本研究旨在探討「優勢觀點為基礎之探索教育團體」對感化教育少年「增強權能」的成效，並根據研究結果提出「優勢觀點為基礎之探索教育團體」作為犯罪問題行為少年處遇策略之適用性。 　　本研究採「不等質控制組」準實驗設計，以「誠正中學」中受感化教育的少年為對象。其中，實驗組成員23名，實驗期間接受九次的「優勢觀點為基礎之探索教育團體」；四組對照組成員共81名，接受一般輔導課程。 本研究使用量化工具－「增強權能量表」，分別進行前測、後測與追蹤測，並以「無母數檢定(Mann-Whitney U統計量檢定、Wilcoxon符號等級檢定)」作為統計方法，檢驗分析實驗處遇的立即效果與延續效果。本研究同時使用質化工具－「反思札記」，藉由個別成員活動反思紀錄的整理與分析結果，提出成員在團體中的「學習收穫」與「增強權能」的展現，以作為實驗效果之補充。 本研究的主要發現如下： 一、「優勢觀點為基礎之探索教育團體」對感化教育少年「增強權能」有正向顯著影響，且效果能延續加乘。 二、一般矯正教育措施對「增強權能」也可以帶來正向影響，但效果卻未能持續。 三、成員的「增強權能」會隨著「團體歷程」呈現「階段性」發展。 四、「優勢觀點為基礎之探索教育團體」適用於受感化教育少年，也可為少年犯罪問題行為矯治之有效策略。 根據研究發現，提出下列幾點建議： 一、對於青少年犯罪矯治實務 (一)建議可將「優勢觀點為基礎的探索教育團體」安排於新生入校階段實施。 (二)建議可將「增強權能」程度作為矯正學校成效評估指標之一。 (三)建議矯正學校內可以增設「低空繩索設施」。 (四)建議校內舉辦探索教育訓練，讓工作人員都具備探索活動帶領能力。 二、對於未來從事相關研究者 (一)先深入瞭解「矯正學校機關特性」以利預先克服執行面之可能干擾 (二)須格外注意保密相關的「研究倫理」 (三)團體人數掌握在8-12人，或是安排協同領導者 參、對於未來計畫運用「優勢觀點為基礎之探索教育團體」的實務工作者 (一)領導者在團體過程中與成員互動要積極落實「優勢觀點」實務要素。 (二)在方案執行中持續進行「過程評估」。 (三)在團體方案結束後「持續輔導」。 / This research is to investigate “The Effects of Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group” on “Empowerment” for juvenile inmates and according to the research results to bring up the application of “Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group” on treatment strategy of juvenile delinquents. The nonequivalent control group quasi-experimental design was utilized in this study. And the subjects of this research were Juvenile Inmates in Chengjheng High School. There were 23 members in experiment group and during experiment period, they accepted 9 times of “Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group”; at the same time, there were 4 control groups (total 81 members) who accepted usual student counseling courses to compare. The study employed “Empowerment Scale” to conduct pretest, posttest, and long-term measures. Then the data were analyzed by nonparametric (Mann-Whitney U Test and Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test) as statistics method to examine and analyze instant and long-term effects on experiment treatment. And the researcher also used qualitative tool “introspection notes” to collect and analyze the consequences from self-observation records on individual member’s activities and addressed the performances of members on “Learning Gains” and “Empowerment” in groups as supplementary of experiment effects. And the main findings of this research are as below: 1. “Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group” has positive and obvious influences on “Empowerment” of juvenile delinquents and the effects can be synergistic continuously. 2. Usual student counseling courses can create positive influences on “Empowerment” as well but the effects cannot be continuous. 3. The “Empowerment” of members can develop “Stage by Stage” along with “the Progress of Groups”. 4. “Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group” is suitable for juvenile delinquents and efficient strategy to correct their criminal problems and activities. Based on the findings of this research, the researcher has suggestions below. 1. For the practices on correction of juvenile delinquents: a. “Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group” can be implemented when new students just enter schools. b. The degree of “Empowerment” can be as one of criteria on outcomes evaluation of correction schools. c. Correction schools can add “the Facilities of Low Ropes Course”. d. Correction schools can hold Project Adventure education training to let all workers have leading abilities of adventure activities. 2. For future researchers who focus on related topics: a. Understand “Characteristics of Correction Schools and Institutions” deeply first in order to avoid any possible interference on the aspect of application in advance. b. Should pay particular attention to privacy-related "Research Ethics". c. Group members should be controlled 8-12 people or arrange collaborative leaders. 3. For practitioners who plan to adopt “Strength-based Project Adventure Education Group” in the future: 1. Leaders must implement practical essentials of “Strengths Perspective” in the progress of groups and between the interactions with members. 2. Keep proceeding with “Evaluation of Progress” when the project is carried out. 3. Maintain student counseling after the project is finished.

本論文採以「復元」概念，試圖瞭解原住民在經歷到生涯發展中的阻礙與創傷後，如何進行調適與重新得力的經驗。研究設計採取敘事研究法對四位布農族原住民的生涯故事進行蒐集與分析，並有四點發現：首先，原住民的生涯發展可區分為「家庭生活」與「自我實現」兩條軸線，且均呈現螺旋攀升的形式發展；其次，原住民在生涯故事中的敘說風格採以「開拓家」、「悲劇英雄」、「幸運份子」與「被犧牲者」四種建構位置的交替，並在單一生涯主題上，會隨時間與情境而有位置的改變，或因為不同的生涯主題，而同時擁有複數的位置；第三，原住民生涯故事中的創傷主題具有族群的特殊性，共包括「貧窮」、「父係社會下的角色規範」、「學校與部落價值觀的脫節」、「原漢關係的衝突」、「酗酒問題」、「家庭暴力」，以及「其他生涯議題」等七項；最後，促進原住民從生涯創傷中復元的因子，則可歸納出「個人優勢」、「人際關係」、「環境資源」與「文化與靈性」四類，而類別當中的個別復元促進因子會隨情境而被激發或發揮不同功能，且單一因子即可能觸發不同類別間因子的連鎖反應。作者根據研究結果，對原住民族助人工作提出實務上和政策上的建議。 / This research takes “Recovery” concept to describe and understand experiences of Taiwanese indigenous people who made a recovery from career barriers and traumas. Research design takes narrative research to collect and analyze four indigenous Bunun persons’ career development stories. And main findings are as follows. First, axes of indigenous persons’ career development stories could be generalized to “Family life” and “self-fulfillment” two topics, and both development forms tend to spiral upward. Second, interviewees take four narrative positions to construct self in their stories, including “Pioneer”, “Tragedy hero”, “Lucky guy” and “Scapegoat”, but these positions are often shifted because of the time or situations changes, and one person could have plural positions on different topics at the same time. Third, career traumas in stories include “Poverty”, “Role norms under the patriarchal society ”, “Values disconnection between the schools and the tribes”, “Relationship conflict between the Hans and indigenous peoples”, “Alcoholism”, “Domestic violence” and “Other issues”, the specific effects from ethic group background are appeared on all of these trauma issues. Fourth, the conducive factors to recovery from career traumas are widely distributed over “Personal strengths”, “Interpersonal relationships”, “Environmental resources” and “Culture and Spirituality” areas, each factor could be aroused or created by situations, and every single factor can leads others to make chain reaction. Base on above findings, author gives advice on policy making and practice work for indigenous people’ career development.

本研究探討優勢觀點在單親親子團體方案中之操作情形及實際成效，長達七週的團體方案，以親子互動關係作為整體方案的焦點及主軸，並以冒險體驗及優勢觀點團體穿插的方式進行活動方案的整體設計及帶領。 資料收集方式為質量並行，在團體前、團體結束及團體結束後一個月，進行三次量化問卷施測；在團體方案開始及結束時，分別訪談參與團體之母親成員及團體領導者，以深入探討團體方案對參與家庭產生的影響及改變。 研究參與者共有四個家庭，研究結果簡要說明如下： 一、在量化資料方面： 1.親子互動關係：半數子女成員在親子互動關係方面，在「關愛」、「敬重」及「卑順」層面有正向的改變；而母親成員三次施測變動幅度不大，親子關係的六大面向中，「敬重」及「卑順」層面有正向的改變。 2.生活適應及身心健康：子女成員在生活適應方面，半數的子女成員在參與團體後有較佳的適應狀況，一位成員並無改變，一位成員適應狀況下滑；而四位母親成員之身心健康狀況並未因為團體方案的介入而有明顯的改善。 二、質性資料方面： 1.生活適應方面：離婚初期的婦女在經濟、就業、住所、子女教養等面向，遭遇無充足資源，並面臨在經濟就業及家庭照顧之間的抉擇。而社福資源、學校資源、心理諮商、醫療資源、就業的周邊效益、與外界接觸及環境因素是幫助這些婦女適應之適應因子。 2.親子互動關係：多數團體成員表示參與團體後親子關係有正向改變：(1)摩擦程度減少、(2)相處及肢體接觸增加、(3)學習新的親子互動方式、(4)親子界線的彈性及調整、(5)更理解彼此想法、(6) 增進對彼此的包容與耐心。 3.除親子關係的改善外，母親及子女在個人面也都有不同的改變，包含：(1)母親成員的改變有：看待事情的角度改變，重新理解親子關係的衝突，甚至有成員也應用到對於離婚事件的重新解讀、更多的反思及自我感增加；(2)子女成員的改變有：願意自我分享、耐心及自信增加、信任他人及學習獨自處理問題。 本文歸納優勢觀點在單親親子團體中的實務運用，及優勢觀點為基礎的親子團體是如何促進團體成員在親子互動關係的改善外，也企圖瞭解婦女在離婚初期在經濟、就業、住所、子女教養等面向之適應歷程，關注婦女們在單親過程所展現的不同樣態及適應因子，期待有助於家庭社會工作的實務發展及開展優勢觀點在不同層面的運用。 / This study applied strengths perspective on the single mother and child group with a focus on (a)the interaction between mother and child.(b) life adaption . Four families participated in the group; they met once a week and last for 7 weeks. The group activities were based on the protocol of Project Adventure and strengths perspective. This study adopted both quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative data was collected from both mother and child members at three times: before and after the group activity began, as well as one month after the last session. The results showed that: (a) Mother-child interaction-- 50% of the child members showed positive changes on 3 aspects (caring, respect and obedience), the mother members showed less changes, but still had positive effects on respect and obedience. (b) Life adaption & physical and mental health: 50% of the child members showed positive changes on life adaption. No significant change was found on the mothers The analysis of the qualitative data indicated that: (a) Resources on welfare, schooling, counseling, medical and employment could help the mother member to achieve better life adaption. (b) The interactions between mother and child revealed positive changes, including less conflict, more physical contacts, willing to learn new ways of interaction, flexible mother-child boundaries, being more patient and tolerance. (c) The mother members could reframe the meaning of divorce and conflicts, and had more self reflection. The child members were more willing to share feelings, had more patient and confidence, trusting others and learn to solve problems on their own. These findings suggest that the Strengths based group work were beneficial to the single mothers and their child. However, more studies are needed to replicate the program and further examine its effectiveness.

隨著個人電腦與網際網路科技的逐漸成熟，網路上每日都有巨量資料（Big Data）產生。近年來隨著社群網站的崛起，如何處理這些巨量的社群資料，並有效率地提供出有意義的社群資訊，將是這幾年社群網路領域研究的重點。每當內閣改組消息一出的時候，各政府部門單位的官職繼任官員，都會成為社會公眾關注的議題。本研究將使用中華民國政府官職資料庫，以社群網路分析與連結預測理論為基礎，並透過資料庫中所提供的資料，隨著不同評選時間點以及評選官職建置出網路。擷取網路的資訊，利用本文所提出的多面向模型（Multiperspective Model）產生多種觀點的分數。接著使用評選模型（Evaluation Model）將各個觀點的分數整合，進行某官員繼任某官職可能性計算，然後輸出官職繼任官員的評選清單（Evaluation List）。最後對輸出的評選清單分別對空降繼任狀況、各級上司對於繼任人選決定影響力、單一觀點與多觀點評選方式的評選結果、多觀點評選方式下重視的觀點，以及官職繼任成因五項分析進行探討。 / With the well development of personal PC and the Internet technology, there is a huge amount of data (Big Data) being generated on the Internet every day. Because of the debut and rise of social websites, how to deal with such a huge amount of community information as well as efficiently provide meaningful data to the public has been an explored main issue in the field of social network research in recent years. When the news about cabinet changing was released, the successor of various government departments will become the actively concerned topic for the public. This research applied a government position transaction database as the elements to build the network, which based on Social Network Analysis and Link Prediction theory with different evaluation position and evaluation time. Captured information in the network was used to generate the scores of multiple perspectives according to the Multiperspective Model. Then using the Evaluation Model, which can integrate each observed perspective, and calculate the probability of an official succeeds of a position. Finally the network could output the evaluation list of position successor. In the end, the outcome of the evaluation list was applied to analyze and discuss the following 5 research questions: The situation that the successor isn’t from the unit of successive position, the influence of all levels superiors on the succession decision, result of evaluative methods of a single view and multiple perspective, the important perspective of Multiperspective evaluation, and causal relationship of official successor.

管理學應是一門解決企業或是組織問題的的學問。當實務界在組織經營發生問題時，管理學嘗試從經濟學、社會學、心理學、政治學這些已經發展百年的學科當中，淬取對實務界有幫助的理論或是架構，並提出解決方案；同時藉由實際將理論或是架構運用於實務界的經驗，檢討並改進理論的正確以及完整性。 照理來說，管理學因為位於居中整合的角色，以及能夠解決實務界在經營管理上的問題，應該廣為一般社會大眾所理解並採用。然而實際情況卻是在理論部分，大家眾說紛紜，並且經常被具有深厚實務經驗的人士嘲諷為紙上談兵。在實務界的部分，管理方面相關的專業或是技能，卻又多靠經驗傳承，缺少系統性的知識架構，讓相關經驗的實用性受到一定程度的限制。 有鑑於此，司徒達賢（2005）提出「管理就是整合」之核心觀念，強調「管理」不只在學術上扮演著整合的角色，管理者在實際的管理行為上，做得也就是整合的動作。司徒達賢並嘗試融合各家學說，以「管理矩陣」為架構，將管理者的整合行為加以編碼、解碼，讓讀者可以更深入的去觀察一個管理者如何去思考策略、觀察環境、權衡得知利害、以至於最後進行整合的動作。 透過「管理矩陣」為分析架構的方式，不只為管理學上的「整合化」、「科學化」邁進一大步，其中由管理矩陣所衍生出來的其他創新觀點，如「整合的棋局觀點」、「六大管理元素之陰陽表裡」，更是提供讀者許多不同且實用的思考角度。 本研究以整合的核心觀念為出發，以《鹿鼎記》為分析文本，透過管理矩陣分析法的解說並且實際操作，希望讓組織各階層的成員能夠更瞭解，管理者在組織或是跨組織當中，進行整合的整個過程以及其背後所代表的涵意。另外更深入討論關於「整合的棋局觀點」、「六大管理元素之陰陽表裡」兩項管理議題，讓管理者重新思考「整合」與「被整合」之間的關係，以及懂得調和管理元素的陰陽，並且讓組織成員能夠將上述觀念，實際運用於個人所負責的組織創價流程中。

權變概念代表著多變的環境下，企業為求生存所必須採行的策略，文獻將此觀念應用在員工績效評估的研究並不多。基於權變觀點，本研究除對績效評估文獻中具有權變觀點之研究作回顧，並從競爭優勢、績效效標、績效模糊性與評估方法等觀念之探討與歸納，再透過個案探討之研究發現，推導出一績效評估設計之權變架構。本權變架構建議，在不同的競爭優勢下，績效評估制度之設計應由上而下，從組織策略推導至人力資源策略，再落實至員工績效評估制度及績效評估方法。 組織在競爭優勢分別為弱勢、強勢與穩定狀態下，其組織策略應分別採行優勢建立、優勢累積與優勢維持策略。為配適不同之組織策略，其人力資源策略應分別採行探索、利用與獲利策略。而不同的人力資源策略在搭配不同的績效評估目的下，應適用不同的績效評估制度；亦即，績效效標應分別偏重個人才能、工作行為與工作成果，以達到為組織價值創造與價值延續的目的。 績效評估的方法最後將取決於績效評估的目的與績效模糊性高低二者所構成的組合。亦即，績效評估的目的若為價值創造，則應較重視員工才能；績效評估的目的若為價值延續，則應較重視員工的工作行為與工作成果。而當績效模糊性較低時,宜採用明確化績效評估方法；反之，當績效資料糢糊性較高時,宜採用數量化績效評估方法。 / Contingency view represents the indispensable strategy for businesses to survive in the changeable environment. However, not much such view is found in the literature of employee performance appraisal. This study not only reviews the literature of performance appraisal with contingency view but also developed a contingency framework of employee performance appraisal by summarizing related analysis, including competitive advantage, performance criteria, performance ambiguity and appraisal methods, as well as a case study. The framework suggests that the performance appraisal system should be designed in a top-down sequence from organizational strategy to human resource strategy, performance appraisal system and appraisal methods based on the strength of competitive advantage. As the competitive advantage is weak, strong and stable, the organization should adopt the strategy of advantage building, advantage accumulation and advantage maintenance strategy respectively. The human resource strategy then should be exploration, exploitation and profit strategy. Under different human resource strategies, the performance appraisal system should vary to fit different purposes. That is, the performance criteria should focus on individual competence, working behavior and outcome to achieve the purposes of value creation and value continuation. The appraisal methods will finally depend on the combination between the purposes of performance appraisal and the degree of performance ambiguity. While competence should be focused when appraisal purpose is value creation, working behavior and outcome are focused when appraisal purpose is value continuation. The qualification-oriented method is appropriate as the degree of performance ambiguity is low. On the contrary, quantification-oriented method is appropriate as the degree of performance ambiguity is high. / 表目錄 三 圖目錄 四 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究背景與動機 1 1.2 研究目的 3 1.3 研究方法與流程 6 1.4 研究範圍 7 1.5 論文架構 10 第二章 文獻探討 12 2.1 權變觀點在員工績效評估的研究 12 2.2 競爭優勢與策略配合 16 2.2.1 競爭優勢 16 2.2.2 策略配合 17 2.3 員工績效評估制度 21 2.3.1 績效效標 22 2.3.2 績效評估之目的 23 2.3.3 績效資料的特性 25 2.4 員工績效評估方法 27 第三章 個案探討 29 3.1 個案公司及產業概述 29 3.2 實地訪談說明 31 3.3 績效評估制度 31 3.4 績效評估實施概況 33 3.5 個案公司分析 37 3.5.1 A公司之組織策略與人力資源策略 37 3.5.2 A公司之績效評估制度與績效評估方法 39 第四章 員工績效評估設計之權變架構 42 4.1 組織策略配適之人力資源策略 42 4.2 人力資源策略配適之績效評估制度 45 4.3 績效評估制度配適之績效評估方法 47 4.4 績效評估設計之權變架構 52 第五章 結論與意涵 55 5.1 結論 55 5.1.1 理論基礎 55 5.1.2 個案討論 56 5.1.3 權變架構 57 5.2 管理意涵 58 5.3 研究限制 60 5.4 後續相關研究 61 5.4.1人力資源管理領域之其它主題 61 5.4.2績效評估策略之其它相關議題 62 參考文獻 64 中文部分 64 英文部分 65 附錄 72 附錄一：深度訪談大綱 72 附錄二：A公司績效考核表 75 發表論文期刊收錄證明 …77 表目錄 表2.1 權變觀點在績效評估的研究情形……………………………15 表2.2 不同績效效標的資料特性…………………………………………26 表3.1 A公司之組織策略、人力資源策略與績效評估制度…………...41 表4.1 不同競爭優勢下之人力資源策略…………..………………….…45 表4.2 績效評估設計之權變架構…………………………………………54 圖目錄 圖1.1 研究流程圖 8 圖1.2 論文架構 10 圖2.1 組織策略、人力資源策略與員工績效評估制度的關係……………….19 圖2.2 績效評估的制定過程……………………………………………………19 圖3.1 A公司績效評估的流程…………….…………………………………….34 圖4.1 績效評估制度配適之績效評估方法……………………………………49

在高工時的社會下，工作對於生活的比重愈來愈高，工作意義感對個人的重要性也與日俱增，因此，如何提升員工的工作意義感便成為了企業組織需面對的課題。過往探討工作意義感的研究顯示，除了工作特徵外，人際互動亦會對工作意義感有所影響，其中又以領導行為對於部屬工作意義感的型塑具有關鍵的重要地位。然而，對於領導行為的影響歷程，目前卻較少有量化的實徵研究出現，尤其是作為普遍於華人文化中的領導風格，家長式領導如何影響部屬的工作意義感，對華人企業主管在管理上更是格外重要。有鑑於此，本研究立基於社會訊息處理理論，探究家長式領導對於部屬工作意義感的影響，並探討工作目的與正向自我的中介效果。透過兩階段問卷施測，共收集190份有效問卷。研究結果發現仁慈領導能顯著預測工作意義感，而正向自我與工作目的在其中的中介作用則獲得部分支持。最後針對研究結果進行討論，說明理論貢獻、管理意涵、研究限制及未來研究方向。 / In modern society, employees are working longer hours than ever before. Therefore, finding meaning of work is important to employee today, and how to contribute to the perceived meaningfulness of work become a critical issue for every enterprise to face. This research model based on social information processing theory offers a theoretical approach for examining the causal effects of paternalistic leadership, a prevalent leadership style in Chinese business organizations, and the mediating role of work purpose and positive self-perceptions on subordinate meaningfulness of work. Using data form Taiwanese firms including 190 employees, results from structured equation modeling techniques supported partly our hypothesized model. Overall, this study supports and adds to the range of positive self-perceptions effects associated with paternalistic leadership and are suggestive of interventions that organizations can make to improve work meaningfulness of workers. Implications for the theory and practice of leadership are discussed.

本論文的研究目的，是以「老化態度」及「老年準備」之概念架構，探索中年男同志關於老化的生命經驗，希望藉由中年男同志的自身經驗，來理解他們對老化的意義詮釋、老年生活的想像及所從事的老年準備情形。 本研究使用質性取向的研究方法，以半結構式的深度訪談進行資料蒐集，訪談了十二位居住在大台北地區或桃園縣市，年齡介於四十歲至五十三歲的中年男同志，主要的研究結果如下：（一）受訪者談論的老化意義，是由生理、心理及社會文化等多方面所交織而成的概念，在不同的面向上也有不同程度的正、負向評價，整體來說，他們傾向於否定自己是老人、離老尚遠的「老年拒斥觀」；至於對老的界定，最明顯的是，當他們和同年齡層的異性戀者相比時，多半覺得自己保有年輕化的優勢。另外，許多受訪者也提到年輕男同志對中、老年同志的負面態度或刻板印象，某種程度上反映出男同志族群的怕老心態。（二）在受訪者描繪的老年生活圖像中，對「社會支持網絡」的老年想像尤其重視朋友及伴侶關係等非正式網絡，其中幾位已婚男同志也提及對婚姻家庭的老年生活想像（例如「含飴弄孫」）；在「社會參與」方面，他們期待能夠「參與志願服務」、「出錢出力貢獻社會」、「老年的再教育」、「工作者角色的延續」及「從事休閒活動與興趣」等，其共同的目的是為了達到自我成長及自我實現，但也可能因同志身份而面臨參與的障礙；至於「對老年的焦慮、擔心或害怕」，他們談論得最多、最擔心的是「怕重病」、「怕醜」，以及「怕失去外在吸引力」。（三）在受訪者實際從事的老年準備內容中，他們認為最需要準備、且實際準備程度較高的是「經濟準備」（工作收入及其他財務規劃），其次則是「抗老化的準備」（基於身體健康或外在吸引力而進行的保養）、「從事興趣或休閒活動」（偏向動態性、團體式的型態）以及「社會支持網絡維繫」，至於目前積極從事「社會學習與志願服務」及「老年居住安排」的受訪者則較少。總括來說，受訪者提及的準備內容都是屬於非正式的準備，較不重視正式組織（如政府、公司企業或非營利組織）在老年準備中扮演的角色。 再由生命週期觀點來檢視，則發現中年男同志的老化態度、老年生活想像及老年準備情形與中年異性戀者之間具有相似性，但也有差異性，同時，也呈現出一些動態歷程的改變。 值得深思的是，「老年準備」的概念本身有可能隱含著個人本位的意識型態，當政府的老年政策強調老年人的自我照顧責任時，也就忽視了對社經地位較弱勢者應有的保障。此外，本研究也發現，娶外籍新娘的已婚中年男同志，其婚姻關係凸顯出「性傾向弱勢」與「性別弱勢」之間的相互擠壓現象，基於自身利益的考量，弱勢者本身（已婚男同志）也可能會去壓迫比自己更弱勢的人（外籍新娘）。 / With “attitudes toward aging“ and “preparation for old age” as the conceptual framework, this study aims to explore the aging experience of middle-aged gay males, and tries to understand their interpretations, imaginations, and preparation of aging. This study employs qualitative research approach. The participants are twelve middle-aged gay males living in the Taipei metropolitan area and Taoyuan county, aging from forty to fifty-three. The researcher conducted semi-structural interview with them individually, and collected in-depth data. The study findings after data analyzed are listed below: First, the meaning of aging discussed by the twelve participants during the interview is a complicated complex, comprising of physical, psychological and social cultural dimensions, which are evaluated with different positive and negative appraisals separately. As a whole, participants tended to think they were not old and resist to aging. Most obviously, when compared with their heterosexual counterparts, they considered themselves much younger. Besides, many participants mentioned the negative stereotypes and prejudices young gay males tended to have against older ones, which reflects the fear of age widespread in this population, too. Second, The imaginations of later life participants in this study had involved “social support networks”, “social participation”, and “anxiety, worry and fear of old age”. They thought highly of informal support networks particularly, such as their friends and intimate partners, when it came to “social support networks”. Of participants entering traditional heterosexual marriage, some discussed their positive expectations that they hope to enjoy marriage and family life in later life as the heterosexual do. On the topic of “social participation”, they expected themselves to be volunteers, contribute to society with money and effort, pursue further education, keep working, and get engaged in their interests or hobbies. Their common purpose of social participation in old age was self-achievement, but they may encounter some obstacles because of their sexual orientation. In terms of their anxiety, worry, and fear of old age, what they talked and worried about most was getting ill, becoming ugly and unattractive. Third, as for preparation for old age, what the participants in this study considered most important, and thus prepared more was economic security. And other preparations included health maintenance, engagements in interests or hobbies, and connections to their social support networks. By and large, their preparations tended to be informal, and don’t emphasize the importance of formal preparation planning from formal organizations like the government, companies or non-profit organizations. With the life course developmental perspective, when we compare the attitudes toward aging, imaginations of later life, and preparation for old age between these middle-aged gay men and their heterosexual counterparts, we can find that some dimensions are similar and the others are different, and their attitudes, thinking or action about aging may change over time. Furthermore, the concept of “preparation for old age” itself may imply certain ideology of individualism inexplicitly. While aging policies emphasize the obligation of self-care of the elderly, it may ignore the security of those persons in lower social-economic status. Besides, this study also finds that the marriage relationships of middle-aged gay males who married “foreign brides” are some kind of mutual oppression in essential, the disadvantages itself（middle-aged gay males）are likely to oppress the other disadvantages in worse condition（”foreign brides”）.

本論文探討以實境學習觀點來培訓技職校院學生英語口語溝通能力的教學設計與實施。由於技職校院學生英語程度較弱，乃根據實境學習理論中的認知學徒見習期 (cognitive apprenticeship)的二個階段:觀察期(observation)及實作期(practice)來設計教學。在觀察期階段中，藉由觀賞英文電影讓學生觀察英語母語使用者之真實口語溝通情境及技巧；在實作期階段中，則指導學生為電影片段配音，目的在以影片做為前導與幫助(scaffold)，使學生在真實語言情境中建立英語口語溝通能力。本研究設計採用設計型研究（Design-based research）探討學生在此電影教學中的知覺及反應，研究結果顯示學生對電影配音活動的反應良好，例如能在其中觀摩英語母語使用者之口語技巧，較容易記得影片中英文單字及句子，以及建立開口說英語的自信與勇氣。 / This study is a design-based research focusing on the application of situated learning perspectives to the EFL classroom for the development of English oral communicative competence. Situated learning theory features cognitive apprenticeship, a learning process in which an apprentice learns a skill or knowledge from a master through the observation of expert process and practice with scaffolds (Brown, Collins, & Duguid, 1989; Lave & Wenger, 1991). In this study, a teaching project based on film dubbing activities was designed and implemented to 39 vocational college students, who were classified as lower-level EFL learners due to their limited English proficiency, with the purpose of developing their English oral communicative competence through cognitive apprenticeship. Film clips were viewed and instructed in class to provide the students with access to the social context of oral communication by native English speakers. After the students observed the expert process in the film clips, they were instructed to execute film dubbing tasks, in which they practiced oral skills with the scaffolds of the audio-visual presentation in the film clips. As a qualitative case study, the purpose of this study is to explore the students’ learning experiences, including their perceptions and reactions, in the teaching project. The research results reveal the students’ overall positive reactions to the film dubbing activities; for example, they were impressed by the opportunities to make close observation of real English use by native English speakers; they found it easier to remember English vocabulary and sentences through film dubbing activities; and they became more confident in speaking English.

公共行政在治理過程（process of governance）中應該居於何種地位與扮演什麼角色？其是否完全與政治無關，而且不負任何社會公義之價值議題的倡導責任？它應該如同市場取向的行政學者所言——追求小政府（minimal government），還是應該竭盡所能地回應社會的需求？公共行政人員應該著重專業技術，還是倫理思考？一九八○年代初期，六位美國維吉尼亞多元理工學院暨州立大學（Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University）的學者，有感於當時的行政學術之發展似乎無法釐清前述的課題，而新公共行政（New Public Administration）的主張並未能在實務上發揮作用，又鑑於當時一股貶責官僚（bureaucracy bashing）之風盛行。是以，他（她）們撰寫了一篇名為〈公共行政與治理過程：轉變政治對話〉（Public Administration and the Governance Process: Shifting the Political Dialogue）的文章。因為維吉尼亞州立大學的所在地名為黑堡，故該文亦被學者簡稱為黑堡宣言（Blacksburg Manifesto）。黑堡宣言試圖針對前述課題，提出一些規範性的主張，俾以解決當代公共行政所遭遇的學術與實務的雙重困境。該宣言認為重建公共行政在治理過程中的正當性，乃是化解危機的核心。 本論文研究的範圍不限於黑堡宣言一文，而是該宣言首席撰寫者Gary L. Wamsley所稱之黑堡觀點（Blacksburg Perspective）。所謂黑堡觀點，乃是以黑堡宣言為主軸，所發展出來的一系列的論述（discourse）。換言之，就是在黑堡宣言提出重建公共行政（refounding public administration）之主張後，陸續衍生的一些相關研究以及其中所提出的觀念。本論文希望探究：黑堡觀點針對上述課題所提供的論述為何？進而藉由認識論（epistemology）的分析，瞭解它立於何種哲學基礎之上，俾以達成所宣稱的境界？同時，也希望能夠檢視黑堡觀點本身的限制所在，提供後續相關研究的思考線索。最後，作者更嘗試提出一些補充性的見解，希望能在學術上有所貢獻。 基於上述的研究動機和目的，本論文的各章的鋪陳內容如下： 第一章緒論，說明本論文的研究動機與目的、基本概念界定、研究主題以及方法； 第二章黑堡觀點的內涵，將探討黑堡觀點在美國行政學術中的定位及其思想淵源，並還原黑堡宣言一文的重要主張，進而以黑堡觀點反思傳統的行政理論和新公共管理； 第三章黑堡觀點的認識論之分析，則分別探討其所蘊含的結構主義與後結構主義之色彩，進而提出前述兩種思維是否能夠共存的見解； 第四章民主行政的實踐，則是根據第二、三章的論述為基礎，進一步耙梳黑堡觀點之下的民主行政之內涵，包括公共行政參與治理的正當性、公共利益、公共對話、公民意識、公共行政人員等課題； 第五章結論，以前述的民主行政之實踐意涵，歸納黑堡點的特色及其在公共行政理念上的影響，並指出其理論的內在弔詭。然後，對照我國行政實務，試舉例說明黑堡觀點的啟發。最後，指出本論文的研究限制以及作者對後續研究的建議。 本論文的特色在於，超越相關的研究，針對黑堡觀點的認識論進行分析，此實為一種開創性的研究。抑有進者，作者認為本論文應能夠產生如后的貢獻： 第一，提供不同於時下流行之管理途徑的觀點，刺激學界思索其它的研究途徑； 第二，為後續有興趣於此一途徑的研究者，奠定初步的基礎，至少本論文在理論耙梳和認識論的分析方面，應該有所助益； 第三，作者提出對於黑堡觀點之內在弔詭的反省，以及從實務的角度思考黑堡觀點的實踐意涵，希望能夠做為後續研究的線索和方向。 第一章 緒 論••••••••••••••••••••••••1 第一節 研究動機•••••••••••••••••1 第二節 研究目的•••••••••••••••••3 第三節 基本概念的界定••••••••••••••4 第四節 研究主題與方法••••••••••••••16 第二章 黑堡觀點的內涵••••••••••••••••••23 第一節 黑堡觀點的興起及其與新公共行政的關係•••25 第二節 黑堡宣言的主張••••••••••••••44 第三節 以黑堡觀點反思傳統的行政理論•••••••61 第四節 以黑堡觀點反思新公共管理•••••••••83 第三章 黑堡觀點的認識論之分析••••••••••••117 第一節 黑堡觀點的結構主義色彩••••••••••118 第二節 黑堡觀點的後結構主義傾向•••••••••151 第三節 結構主義與後結構主義的共容性之探討••••187 第四章 黑堡觀點之民主行政的實踐••••••••••••197 第一節 公共行政參與治理的正當性•••••••••198 第二節 公共利益•••••••••••••••••218 第三節 公共對話•••••••••••••••••251 第四節 公民意識•••••••••••••••••275 第五節 公共行政人員•••••••••••••••293 第五章 結 論•••••••••••••••••••••••317 第一節 黑堡觀點的特色及其影響••••••••••317 第二節 黑堡觀點的內在弔詭與限制•••••••••326 第三節 黑堡觀點對我國行政實務的啟發•••••••334 第四節 本論文的研究限制與對後續研究的建議••••355 參考資料••••••••••••••••••••••••••361 / This thesis concerned about the legitimacy of public administration in the process of governance. Since administrative management and behavioralism rise the efficiency became the subject matter in public administration. However, Blacksburg Manifesto reminds us the public administration can not be equal with management and efficiency are not public administration's only value. So, the author of this thesis is interested in Blacksburg Perspective's refounding public administration. This study includes Blacksburg Perspective's discourse about public administration and these discourses' epistemology. Firstly, the author summarizes Blacksburg Manifesto and induces characters of the Manifesto. Secondly, he criticizes traditional public management and new public management bases on the Blacksburg Perspective. Thirdly, to analyze the epistemology of Blacksburg Perspective includes structuralism and poststructuralism. Fourthly, this study introduces the implications of democratic public administration of Blacksburg Perspective. Fifthly, the author bases on Blacksburg Perspective rethink administrative practice in his country. Finally, to examine theoretical paradoxes of Blacksburg Perspective. The Author hopes this study is helpful for students are interested in this relative field about democratic public administration and by this thesis we can think about how to refound the legitimacy of public administration in process of governance.