由於資訊科技具有策略上的價值，結合資訊系統與組織策略的策略資訊系統也日漸受到組織高層重視。策略資訊系統應用的目的，不只是提供市場更多元的產品與迅速的服務，甚至可以重新定義產業競爭的方式使得組織從中獲利。而良好的策略資訊系統規劃，才可以真正讓組織從資訊科技的應用中獲得競爭優勢。 本研究主要探討如何在策略資訊系統規劃過程中整合CEO與CIO的觀點。本研究由文獻中整理策略資訊系統規劃所應該具備的要素並評量12個SISP方法對於要素的支援情形。然後探討SISP過程中相關的決策議題，包括權力、政治行為、衝突與協商，以及漸近式的決策形成過程。以文獻為基礎所建構的觀點整合資訊規劃方法中，將可以發現CEO與CIO兩人的觀點其實是具有相當多的分歧存在。本研究並利用動態網頁的技術，以IC製造業公司的資料為例，建構一套可行的雛型系統以輔助SISP方法之應用。 / Information technology is valuable in strategic way. So, the top management of organizations has paid more attentions to Strategic Information Systems (SIS) that link information strategy with organizational strategy. The purpose of the use of SIS is not only to offer new services, but also to redefine the way of competition. A good Strategic Information Systems Plarniing (SISP) can help the organizations take competitive advantages by the information technology. The purpose of this research is to study the issues of the different views of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Information Officer (CIO) in the process of SISP. After reviewing the literature, we have established the key characteristics of SISP and evaluated 12 SISP methods accordingly. Then, we study the human issues of the SISP process including power, political behavior, conflict and negotiation, and incrernantalism. On the base of these studies, a View Integrated SISP method has been proposed. This method emphasis on the different views of CEO and CIO. A prototype system (VICAS) in WWW has been implemented. Some testing data from an integrated circuit manufactory company has been tried.

當受虐婦女欲尋求協助時，初始多以非正式支持網絡為主要求助管道，其中，家庭支持為最具情感性與義務性之協助。援此，本研究先瞭解臺灣受虐婦女家庭支持的經驗，從而分析影響受虐婦女家庭支持的原因，並以質性研究深入訪談七位受虐婦女，運用復元觀點於此問題向度，研究結果發現如下： 一、依受虐婦女獲得的家庭支持功能類型，整理發現情緒性支持為三種功能類型中最重要的一種；資訊性支持中家人最常以「提供想法與建議」做為支持的方式，顯見婦女需要與信任的支持者討論行動策略；工具性支持則為三種功能型態中，最實質可視的協助。 二、影響家庭支持型態因素，前人研究多以負向特質描述受虐婦女，本研究從微視層面觀點發現除了兩樣被動面特質外，受虐婦女有相當多正向主動面特質；此外，受虐婦女其主要支持者的個人特質，主要為「船錨」的角色，提供婦女一種歸屬感，帶給婦女穩定與安定的力量。中介層面觀點探究家庭系統、家庭互動關係與家庭權力關係，研究發現「長輩」或「手足」為受虐婦女的主要支持者，且手足排行序會影響誰成為婦女的主要家庭支持者。此外，家中掌權者多為主要支持者，其同時會影響其他家庭成員提供支持多寡，及影響受虐婦女因應暴力的態度；在家庭權力關係中：1)「婦女為家庭位階最低者，而支持者為家庭位階最高者」，其之間的權力關係差距最大；2)「同一位階或位階接近者」，因彼此間緊密的親情情感，成為時常頻繁聯繫的家庭成員，因此亦能成為婦女的主要支持者；同時受虐婦女均自覺於原生家庭中的權力位階為最低或者相對較低。鉅視層面探討扭曲與偏頗的價值觀念會負面影響受虐婦女其家人提供支持的意願，且結果發現這些負面影響主要為婆婆的回應方式與想法；正面影響除了有正面加強作用外，亦可能扭轉婦女自身負面的傳統觀念，協助受虐婦女走出暴力情境。 三、本研究依據受虐婦女於復元統合模式之復元指標達成的數量，將受訪者劃分為完全復元型、半復元型與初學型，並發現家庭支持對受虐婦女正面影響的主要效應，為促使受虐婦女前往復元道路邁進的動力因子；同時具有舒緩受虐婦女生活壓力之負面排除的緩衝效應。 本研究深入探討臺灣受虐婦女家庭支持之功能、影響家庭支持的因素，及家庭支持促進復元的作用機制。結果顯示家庭支持的作用對於受虐婦女而言，是能夠促使其復元的重要力量之一，研究成果能夠對目前協助受虐婦女復元的工作提供參考依據，以作為臺灣受虐婦女復元之本土經驗參考。 / When abused women seek help, the main way is informal support network at first, in the meanwhile, the family support is the most emotional and responsible support. Therefore, this study discussed the experience of abused women obtained the family support in Taiwan and analyzed the causes of the influence on the family support for abused women. This study adopted Nature research to in-depth interview seven abused women and then used Recovery to analyze the problems. The research results were shown as follow. 1. According to the result in this study, the emotional support is the most important among three types of the function of the family support. In the information support, the family often adopt “providing ideas and suggestions” as supports for abused women. This indicates that abused women need to discuss the action strategies with reliance supporters. The instrumental support is the most substantial and visible support among all types of the function. 2. When discussing the causes of influence of the family support states, many researchers described the situation of abused women based on negative traits. In this study, the results on the micro-level showed that abused women had not only two passive traits but also many positive traits. Besides, the main supporter of abused women played a role as “anchor”, and he/she provided the sense of belonging to abused women for the stable and peace power. On the meso-level, this study discussed the family system, family interaction and familial power relations. The results indicated that “elder” or “sibling” would be the main supporter, and “birth order” would affect the person becoming abused women’s main supporter. In addition, the power holders in a family were mostly the main supporters; moreover, they would have an influence on the support from other family members and the attitude of abused women to cope with the violence. For familial power relations: 1) “Abused women were the lowest family hierarchy; the supporters were the highest family hierarchy”. The difference of the power relation between these two hierarchies was largest. 2) “Abused women and the supporters were the same or close family hierarchy”. Because of the close kinship between them and the frequently contacting to each other, the supporters would also be the main supporters. Furthermore, abused women became conscious that their family hierarchies were the lowest or the lower hierarchy in the original family. On the macro-level, this study discussed that the distorted and biased values would be the negative influence on that if the family were willing to provide support. The results indicated that the negative influences were mostly obtained from the mother-in-law’s responses and thoughts. The positive influence would be positive reinforcement effect and could reverse the negative and traditional concepts of the abused women, and it would help abused women to leave violence situations. 3. According to the recovery target of the Unity Model of Recovery which abused women achieved, the respondents were divided into full-recovery, semi-recovery and novitiate recovery. The results indicated that the main effect of the positive influence from the family support to abused women was the power factor to promote abused women toward the recovery. The positive influence could also mitigate abused women’s life stress and be the buffer effect to obviate the negatives. This study deeply discussed the function of the family support for abused women, the causes of the influence on the family support and the mechanism for the family support promoting abused women to the recovery. The results showed that the family support was the important power for abused women to recovery. The contributions of this study are to provide the conference for the recovery work of abused women and the local experiences of the recovery of abused women in Taiwan.

本論文基於尋求解釋權變觀點長久以來存在的問題：『為何實證上配適對績效影響一直沒有一個一致性的定論(mixed empirical support)』，因為根據權變觀點的主張『組織效能決定於組織的特徵(例如：策略、組織結構)與組織所處的情境是否配適(fit)，當兩者配適時則組織會產生較佳的績效』，所以企業追求配適，績效將愈高。由於配適概念具有績效意涵，因此配適在許多理論建構過程中，扮演重要的角色，例如：國際企業領域著名的折衷理論(Eclectic theory)，所以當權變觀點的核心主張『配適有助於提升績效』在實證上不一定成立時，則會影響理論的建構與發展。 為了解配適概念在實證上遇到的問題，本論文透過三個研究進行分析。在第一個研究，本論文針對權變觀點的文獻進行系統性的整理，並採用統合分析(meta-analysis)探討配適與績效的關係。研究結果顯示，配適對績效的效果量(effect size)為正，說明權變觀點的核心主張依舊成立，組織追求配適確實可以產生正向的績效。而影響實證結果不一致的原因則來自於配適的定義與衡量方法、衡量配適的變數個數、以及是否採用時間落差(time lag)三項干擾因子，呼應Venkatraman(1989)的主張。 接下來，第二個研究本論文採用質性個案研究的方式，探討配適與績效的關係。研究過程中結合動態能力(Dynamic Capability)的概念，透過企業在不同成長階段的營運活動分析，觀察企業如何追求配適、如何調整與轉換既有的配適構型、以及追求配適對企業經營產生哪些影響。第一個研究發現與企業追求配適有關，企業追求配適的前提，必須先擁有有價值的核心優勢(例如：製造、產品開發)，並以該核心優勢為中心，透過不同價值活動的緊密配合與組合，建立初期的配適構型(configuration)。第二個研究發現與配適的調整與轉換有關，發現為：(1)當企業成功創造初期的配適構型後，企業內部開始產生餘裕資源；(2)隨著企業價值活動的強化，前期的暫時性核心優勢會逐漸轉變為長期性的核心優勢；(3)透過創業家精神與策略更新，企業開始運用餘裕資源構築多核心優勢的配適構型。第三個研究發現與配適對企業經營之影響有關，發現如下：(1)企業建構配適構型時，當價值活動間關係愈緊密、複雜時，愈容易形成阻隔機制，競爭優勢愈能持久；(2)透過阻隔機制(isolating mechanisms)效果的發揮，以及時間壓縮的不經濟(time compression diseconomies)效果，可增加模仿的困難度並拉開與競爭對手之間的距離，創造績效。 第三個研究則承接研究一與研究二的部分結論，透過實證重新驗證配適與績效的關係，同時對於文獻上餘裕資源效果的爭論提出解釋。研究結果發現：(1)當企業內部存在互補的企業專屬資源以及擁有豐富產業經驗的高階管理團隊，則運用餘裕資源創造配適的效率愈高；(2)藉由調整TMT管理團隊的組成方式可以有效避免管理者的代理問題，增加運用餘裕資源創造配適的效率；(3)當企業運用餘裕資源創造配適的效率愈高，則企業運用資產獲利的能力愈強，企業績效也愈高。 總結來說，本論文從實證上配適與績效關係不一致的現象出發，對於實證結果不一致的原因提出說明，並且透過質性個案研究的方式，了解企業追求配適的過程及配適的效果，最後，藉由實證的方式，重新驗證配適與績效的關係，並且為企業如何有效運用餘裕資源提供具體的建議。 / This thesis aims to interpret the long existing question in contingency theory: mixed empirical support, i.e., no consistency can be found in the empirical relationship between fit and performance. This is intriguing, since according to contingency theory, organizational effectiveness is dependent on the fit between an organization’s characteristics (such as strategy and structure) and its existing circumstances, and with such a fit, the organization will have a better performance. Consequently, firms that pursue fit will achieve better performances. Since the concept of fit includes implications on performance, fit plays an important role in the development of many theories, e.g., the well-known eclectic theory. Hence, when contingency theory’s core proposition of fit is conducive to performance becomes fallible, overall theory construction and development will be affected. To further understand the fit issue, three studies are conducted in this thesis. For the first study, contingency theory literature was systematically studied and meta-analyzed with a special focus on the relationship between fit and performance. The findings show that fit has a positive effect size on performance which supports the core proposition of contingency theory in which organizational pursuit of fit does lead to positive performance. The reason for mixed empirical supports originates from three interference indicators of fit measurement methodology, number of variables, and whether the use of time lag. This finding echoes Venkatraman’s (1989) viewpoint. Next, a second study was conducted using qualitative approach to further explore the relationship between fit and performance. By integrating the concept of dynamic capability into the study, the researcher, by analyzing business operation activities in different stages of firm growth, observed how businesses pursued fit, how existing fit configurations were adjusted or changed, and what effects were created through the pursuit of fit in a firm. Three major study findings were identified. Firstly, in terms of how businesses pursue fit, a pre-requisite is that businesses must possess valuable core competences (e.g., manufacturing, R&D) and, by closely combining and coordinating different value activities to these core competences, initial fit configurations are built. Secondly, in terms of adjusting and changing fit, the findings include: (1) with the business’ initial successful fit configuration, slack is produced within the business; (2) as the business strengthens its value activities, previous temporary core competences will gradually transform into long-term core competences; and (3) through entrepreneurship and strategic renewal, the business will utilize its slack create a fit configuration of multiple core competences. Lastly, effects of fit on business management includes: (1) in the process constructing a business’ fit mechanisms, as the relationship between value activities become closer and more complex, isolating mechanisms are more easily formed, leading to more sustainable competitive advantages; and (2) by capitalizing on isolating mechanisms and time compression diseconomies, imitation become more difficult and the distance between competitors are widened, thereby creating performance. The third study adopted the findings of the previous two studies to empirically re-examine the relationship between fit and performance, while also proposing an explanation to the slack resource debate found in past literature. The research findings include: (1) when a business possesses complementary proprietary resources and highly experienced top management team (TMT), it enjoys a higher success rate of using slack resources to create fit exists; (2) agency costs can be reduced and increase in the efficiency of slack resource utilization to create fit can be achieved by adjusting the configuration of the TMT; and (3) with a higher rate of fit achievement through slack resource utilization comes stronger abilities to generate profits from business assets as well as a higher performance rate. In conclusion, this thesis started off by providing an explanation to the empirical inconsistency between fit and performance. Moving along, the researcher then used the qualitative case study research method to explore the process of businesses’ pursuit of fit and the effects of fit. Lastly, with an empirical study, the relationship between fit and performance is re-examined and specific suggestions are provided on effective business utilization of slack resources.

本文旨在探討在中文的日常生活對話當中，當說話者談論到他人過去事件時，語言與手勢的觀點表現。以McNeill曾經提到語言與手勢能夠共同表達觀點的說法作為根據，本研究也探討這些伴隨著語言的手勢是否和語言表達相同或者是不同的觀點。 本研究的架構根據Koven(2002)的說話者角色理論(speaker role inhabitance)和McNeill(1992)提出的事件當中人物的觀點(character viewpoint)和旁觀者的觀點(observer viewpoint)，定義了三中觀點—當下說話者觀點(speaker viewpoint)、事件當中人物觀點(character viewpoint)和旁觀者觀點(observer viewpoint)。而在手勢的分析上，本研究提出五個手勢特徵—手勢使用空間範圍，手勢使用單手或是雙手、手勢表達語意的stroke階段執行時間的長短、手勢stroke階段同一手部動作是否有重複的現象，以及手勢是否伴隨身體上其他的動作作為五個手勢觀點分析的關鍵指標。 量化研究發現，說話者在生活對話當中描述他人過去事件使用搭配語言的手勢，在每一種觀點的分布和語言上的表現不同。事件當中人物觀點在語言上雖然鮮少被採用，在手勢上卻是最常被表達的觀點。相反的，儘管當下說話者觀點在語言上也常出現，手勢上卻很罕見。另外，旁觀者觀點則在語言上和手勢上的分布都很頻繁。針對同一事件語言與手勢共同表達觀點的量化研究則發現，百分之六十四點七的手勢表達了和語言不同的觀點。因此，本研究說明儘管語言和手勢可以合作表達觀點，手勢卻更常表達和伴隨語言不同的觀點。 語言與手勢合作表達觀點的探討不僅說明語言與手勢如何互相協調組織要表達的訊息和觀點，更進一步引領我們去探討在人與人溝通時，語言與手勢展現的認知過程。本研究藉由兩個手勢產製的假說—the Lexical Semantics Hypothesis和the Interface Hypothesis，提供了針對本研究結果理論上的解釋。而每一個假說也都由相關的研究結果作為證據支持。另外，the Interface Hypothesis還可以針對語言與手勢在表達觀點時的分工現象提出合理的解釋。 / This thesis explores linguistic and gestural representations of viewpoints utilizing the descriptions of third-person past events within Chinese conversational discourse. Following McNeill’s idea that language and gesture are co-expressive in viewpoints, the present study also attempts to investigate whether speakers’ speech-accompanying gesture works in collaboration with language in expressing the same or different viewpoints. The framework of this study utilizes Koven’s (2002) framework of speaker role inhabitance and McNeill’s (1992) notion of character and observer viewpoint, and defines three viewpoints—speaker, character and observer viewpoint. In analyzing gestural viewpoints, the present study recognizes five gestural features—gestural space, handedness, stroke duration, frequency, and the involvement of other parts of the body as five distinctive criteria for use in identifying different viewpoints. Quantitative study of linguistic and gestural viewpoints shows that speech-accompanying gesture in the descriptions of third-person past events within conversational contexts displays different patterns from that of those found in language in the distributions of the three viewpoints. Character viewpoint, which is rarely adopted in language, is the most often conveyed viewpoint in gesture. On the other hand, despite the fact that speaker viewpoint is also commonly expressed in language, it rarely occurs in gesture. Observer viewpoint, in addition, is frequently seen in both the linguistic and gestural channels. With respect to the collaborative expressions of viewpoints in language and gesture concerning a description of the same event, quantitative study shows that 64.7% of all gestures produced in the current data represent a viewpoint different from that conveyed in language. Therefore, this study suggests that while language and gesture are co-expressive in terms of viewpoints, gesture more often collaborates with the accompanying speech in representing different viewpoints. The collaborative expressions of viewpoints in language and gesture suggest how speech and gesture coordinate with each other in organizing information and expressing different viewpoints also lead us to see the cognitive process that underlies both linguistic and gestural modalities within daily human communication. Two hypotheses—the Lexical Semantics and the Interface Hypothesis are referred to in order to provide theoretical accounts for the findings in this study. Each hypothesis is also supported by different pieces of evidence and percentages of gestures produced in the current data. The Interface Hypothesis can further provide an explanation concerning the division of labor between language and gesture in expressing viewpoints, which the Lexical Semantics Hypothesis cannot supply.

任何新興科技的演進有其發展軌跡，從一個主導性技術的產生、設計配置、技術體制結構、到技術典範的形塑，當新技術和舊有的科技典範產生斷裂的現象，主導性技術的演化與移轉將對廠商既有資源基礎的價值產生侵蝕性的影響，而由於技術存在於互補性資產更為廣泛的系統之中，因而支援性或是互補性資產的價值，亦隨之產生變化，並對廠商交易統轄結構產生結構性的影響。 本研究針試圖以行動通訊產業為樣本產業，透過不同價值組態的領導廠商個案研究，了解廠商在面對技術典範移轉的產業重大轉折時，如何立足於既有的資源基礎之上，選擇不同的交易統轄結構與機制，兼顧能耐維繫與降低交易成本，強化其競爭力、形塑新的產業形貌。易言之，本研究探索的主題有二：一是探討廠商資源基礎與交易特性對交易統轄機制選擇的影響；二是描繪廠商交易統轄機制選擇對產業價值鏈構形的影響。研究結果發現如下： 垂直整合統轄結構有利技術典範移轉時技術與服務的創新，然而舊有的技術典範可能使得既有廠商產生組織或互補性資產的僵固性(stickiness)，不利廠商轉型。價值網絡型態之技術前沿廠商廠商藉由領先技術的專利權維繫其資源獨特性與專屬性，採取準垂直整合交易統轄模式，因而得以具備垂直整合的效率，同時維持組織與互補性資產的彈性。 價值鏈型態之技術前沿廠商採取雙邊支配模式，與上游關鍵性合作夥伴共同持續投入專質型資產，從價值創造、利潤最大化著眼，促成雙方穩定而長期的交易關係。而在既有的技術典範中，隨著技術成熟與產品介面標準化，環境不確定性降低，投資專屬資產營造保護的成本亦隨之下降，市場統轄模式通常較具有效率，並鼓勵外部廠商投資專質性資產與建立廠商間競爭機制，可有效降低廠商行為的不確定性所產生的交易成本。 技術跟隨型價值鏈型態廠商所銷售的產品多為市場主流，難以差異化，競爭關鍵在於效率最大化，垂直整合並不一定可以創造競爭優勢，反之，隨著專業分工廠商競爭力的提升，垂直分工可有效降低交易成本。同時，技術跟隨型廠商資源外溢隔離機制的設計難度較高，因而採取核心價值活動內部化搭配市場支配並行之統轄機制。市場支配可降低標準產品的交易成本，以強化廠商的價格競爭力。 價值店型態廠商，解決顧客問題為其主要價值。技術前沿的價值店型態廠商為了促成新的技術典範的形塑，除了提供新的技術和配套的技術解決方案之外，並且關照新興價值鏈環節的缺口，運用其資源基礎延伸價值活動，提供中介平台，以三邊支配的統轄模式，降低廠商特用性資產的投入與環境不確定性，加速產業創新。 關鍵字：價值鏈、價值店、價值網絡、資源基礎觀點、交易成本理論

創意商品的開發一般而言不但要兼顧新奇、效率而且還要面對較高的不確定性、較短的開發期。像工業設計，是一種需要不斷產生產品變異的同時，又要維持一定開發速度與產品風格的開發方式。由於創意商品的生產具有不確定性特徵，即投入產出之間的關係不再是簡單的線性關係，而是非常複雜的多元關係。 過去的產品開發研究，大都未考慮到不確定性問題，某些研究雖考慮到不確定性問題，但是卻沒有兼顧新奇問題的探討，更有一些研究強調過去經驗的重要性，但是進一步將過去經驗納入管理機制中的研究也不多見。由於創意商品開發的特性，有別於過去生產線式的產品開發，若以一般的管理型態並無法完全掌握這些特殊性，且在工業設計對企業的重要性和密切關係與日俱增之下，設計活動似乎有必要加以有效的管理。 基於上述原因，本研究主要是以演化觀點為理論基礎，透過演化因素的探討，並藉由創意產生機制(變異)、評價機制(選擇)與共同知識的結構及存量(保留)，以說明創意產業中知識或創意的變異、選擇與保留之管理，以及這些因素對於創意商品開發績效的影響。簡單地說，整個創意商品的開發過程，可以視為是一個創意元素受演化因素影響，達到改變其商品效果與開發速度的過程。而組織中經理人的角色便在於藉由操控演化影響因素，有意識地管理創意活動過程，進而提高組織生存與發展的機率。 本研究針對國內設計服務業為研究對象，進行問卷調查研究。從結果中發現，首先，在創意產生機制中的平行專案(水平變異)和團隊交換(垂直變異)的目的，前者是藉由加入複數之個人將創意之池擴大；後者是透過團隊交換的方式增加創意碰撞的機會，以擴大創意之池。而由統計分析可知，兩者在一定程度上都有助於擴大創意之池，進而提高產出符合品質要求的設計成果之機率。 其次，在評價機制部分，藉由設計過程中頻繁地查核及多重評價準則的篩選，有助於符合條件的設計創意加速脫穎而出，但是其彼此間的關係並不是單純的線性關係，而是先升後降的倒U型關係。再者，共同知識的精細化程度越高，越能促進創意產生機制中創意發想的開展，而知識存量越高，越能促進評價機制對於開發速度的正向影響。本研究的貢獻，在於補充了產品開發研究中，缺乏處理模糊前端的問題、對於創新與創造力研究，補足缺乏有效管理機制的問題、對於組織內層次演化觀點之研究，提供了可操作性的量化研究、對於設計產業的創意管理提供了初步的解答。 / Generally speaking the development of the creative products should not only give consideration to the novelty, efficiency and face higher uncertainty, shorter life cycle. Like the industry design, it is one kind of development way, while needing to produce the products and make a variation constantly, and also it is need to keep develop speed and products style. Because the production of the creative products has uncertain characteristics, that relation between the input and output is no longer simple linear relations, but very complicated multiple relations. Products developmental research in the past, not mostly considering the uncertain problem, some studies may consider the uncertain problem, but there is not discussion which gives consideration to the novel request, some studies may puts emphasis on the importance of experience even more, but they seldom put the previous experience into the mechanism of management. Because the development characteristic of the creative products, is different from the product development of the production line type, if with the general management type will be unable to completely keep the particularity, and under the circumstances that the industry design, more and more to the importance of enterprises, it need to manage effectively in design activity. As stated above, this research is mainly to regard the evolutionary view as the theoretical foundation, through the discussion of the evolutionary factors, and the mechanism of creative generation (variation), the mechanism of evaluation (selection), and the structure and stock of common knowledge (retention), in order to explain the creative management of variation, selection and retention in creative industry, and the influence of the performance on the creative products in these factors. To put it shortly, Development process of the creative products, it is a creative element that is influenced by the factor of evolution, and change the outcome of the product effect and developing speed. And the manager's role is to enhance the probability that evolutionary process will generate organizational survival and prosperity. This research carries on the questionnaire and makes investigations to design company as the research object at Taiwan. Find from the result, at first, the purpose of the parallel project (horizontal variation) and the team exchange (vertical variation) in the mechanism of creative management, the former expands the pool of idea by joining the plural individual; The latter offers more opportunities that the idea collides by way of team exchange, in order to expand the pool of idea. And can know by statistical analysis, the two both contribute to expanding the pool of idea, and then improve the probability of design achievement that the output accords with the quality request. Secondly, in the evaluation mechanism, the screening of frequently checking and multiple evaluation criterion in the design process, that promote the suitable creative to appear with higher speed, but its relation between each other is not the simple linear relations, but the inverted-U relation. Moreover, when the categorical degree of common knowledge is higher, can promote the expansion of the idea in the mechanism of creative generation, and knowledge is the higher in stock, can promote the influence of the mechanism of evaluation on developing speed. The Contribution of this research, is supplement to study on new product development, which lack the problem of dealing with fuzzy front, study with creativity and innovation, fill the gap which lacks the effective mechanism of management under study creativity and innovation, to the research that the intra-organization evolutionary perspectives, have offered effective quantity studied, offered the preliminary answer to the creative management in design industries.

國內相關兒童安置教養機構離院生之文獻多聚焦於離院生離開安置機構後之自立生活經驗與感受，對於已養兒育女的離院生則未獲相對關注，關於其親職狀況亦尚未有學術研究予以探究。因此，本研究立基於生命歷程理論的個人研究途徑，以質性訪談方式進行資料蒐集，共成功訪談8名目前育有學齡前子女之離院生，對於離院生之親職圖像進行初步之描繪。 研究發現成為親職角色為離院生們帶來了特別的生命意義，離院生們從中體會到「家」的感受，滿足了對於完整家庭的渴望，並找到自我生命的存在感與努力的目標，生命經驗更為豐富與完整。如同多數初為人父母者，親職角色同時也對離院生的個人心理、生活及家人關係都帶來了不少正向或負向的衝擊，離院生之配偶、配偶家人以及朋友在育兒過程中給予的不同支持都對於離院生之親職有所助益，而原生家庭則依然缺席，甚至充滿問題。此外，離院生們早期的生命經驗在其為人父母後仍潛移默化地影響著其親職行為與價值觀，離院生無不希望能給予孩子一個完整的家庭，以父母為借鏡，不願複製父母不理想的親職行為，機構保育員則成為其親職角色之學習模範，安置機構的成長經驗亦使其格外重視子女生活自理能力的培養及良好品格的養成。研究也發現離院生的個人「動能」為決定其親職表現的關鍵因素，離院生們皆選擇積極面對育兒過程中的所有挑戰，努力扮演好自我親職角色，克盡親職，開創了不同於自己父母的親職軌道與生命歷程。另「生育時機」也決定了不同的親職經驗，本研究成年生育離院生之親職經驗明顯較文獻中未成年生育之離院生理想許多，幾乎與一般家庭中成長者之親職經驗相差無幾。依據研究結果與發現，採用生命歷程理論觀點，結合Belsky(1984)親職決定因素過程模式之架構，繪製「離院生生命歷程親職決定因素過程模式」，以對於離院生之親職經驗脈絡能有更綜觀與系統性之理解。 最後，針對研究結果及發現分別就實務工作及未來研究提出相關之建議。 / Current literature on the care leavers from children’s homes focuses mostly on their experiences and feelings about independent life. This study is carried out based on life course theory. In depth interview was employed with eight young adults who had been in residential care for significant periods and who has preschool children . Their parenting image will be represented in this research. The result of this study shows that roles of parents generate a special meaning for the care leavers. As stated in the research, the care leavers experienced the “Family Feeling”, satisfied their yearning for an intact family and found out main purposes of self-existence and the meaning of life. Because of this, their life experience became more enriched and complete. Just as other new parents, the role of parents does make both negative and positive impacts on the care leavers’ individual mentality, their life and their family relationship. During their child rearing, the spouse, family members of the spouse and friends of the care leavers offered advantageous support for their role of parents. Nonetheless, their family-of-origin are still absent, or even lead to other problems. Besides, care leavers’ early life experience still imperceptibly influences their parenting behaviour and values after they became parents. Every one of them would like to give their children an intact family. They don’t want to repeat what their parents have done, so instead, care-taker in the children’s home became their role model. Thanks to having a growing-up experience in the children’s home, they pay more attention to their children the ability of independent life and cultivate great characters. This research also found out that care leavers’ personal ”agency” is the key to parenting demonstration. All the care leavers chose to actively face challenges during child rearing and to play well their own role of parents. In this way, they explored and went through a totally different way of life course than their own parents. In addition, “timing of birth” also decides a variety of parenting experiences. This researcher, by adopting the life course theory perspective, combining Belsky’s(1984) structure of “the process model of the determinants of parenting”, sketches “the life course process model of the determinants of parenting for the care leavers” in a more systematic way. Finally, the research and practice implications are provided.

本研究主要探討消費者想像視角與訊息相適配之說服效果。心像是指感官資訊在短期記憶中運作的心理歷程，在說服文獻中扮演著重要的角色。由過去文獻可知，個體在進行想像時，可以採取兩種不同的想像觀點，一個是行動者觀點，另一個是旁觀者觀點。兩種不同視覺觀點會提供不同的心像資訊，進而影響個體對所想像事件或行動的解讀。旁觀者觀點強調行為的個人意義及個性上的展現，而行動者觀點則強調情境所賦予的感覺及所喚起的情緒。視覺觀點在社會心理學中已有廣泛的研究，但尚未應用到行銷說服領域中。本研究藉由整合心像、視覺觀點、及體現模擬的相關文獻，提出一個觀念性的研究架構，試圖說明當消費對採用不同的視覺觀點時，是如何影響其對廣告訴求的偏好，且是藉由何種心理機制來中介視覺觀點與廣告訴求相一致的說服效果。 針對上述的研究目的，本論文設計三個研究來驗證視覺觀點與廣告訴求適配的說服效果。研究一主要是驗證，若消費者採用行動者觀點來想像，則偏好體驗型產品，相反的，若消費者採用旁觀者觀點來想像，則偏好象徵型產品。研究二主要驗證，若消費者採用行動者觀點來想像，則廠商的溝通策略應強調產品屬性的體驗性利益，相反的，若消費者採用旁觀者觀點來想像，當廠商的溝通策略應強調產品屬性的象徵性利益。研究三是植基體現模擬中預設用途的概念，主要探討的是，如何在廣告圖片中安排預設用途線索，進而可以激發不同的視覺觀點。特別的是，當廣告圖片中有互動的預設線索時，則可以激發出旁觀者觀點，此時應強調象徵型訴求，相反的，當廣告圖片中沒有互動的預設線索時，則可以激發出行動者觀點，此時應強調體驗型訴求。且由三個研究結果可知，視覺觀點與廣告訴求相適配所產生的較佳產品態度，是由體現模擬所中介的。 / The purpose of this research is to understand the persuasive impact of the fit between the visual perspectives and the advertising appeals. Mental imagery, the process by which sensory information is represented in working memory, plays a critical role in persuasion. From a review of the literature, we realize that events can be imagined through the first-person perspective or the third-person perspective. The adoption of the specific vantage point can determine the inference people make about an imagined situation. In particular, the third-person perspective results in a greater dispositional inference, and highlights the broader meaning of the imagined situation, whereas the first-person perspective discloses more information about the inner, affective components of the imagined situation. Visual perspectives have been studied extensively in social psychology, but its implication is rarely applied to consumer behavior. This study adopts three experiments to examine the persuasive impact of fit between the consumers’ visual perspectives and advertising appeals. Study One suggests that when consumers adopt the first-person visual perspective, compared to a symbolic product, consumers would prefer the experiential product; on the other hand, when consumers adopt a third-person visual perspective, compared to an experiential product, consumers would select the symbolic product. Study Two proposes that when consumers adopt the first-person visual perspective, manufacturers should emphasize a product’s symbolic benefits. On the contrary, when consumers adopt a third-person visual perspective, manufacturers should stress a product’s experiential benefits. Study Three demonstrates that affordance cues would prime different visual perspectives, and when the visual perspective and advertising appeals fit mutually, it will have a strong persuasive effect. In particular, when there is an affordance cue in an advertisement, it will encourage consumers to adopt the third-person visual perspective, and then prefer symbolic appeals. On the contrary, when an advertisement does not have any affordance cues, it will stimulate consumers to embrace the first-person visual perspective, and then prefer experiential appeals. All three studies demonstrate that when there is a fit between the visual perspectives and the advertising appeals, consumers will generate a fluent embodied simulation, which would lead them to have a positive product attitude and purchase intention. The results of these three studies not only enrich the literature of visual imagery and marketing communication but also provide useful advice to manufacturers, especially on how to create the fit between product positioning and advertising, in order to promote the the positive product attitude and purchase intention of customers.

通識教育為高等教育改革的要點之一，然而近年來通識革新較傾向於制度與教學評鑑上的關注，對於課程實質內容的深入探析與整體研究相對不足，另一方面教育理念雖常呼籲學生聲音，然在大學中聆聽學生觀點的機會仍屈指可數。是以本研究企圖透過「重要但缺乏」的觀點來關注課程，二來期望前述探究能透過學生觀點來檢視。首先，為建立資料分析的參照，本研究分析國內外14所大學（含政大）通識課程的目標、結構與科目。繼而，進一步透過問卷調查754位政大四年級學生，有效樣本716位（抽樣誤差於正負3.14%之間），來探究學生對通識的定義及其認為通識課程「重要但缺乏」的內容，研究發現如下： 一、在學生對通識的定義方面：（1）全體大四生的通識定義近八成為主修專業之外、各領域入門、基礎常識、社會生活應備、思考與學習方法與人格情意陶冶；（2）從學院來看，各學院通識定義高度相似，惟教育學院通識定義歧異度略低；（3）從性別來看，除了男女前五大通識定義高度相似，整體而言男生較有整體與掌控之意涵，而女生較有個人、實用、思考與順應之意涵。 二、在學生認為通識「重要但缺乏」的內容方面：（1）大多數全體大四生所列舉的內容多屬實作實務性質（如：烹飪、設計），另還包括具生活基本能力性質、生活品味性質以及認識非主流的弱勢性質之內容；（2）從學院來看，各學院多以烹飪、人際社交、實作實務為重要但缺乏的內容；（3）從性別來看，除了男女前三大列舉內容高度相似之外，整體而言男生較有規範、傳承與責任之意象（如：道德倫理），而女生較有個人、美感與情感之意象（如：美妝儀態）。最後，本研究對政大通識課程、通識課程研究方法及建立長期研究基礎提出建議與討論。 / General education (GE) has been of great significance in the higher education reformations. However, in recent years GE reformations had inclined to focus on its institutionalization and instructional evaluation rather than its curriculum content. Besides, even the student-centered concept has been constantly promoted in education, there were still rare chances for students to voice in university. Under such circumstances, this study is aimed to examine the GE curriculum especially through the perspective of the null curriculum and the students. To provide a reference before exploring the null curriculum, the study first went through the documentary analysis of the aim, structure and course in 14 universities’ GE curriculum throughout Taiwan and the United States. The study further conducted a survey on the NCCU seniors’ viewpoints on the GE definition and what is important but missing in GE curriculum, 716 among 754 questionnaires were valid (the sampling error is approximately 3.14%). The results indicate that in the viewpoint of NCCU seniors: 1. The definition of general education: (1) for the majority of seniors, it tends to be outside the discipline, the introduction of each discipline, basic common sense, the social life-oriented, the thinking and learning methods as well as the personality cultivation. (2) from the college-level term, each college shares a high degree of similarity, in which the college of education tends to be in less diverse. (3) from the gender-level term, besides the male and female students share a high similarity in the top 5 definitions, more male students show the overall sense of the wholeness and the control, while female students show the overall sense of more personal, being practical, thinking and the will to adapt others. 2. The “important but missed” content in general education: (1) for the majority of seniors, it tends to be the chance of performing and experiencing in person (ex: cooking, design), the basic surviving skills, the life taste enhancement as well as the understanding of the minorities within the non-mainstream. (2) from the college-level term, every college show high percentage in the courses regarding cooking, social interations and the implementation of practice. (3) from the gender-level term, besides the male and females students share a high similarity in the top 3 courses, more male students show the overall sense of standard, inheritance regarding the seniority and responsibility (ex: morality and ethic), on the other hand, more female students show the overall sense of more personal space, aesthetics and emotion (ex: appearance care). According to the results, the study implies some discussions and suggestions for the GE curriculum in NCCU, the methodology of GE curriculum researches, and the basis for long-term researches.

廠商的策略該與競爭者相似，或與競爭者不同？相似或相異都有其道理，與競爭者不同有助於發展競爭優勢以贏得市場競爭；然而與產業同儕相似可取得正當性，免於社會各界的質疑、挑戰與懲罰。策略平衡觀點主張廠商應平衡兩者，保持有點像又有點不像最有助於績效。本論文基於此，進行兩個研究試圖探討廠商該採取相似或相異的策略。研究一以大陸155個製造產業進行實證，結果發現僅有69個(44.5%)產業支持此觀點，進一步分析發現在低度競爭及多個策略群組存在的產業中，中等的相似性未必有好績效。研究二則探討當產業中存在兩群廠商，一群是既有的本地廠商，另一群是新進入市場的外商，對於急需當地社會接受(正當性)的外商而言，應與本地廠商相似，或與其他外商相似，亦或不同於兩群廠商？以大陸製造業外商的實證結果，外商在策略上應與本地廠商相似，並與其他外商維持中等程度的相似性，將最有益於績效。本論文不僅有助於策略平衡觀點知識基礎之鞏固、累積與發展，並提供了此脈理論未來的研究方向。 / Should firms behave differently from or similarly to competitors? Being distinctive helps develop competitive advantages and win competition. Being similar contributes to gaining legitimacy and protecting firms from public suspicions, challenges, and punishments. Strategic balance perspective argues that firms should take a balanced approach and maintain a moderate level of similarity to obtain better performance. Based on this perspective, this dissertation includes two studies to address some problems inhibiting the development of this stream of research. In study 1, we found that 69 of 155 (44.5%) manufacturing industries provide supportive evidence. Further analysis suggested that moderate level of similarity is not beneficial to firm performance in industries with low level of competition or with multiple strategic groups. In the second study, we focused on contexts where consist of two groups of firms, local firms and foreign firms. We examined the influences of positioning strategies for foreign firms who desperately seek local acceptance and found that foreign firms should be strategically similar to local firms and maintain moderate level of similarity to other foreign firms. This dissertation not only has contributions on consolidation, accumulation, and advancement of knowledge base of strategic balance perspective, but also has several implications for future research