings suggest that future studies should apply the MIE model to the analyses on large-scale education databases, and should add more variables to the MIE model.

中文摘要 厚朴，採用厚朴植物之樹皮，是ㄧ種已知可應用於治療精神疾病的傳統天然藥物，例如：憂鬱症等。厚朴主要的有效多酚環成分已被證實具有抗氧化、抗發炎及抗興奮性毒殺等神經保護作用，因此，推測厚朴可作為一種潛在治療像是帕金森氏症這累神經退化性疾病之藥物。本研究之目的為探討厚朴是否可以預防與治療因百草枯及MPTP所誘導的毒害及學習、記憶和運動功能缺失等行為異常現象。本研究監測Oregon-R品系之果蠅(年齡：1-2, 20天或30天)之壽命在長期暴露於百草枯(5-20 mM)並先給予厚朴(100, 300或600 mg/L)治療之變化。其結果顯示，厚朴無法延長暴露在百草枯環境下之果蠅壽命。另外，我們給予雄性ICR小鼠(30-35 g)，連續五天，每日一劑MPTP(25 mg/kg, i.p.)，誘導神經毒性及行為異常現象。在共同投藥組別，在給予MPTP注射前一小時，先以灌餵方式給予小鼠厚朴(100或300 mg/kg)預防，連續五天後，只單獨給予厚朴治療連續十四天。後投藥組別，在給予最後一劑MPTP後，連續十四天給予厚朴(100或300 mg/kg).治療。在控制組別中，給予生理食鹽水(0.9%, i.p.)及灌餵玉米油。結果顯示，MPTP與厚朴並不影響小鼠之運動協調功能，然而，可利用新位置辨識能力測試及新物體辨識認知行為測試，檢測因MPTP所引起之認知功能障礙現象，由我們結果中顯示，不論是與MPTP共同給予厚朴治療抑或是後處理厚朴皆可恢復因MPTP所造成的認知功能障礙現象，此外，厚朴也可恢復因MPTP所造成多巴胺神經元及多巴胺轉運子受損之情形，另外，我們也初步發現，厚朴可在海馬迴中使Nrf2表現量提升。因此，初步結果表明，厚朴將可成為未來治療帕金森氏症之天然藥物。 / Cortex Magnoliae, the bark of Magnolia officinalis, has been prescribed in the traditional herbal medicine to treat a variety of mental disorders including depression. The main constituents of cortex Magnoliae contain the biphenyl compounds such as honokiol and magnolol. Both biphenyl compounds were shown to have the neuronal protective effect which is related to the anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-excitatory toxicity. Thus, it was proposed that cortex Magnoliae may act as the potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of the present study was to examine whether cortex Magnoliae exhibits the neuroprotective and therapeutic action against the neuronal toxicity and behavioral deficits in learning, memory, and motor function induced by neurotoxin paraquat and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in PD-like models. The lifespan of flies from Oregon-R strain of Drosophila melanogaster (age: 1-2, 20 or 30 days) chronically exposed to paraquat (5-20 mM) with pre-treatment of Cortex Magnoliae (100, 300 or 600 mg/L) were measured. Results showed that pre-treatment of Cortex Magnoliae could not extend the lifespan of the flies reduced by paraquat. On the other hand, male ICR mice (30-35g) were administered with MPTP (25 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 5 consecutive days to induce neurotoxicity and behavioral impairment. In co-treatment group, male mice were orally administrated with cortex Magnoliae (100 or 300 mg/kg) 1 hour before MPTP injection for 5 days and then followed by oral administration of cortex Magnoliae alone for consecutive 14 days. Mice in post-treatment group were orally administered with cortex Magnoliae (100 or 300 mg/kg) for consecutive 14 days after the final injection of MPTP. Mice in control group were injected with saline (0.9%, i.p.) and orally administrated with vehicle (corn oil). Our results showed that MPTP and cortex Magnoliae did not affect mouse coordination and balance in beam walking test. However, cortex Magnoliae improved the cognitive impairments determined by novel-location recognition task (NLRT) and novel-object recognition task (NORT) in MPTP-induced PD mouse. Additionally, cortex Magnoliae restored MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons and recovered MPTP-induced loss of dopamine transporters in striatum. Cortex Magnoliae also activated Nrf2 in hippocampus. Therefore, the preliminary results suggest that cortex Magnoliae may be a novel candidate for the treatment of Parkinson's disease in the future. The pharmacological mechanism of cortex Magnoliae in PD treatment needs further study.

針對台灣企業策略發展的研究重點，學術上經常以產業生命週期、產業結構、產品與市場做為出發加以探討。而本篇研究將會從經營模式的要素來剖析企業如何建構核心能力與競爭優勢，並藉由經營模式的演進，持續強化核心能力及擴大事業範疇，使企業能夠持續成長。此外，本篇研究也將致力探討核心能耐建構與延伸、開放式經營模式間以及兩者間的關係。並期能透過一整合性的分析架構，供企業主在實務之策略制定做為參考及評估方向。 本研究採取的是個案研究方法。個案研究法中對於個案的選擇，並非重其全面性與系統性，而是重在選擇有代表性與對比效果的個案，以獲得較為豐富的個案內涵以供對研究議題之深究。本研究選擇的個案公司基亞生技，係台灣少數成功將新藥發展至臨床試驗三期、具有多個事業體系及國際市場佈局之新興生技公司，作為本研究之個案分析公司。 本研究得到之結論為，企業在成立初期資源不足之條件下，除了利用差異化的定位來改變競爭場域之不利因素外，亦可透過開放式的經營模式擴大公司疆界，借助外部價值網絡提供的資源，以助企業建構策略性資產並提升能耐之價值，並成為產業內重要價值活動之供給者。除此之外，系統性的核心能耐延伸，提供企業取得新能耐與發展新事業的重要基礎，亦使得開放式經營模式的成效加倍。即便企業並未具備龐大的資源或資金，亦可在此模式下與外部組織互補合作，藉由產業價值鏈的接力與分工，同樣具備挑戰大型及國際市場的能力。

電子業在近20年來在台灣蓬勃發展，不論是上游的晶圓廠，IC設計，中游的半導體製造業，乃至於下游的電子產品製造業，在全球市場裡皆佔有一席之地。在整個產業鏈之中，半導體製造業在2008年的銷售額達到255 Billions,其中半導體通路商就佔全部銷售額的30%以上，半導體通路商在產業鏈中的地位是相當的重要。 半導體零組件通路商在整個產業鏈扮演著何種角色呢？半導體零組件通路商必然能對上游供應商與下游的電子製造業提供價值，並且具有其競爭優勢，以存活在這競爭的產業，因此本研究採用個案分析方式針對亞洲最大的半導體通路商與日系半導體通路商進行研究探討，主要的研究發現有： 1. 以實際量化的方式半導體電子零件通路商對供應商與客戶的價值。 2. 從半導體產品價值鏈依不同類型供應商/通路商/客戶歸納通路商的策略類型為規模經濟型、技術本位型以及特殊關係型。 3. 規模經濟型、技術本位型以及特殊關係型三種不同類型的通路商所具備的競爭優勢。 4. 在動態的環境下，不同類型的代理商如何跨足其他類型的通路商，並且從成功案例之中了解其策略為何。 / In the past 20 years, Electronics industry flourishing in Taiwan, from the upstream wafer manufactory, IC design, to the middle reaches of the semiconductor manufacturing, as well as in the downstream electronic products manufacturing, both in the global market place. In the whole semiconductor supply/demand chain, the semiconductor manufacturing industry in 2008 achieved sales of 255 Billions, in which the semiconductor distributors accounted for more than 30% of total sales. This shows the important of semiconductor distributors in the semiconductor industry. What is role of distributors in the industry? Distributors must be able to provide value to upstream suppliers and downstream customer – the electronic manufacturing industry, and has its competitive edge to survive in this competitive industry. So this study used case study approach targeting the largest semiconductor distributors in Asia and the Japanese semiconductor distributor to conduct research into, the main findings are: 1. Practical way to quantify the value of semiconductor distributor to the supplier and customer. 2. Base on different types of suppliers / distributors / customers to induction distributors strategy type of the semiconductor value chain. As “Economies of scale”, “Technology-based model”, and “Special relationship”. 3. The competitive advantage of “Economies of scale”, “Technology-based model”, and “Special relationship”. 4. In a dynamic environment, how the different types of agents to branched out into other types of distributors? And identify the strategy from the success stories.

Since the open door policy, the PRC’s social structure has been deteriorating and its social stratums have been broadening along with the economic development. Comparing to the long-standing social stability before the open door policy, the central CPC has worried about the deteriorating development of social order and crime problems triggered by the redistribution of wealth. The central CPC thought that the Ministry of Public Security could not handle the social order and crime problems with its old system and functions. The problems would have great negative impact on the CPC’s ability of internal control, if the police systems and functions had not been reformed or improved. This study has found that on the basis of the highest guideline of “one center and two basic points,” the progressive reform steps taken by the Ministry of Public Security were as follows. First, it aimed at the reform of police organs and administrative systems. Second, it focused on the reform of police assignments system. Third, it stressed on the reform of grass-roots police and stations. Lastly, it emphasized on the reform of the concept of law enforcement and the quality of the police. To sum up, there were four development shifts on police. The first one was the reform of police organs and administrative duties from 1979 to 1996. The second one was the reform of police assignments system form 1997 to 2002. The third one was the combination of crime control, prevention and crackdown by police stations and community policing from 2003 to 2005. The fourth one was the three-base project from 2006 to 2008. The new Minister, Meng Jen-tzu, took office at the end of 2008 and he addressed “the three-construction” project as the further and sequent fulfillment of the three-base project. The related developments of the three-construction project are still going on. How they shape the functions and roles of the Ministry of Public Security requires sequent observation.