個案公司自1985年創立迄今已超過25年，主要從事個人保護安全工作帶配件的金屬加工製造公司。在歷經貿易商、虛擬工廠、研發製造、品牌行銷等階段的發展後，於2008年遭逢金融海嘯的衝擊。此時公司開始思考如何進行策略重定位，並透過一連串營運活動的轉變，從過去的利基市場切入到以主流市場為主的市場定位，強調以物美價廉、快進快出為公司主要的營運策略，期望藉此挽回快速流失的市占率。海嘯後歷經兩年的策略調整，個案公司的策略也隨著外部需求市場的質變，開始重新調整公司整體的策略定位(從利基走向主流)，並根據策略重定位回頭調整內部組織結構的運作，以利策略的執行。總結上述一連串的轉變，背後支持個案公司得以成功轉型的關鍵在於公司動態回應市場變化的能力，進而形成維持持續成長的動態能力。準此，本研究主要目的即在探討個案公司如何有效運用環境、策略與結構這三層構面彼此的最適互動，來協助其達到成長的目的。 / The case of corporate in this paper is built for 25 years since 1985, it designed and manufactured a range of lifting accessories. The company went through trader, virtual factory, R&D and brand marketing, but happened the financial crisis in 2008. As such, it decided to reconsider the strategic position in the industry. In order to raise the losing market share, the strategic position is focused on mainstream market from niche market through a series changing activities, and the main business strategy pay attention on price, quality and turnover speed. After the financial crisis, the company adjustment its organizational structure depend on strategic position. Furthermore, the key success factor of transformation for the company is the dynamic adaptive capability, and the long term growth path also depend on it. Consequently, the topic of this paper discusses the fit among environment, strategy and structure, which enables the company remains continued competitive advantage.

本研究主要探討台北市國中生的單字能力及性別差異是否影響其英語單字策略的使用。主要目標欲(1)探究三組單字能力組別在單字策略使用上的差異；(2)探討男女生使用單字策略的頻率；(3)發現單字策略使用上的性別差異；(4)確認單字能力組別內，在單字策略使用上的性別差異；以及(5)從性別的角度來說明單字策略使用的規則。 共有來自台北市區一所國中的203位學生參與本研究。研究工具為單字策略使用問卷及英語單字能力測驗。前者用來引出學生所認為的單字策略使用方式，而後者則是用來將學生依單字能力分成高中低三組。資料分析採用SPSS 12.0版本，分析工具包含描述性統計、單因子變異數分析、及獨立樣本t檢定。本研究結果指出(1)單字能力越高的學生，傾向使用較多的單字策略，尤以決定策略、社會策略、記憶策略、及後設認知策略最為顯著。(2)整體而言，男生及女生使用單字策略的頻率皆不高。男女生皆最常使用決定策略，最少使用後設認知策略。(3)除在整體策略、決定策略、記憶策略、認知策略有顯著較高的使用頻率外，女生也比男生較常使用與歸類相關單字、運用學習工具作手寫練習、及聽力練習等相關的單一策略。(4)單字能力組別內，亦發現十七個單一策略具有顯著的性別差異。大部份策略顯示女生運用的頻率較高。然而高分組男生使用聽英文廣播及想像單字畫面比高分組女生較頻繁，且中間組別的男生較女生常使用分析字根字首。(5)對男女生而言，發音及意思是學習單字中最難的兩部份。雙方在有效的策略上有所共識，但在無效果的策略上意見有些分歧。至於教師協助的需求方面，男生偏好動態的單字練習，女生則較喜歡靜態的學業練習。 最後，本研究建議教師應該(1)介紹學生更多元的單字策略，尤其是低成就的學生；(2)進行以策略為主的教學時，將性別差異納入考量；(3)就單字能力及性別差異的交互關係，進一步了解學生單字策略的偏好。 / This study investigated vocabulary proficiency and gender differences in English vocabulary learning strategies (VLS) used by junior high school students in Taipei. The goals were to (1) explore the differences in VLS use among three vocabulary scoring levels, (2) to investigate the frequencies use of VLS by male and female students, (3) to find out gender differences in VLS use, (4) to indentify gender difference in VLS use in terms of vocabulary scoring level, and (5) to illustrate the patterns of VLS use in gender perspectives. A total of 203 junior high school students from an urban school in Taipei City were involved in the study. A vocabulary learning strategy questionnaire (VLSQ) and an English vocabulary proficiency test (EVPT) were administered as instruments. The former was used to elicit the self-report strategy use by the students and the latter was utilized to categorize the participants into three vocabulary levels. The data was analyzed by employing SPSS version 12.0, including descriptive analysis, one-way analysis of variance, and independent t-Tests. A summary of the results are as follows. (1) The higher vocabulary level students belonged to, the more VLS they tended to apply, especially determination strategies, social strategies, memory strategies and metacognitvie strategies. (2) Both male and female students could be regarded as moderate users of VLS. Both groups favored determination strategies the most and metacognitive strategies the least. (3) Besides a significantly more frequent use of overall strategies, determination strategies, memory strategies and cognitive strategies, female students also tended to use more often individual strategies concerning grouping related words together, writing practice with study aids and auditory practice. (4) Significances found in each scoring group seemed to favor female students in strategy use, except three strategies, analyzed affixes and roots by the Intermediate-Scoring group, listening to English broadcast and image word’s meanings by the High-Scoring group. (5) To both genders, the most difficult aspects in learning vocabulary are pronunciation and meanings. As for the effectiveness of VLS, male and female students had the same opinions on the most five but thought slightly differently on the least five. Besides, sharing some similar needs for teachers’ assistance, male students preferred dynamic vocabulary activities but female students favored academic vocabulary practice. The findings suggest teachers should (1) introduce a variety of VLS to students, particularly those of lower levels, (2) take gender differences into consideration when administering strategies-based instruction, and (3) be aware of students’ preferences of VLS use with both gender and vocabulary level perspectives.

近年來台灣高等商業教育蓬勃發展，許多學生積極參與企業實習，企業也更願意提供企業實習機會。由於實習對學生、學校與社會都是有助益的，是相當值得推廣的學習活動。然而過去幾乎沒有任何關於企業實習之調查與研究。本研究以政治大學企管所歷屆實習學生與合作企業為對象，試圖了解實習對於學習效果和日後工作能力之影響。 本研究透過問卷調查與個案訪談方式，分析學生對實習的感受與企業對實習的意見：針對實習的四個階段: 實習前的準備、實習期間的體驗、實習後的學習效果，與日後第一份工作進行問卷調查分析，研究實習與後續學習效果與工作能力的關聯性。並對合作企業進行深入訪談，了解企業對實習運作的感受與建議。 透過複迴歸分析與訪談的研究結果顯示： 1.自我動機、實習體驗與校方支援皆會正向影響學生實習的學習效果，而物質報酬則會負向影響學習效果。 2.自我動機、實習體驗則是影響第一份工作工作能力的重要因素。 藉由本研究之發現，再分別對政大企管實習團隊、學生、學校、企業提出具體建議，希望透過本研究與後續建議，能讓台灣MBA教育的實習實務，有更多的拓展機會。

我國刑事訴訟制度從「職權主義」轉變為「改良的當事人主義」，有關證據調查及採認與事實認定等問題，從原本耳熟能詳的「嚴格證明法則」及「直接審理原則」，在「傳聞法則」一詞加入了刑事訴訟法(以下簡稱本法)第一五九條後，使得對「證據能力」之判斷產生混淆，爭論問題面變的更加複雜。醫療文書常在司法審判程序中被用來當作判案依據之重要證據，其中關於「病歷紀錄」、「診斷證明」及「鑑定報告」這三種醫療文書的「證據能力」與「證明力」，各界看法不一，確實有加以探討及釐清的必要。 本文研究，主要擬就比較法例上，英美法系之當事人主義及大陸法係之職權主義對於證據能力及證明力之定義及關於傳聞證據之處理有何不同，並據此釐清我國醫療證明關於證據能力及證明力的爭論。故本文首先就證據能力、證明力之定義加以釐清。再從關連性法則、證據排除法則、傳聞法則等，分析我國採改良式之當事人主義後，應如何判斷證據能力之有無及證明力應經由何種法定程序而形成。其後將直接審理原則及傳聞法則之基本原則予以析理，繼而分別就傳聞法則、傳聞證據之種類、意義，傳聞法則例外適用之問題加以研究，並析我國實務實際運作上，同時採行直接審理原則與傳聞法則，對於對質詰問權之保障有無扞格之虞，是否對程序結構面造成一整體性的破壞。 在論述「病歷紀錄」、「診斷證明」及「鑑定報告」這三種醫療文書之證據能力與證明力方面，本文先從製作過程與內涵性質方面來剖析是否具有「必要性」及「可信性」，來判斷是否屬於傳聞法則之例外。另外亦從刑事訴訟法關於鑑定的相關規定，提出不同見解，分析鑑定報告書是否非需借道「傳聞法則」方能保障對質詰問權。 最終本文認為，病歷紀錄與診斷證明雖為傳聞證據，因其具有高度之「證據可信性」及「證據必要性」二項要件，例外地承認其有證據能力當無疑義；且一律要求完成業務文書之人必須出庭陳述並接受詰問，事實上訴訟資源也難以負擔。然對於未曾予被告於先前程序或於審判中有詰問機會之傳聞陳述，除非該原始陳述人於本案審判期日不能到庭應訊，不應不當限制被告之對質詰問權，以維護當事人訴訟防禦權。目前將鑑定報告之證據能力「借道」傳聞法則來審查，減損了當事人對於鑑定此一證據應享有充分防禦可能之憲法權利，更有違證據調查須以直接審理、言詞辯論為原則之要求，此與司法院釋字第三八四號解釋文闡明憲法保障人民之對質詰問等訴訟防禦權之理念背道而馳。在當事人受憲法保障之訴訟防禦權以及正當法律程序要求下，建議對第二○六條作合於憲法要求之修正，方能保障對質詰問權，並杜絕憲法上之爭議。

台灣今天所面對的國際競爭壓力與經營困境不是突然發生的，觀察台灣高科技產業獲利能力的持續下滑現象，企業經營者早就應該想到，台灣代工製造模式要如何繼續發展下去？透過對台灣網路通訊設備產業持續性競爭優勢之探討，分析企業的競爭策略，期望協助台灣廠商及投資大眾在對的時間做對的決定，讓台灣產業掌握提升價值及持續成長的契機，強化獨特的優勢與資源，增進國際競爭力。 學術上有許多篇論文探討網通產業競爭優勢，並建議很多的策略，網通業為了成長與獲利，必然採取類似的競爭策略，但近年來產業獲利結果卻呈現衰退，這是大部分台灣電子代工業的宿命嗎？是否台灣品牌廠商仍有持續的競爭優勢？本研究將依據相關理論，從獲利能力來看企業的績效變化，從競爭優勢來探討企業獨特能耐、資源與經營策略的差距，並從未來產業發展趨勢來看台灣企業應如何改變或加強策略，才能開創或持續其競爭優勢。 以台灣網通產業而言，品牌廠商過去的超額利潤，隨著經營環境的改變，成功要件不復存在，勢必調整商業獲利模式；而取得被重要供應鏈整合的代工業者，保有較低的代工利潤，加上深耕研發及製程技術，在市場需求增溫時，發揮規模經濟的低成本優勢，因此較具持續性競爭優勢。 依本研究發現即便網通業有機會創造出未來黃金十年，隨產品售價與獲利下滑後，台灣網通產業的淨獲利率只在3%至4%之間，建議各企業依據所處的競爭形勢，適度調整經營策略，方可提升或維持其競爭優勢。 / Observing the phenomenon of continuous declining profitability in Taiwan’s high-tech industry, enterprises in Taiwan should have long anticipated that functioning businesses nowadays face higher difficulties in sustaining international competitive advantage. How Taiwan’s Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) involves in development process should be taken into prior consideration. Analyzing the competitive strategy of Taiwan’s network communications equipment industry, not only allows the industry to strengthen its values and enhance the efficiency of interior resources; it can also help investors grasp the right timing in making investing decision. In order to gain profit and growth, most competitors in the industry chose to yield a similar operating strategy when confronting its rival. However, as the issue of deteriorating profitability rise to the surface, it is necessary to reconsider the options. Can major Taiwanese brand companies maintain its competitive advantage? Based on relevant theories, this research will evaluate alterations in business performance though profitability and estimate business competitiveness according to the difference in resources and operating strategies. In addition, this study will give suggestion on how to create or strengthen competitive advantage in perspective of future industrial trends. In the past, brand companies in the CNC industry had excessing profits. However, due to changes in business environment, the elements of past success no longer exist and companies are focus to adjust their profitability formula; the companies that were integrated into key supply chains are able to maintain low OEM margins, achieve economies of scale when market demand rises though their R&D bedrock and manufacturing technology. This study reveals that even the Network industry has the opportunity to create its golden years. Due to declining sale prices and profitability, Taiwan CNC industry's net profit is merely 3% to 4%, therefore companies are recommended to base on its current competitive position, moderately adjust its business strategy, to enhance or maintain their competitive advantage.

臺灣的MBA教育所收取的學生，並不若國外MBA教育強制要求一定的工作經驗才能就讀；又景氣不佳下，臺灣每年有為數不少欠缺工作經驗的MBA踏入社會，在第一份工作上力求表現。而MBA初入職場所需知識與能力往往與MBA教育所教授學生的知能有所出入，導致企業主多有反映MBA人才在知能的具備上不若預期。本研究探討初入職場的MBA執行守分工作時，所需的知能為何？又這些知能與MBA教育所著重教授的知能有何不同？且這些MBA初入職場所需知能的來源，與非MBA教育的人是否有所差別?

本研究的目的是探究動態能力的本質，並進一步了解動態能力的發展過程。為了解企業如何其發展動態能力，本研究採用個案分析，發現企業發展動態能力須經歷的四個階段，並提出一整合模型描述動態能力發展之過程:企業可經由學習機制發展其動態能力，包含知識獲取以及知識轉化兩個階段;若環境動態程度較高，將促進企業獲取知識，從而加快學習機制。此外，社會資本和管理能力的提升也會影響動態能力的發展。 / The purpose of this study is to understand the nature of dynamic capabilities, and to have a clearer picture of the process of developing dynamic capabilities. A case study methodology is conducted to illustrate the pattern of how firms develop dynamic capabilities. After collecting and analyzing the data, four propositions and an integrated model are proposed. It is found that firms develop dynamic capabilities through the two-stage learning mechanism, knowledge acquisition and knowledge conversion; high level of environmental dynamics perceived by firms would motivate firms to acquire knowledge, which accelerate learning mechanism. Moreover, social capital and managerial capability upgrading play roles of moderator during the development of dynamic capabilities. Four contributions are offered in this study. First, this research highlights the ambiguity on definition and clarifies it after an overall discussion. Second, this paper extends and integrates findings from past research, which help to enhance the understanding of the mechanism of developing dynamic capability. the third contribution of this study is the combination of learning mechanism and two moderators, social capital and managerial capability upgrading. Fourth, while cases from advanced countries have been widely discussed, this study focus on companies from newly industrialized countries, which enables this study to collect different managerial experience and extend more insights. There are several research limitations in conducting this study. Firstly, the use of qualitative research limits the research result in the specific industry chosen in this study; some propositions may be universal, but not all of them can be applied into each industry. Secondly, the timeline covered in this study is not long enough since the development of dynamic capabilities requires long time efforts.

身處在高知識時代,工作任務和組織環境皆日益複雜,企業逐漸體認到人力 資源發展的重要性,經過教育、訓練及合理的管理與報酬,人員的素質以及貢獻 都可能逐漸提高。在人力資源的觀念中,人是組織最重要的資產,其績效更代表 了組織長期的發展。要使企業員工有一流的表現,就必須不斷施以訓練,以培養 其工作能力,尤其是國際間的商業貿易交流越來越頻繁,許多企業都在不同國家 設立海外據點以服務當地消費者,或是設立工廠來降低生產成本,人員之間的移 動以及工作內容也越發多元複雜,更需要良好的制度幫助外派任務順利完成。 對企業來說,環境的變化越來越複雜且快速變遷,如何長期保有競爭優勢成 為企業需要審慎思考的問題,Teece, Pisano & Shuen (1997)所提出的動態能力概 念,就是為了解釋企業應該累積哪些能力以因應環境的變化。 在這樣的背景之下,本研究希望探究台灣的外派人員在外派過程中的知識管 理,是否能夠對母公司的動態能力產生正面影響,而跨文化適應良好的外派人員 是否會強化這樣的影響效果。 透過實證研究分析後,本研究發現: 1. 知識取得能力對母公司動態能力中的感知、機會獲取以及管理威脅能力 皆有正向影響。 2. 溝通能力對機會獲取能力有正向影響。 3. 跨文化適應在正式溝通與感知、機會獲取能力間存在正向調節效果,但 在管理威脅部分呈現負向調節效果。

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