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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
191

影響國中教師性別角色刻板化態度與兩性教育平等意識相關因素之研究 / The reserch on effective factors of junior high school teachers' attitude of gender stereotype and gender education equity

賴友梅, Lai, Yu-Mei Unknown Date (has links)
本研究從女性主義理論角度出發,主要研究目的在探討現今國中教師在教學互動過程裡,是否展現出性別角色刻板化態度?他們的態度否因其人口特質(如:性別、年齡、省籍、婚姻狀況)、師資培育訓練歷程、教學及行政經驗的不同而產生差異?上述的因素是如何影響教師的兩性平等教育意識(包括教學平權態度、教學性別區隔、女性主義理念)? 本研究係採用研究者自行編製的問卷作為研究工具,研究範圍則限台北市及台北縣國民中學,從研究者個人網絡選擇受訪者,再由受訪者代替研究者於授課學校進行隨機抽樣調查,總計有效樣本為401份。樣本資料經檢核登錄後,研究者以SAS統計分析軟體進行資料分析。 研究結果及主要發現如下: 一、男老師仍然掌控學校行政事權,女老師不僅較少參與行政工作,也因為傳統性別角色的影響(包括:母職及傳統女性角色的壓抑),她們的行政意願普遍低落。 二、教師的教學態度仍深為性別刻板角色所左右,包括教師仍強調複製兩性特質的教育功能及女性的母職角色。 三、教師仍容易以〝性別〞作為評估與詮釋學生行為的必然標準,.此外〝性別〞也是教師在控制學生及教室管理的重要方式;男教師的教學態度明額較不平權。 四、多數教師贊成教育機會平等,但對於〝女性主義教育理念〞(給予女性更多的教育資源以扭轉其弱勢地位)接受度低。 五、教師對於教職〝性別形象〞(女性化)的重視大過於〝專業能力〞;女教師的教職女性化刻板觀念較深。 六、性別社會化是影響教師〝性別角色刻板化〞及〝兩性教育平等意識〞的主因,女教師對於傳統性別角色的反省與兩性平權教育的思考均比男老師積極。 七、中壯年(40歲以上)教師不僅有明顯的性別偏見,他們對兩性教育的態度也較不平權;自然學科的教師也較贊同〝教育性別區隔〞,這表示他們在判斷學生的學習成就及傾向時,會有〝性別〞的預設立場;教學年數愈長的老師其性別角色的刻板化程度也愈高,他們也較贊同教育應有性別區隔。顯示教育的〝量〞(學習多久)對於個人性別平等意識的影響不如〝質〞(學習內容)來的重要。
192

漢語(不)方便/便利框架語意的凸顯類型研究 / Patterns of Profiling of the (In)convenience Frame in Mandarin Chinese

林柏仲, Lin, Po chung Unknown Date (has links)
本論文旨在探討近義詞的相關議題,特別是要檢視其背後的概念結構與表層的語法功能。透過「方便」與「便利」的研究,本文就這對近義詞在語意上的差異做深入並有系統地分析,並期以此解釋他們在語法層次上不同的表現。   以框架語意學(Frame Semantics)為理論架構,本研究發現近義詞「方便」與「便利」會引導出「方便框架」(CONVENIENCE frame)與「不方便框架」 (INCONVENIENCE frame),而這兩個語意框架雖有相對應的框架成分(frame element),實質上卻是引發出不同的概念型態。近一步說明這對近義詞在語意上的差別,「方便」與「便利」對於他們所涉入的複雜事件(complex event)持不同的觀點:「方便」主要是專注在結果次事件(result-subevent)並採受恩者(BENEFICIARY)的觀點;而「便利」則較專注在原因次事件(cause-subevent)並採動作者/施恩者(AGENT/BENEFACTOR)的觀點。此外,由於「方便」與「便利」具備了正面、值得嚮往的特質,這也解釋了何以「方便框架」比「不方便框架」有更高程度的目的性(intentionality)。   為檢視近義詞在概念上的差異是否會反映於在他們的語法表現上,本研究闡明了「方便」與「便利」的語法功能及其使用分布的情況、以及參與角色(participant role)的凸顯類型(profiling pattern)。結果顯示「方便」與「便利」主要有五種語法功能,即名詞化、修飾名詞、修飾動詞、不及物動詞謂語、及物動詞謂語,最常使用的語法功能為名詞化與動詞謂語(包含及物與不及物)。此五種語法功能皆會突顯某些參與角色,但主要都是突顯了「目的」(PURPOSE)與「手段」(MEANS);而其他參與角色也會在不同語法功能的使用中被突顯,並且這些突顯類型皆可由「方便」與「便利」在概念上的差異來做解釋。   總結來說,本論文闡釋了近義詞「方便」與「便利」在概念上不同的偏好會導致他們在語法上有不同的表現;此外,「方便」與「便利」在參與角色的凸顯類型上亦不相同,這說明了,「方便」與「便利」是屬於不同的構式(construction)。最後,本論文也再次確認了詞彙背後的語意概念會決定其語法的表現。 / The purpose of this thesis is to approach the issue of near-synonyms via the examination of their respective underlying conceptual structures and surface syntactic functions. Specifically, the present study aims to furnish a fine-grained and systematic analysis of the semantic differences between the near-synonymous pair fangbian and bianli that shall better explain their differential syntactic behaviors.   Based on the theoretical framework of Frame Semantics, this study found that the conceptual structures of fangbian and bianli are associated with the frames of CONVENIENCE and INCONVENIENCE. While pertaining to a corresponding set of frame elements, the two frames actually prompt distinct conceptualizations. Precisely, fangbian and bianli differ in their perspectivization of the complex event involved: fangbian focuses on the result-subevent and takes the BENEFICIARY’s perspective whereas bianli on the cause-subevent and takes the AGENT/BENEFACTOR’s perspective. In addition, the fact that convenience is desirable and thus typically intended also explains the stronger intentionality involved in the CONVENIENCE frame than in the INCONVENIENCE frame.   To investigate whether conceptual differences between the near-synonyms would be manifested in their syntactic behaviors, this thesis further elucidated the syntactic functions and their distribution of fangbian and bianli as well as the profiling of the participant roles in each syntactic function. In particular, five main syntactic functions of fangbian and bianli were identified: nominalization, nominal modifier, verbal modifier, intransitive verbal predicate and transitive verbal predicate; each serves to profile distinct participant roles, mostly PURPOSE or MEANS. Moreover, the profiling of other participant roles can be accounted for by the perspectival distinction between the near-synonymous pair. Finally, the distribution of syntactic functions of fangbian and bianli demonstrated that the usage of the near-synonyms as verbal predicate and nominalization is the most dominant categories.   To conclude, this thesis has shown that the conceptual preferences of fangbian and bianli in terms of their perspectivization lead to their different syntactic behaviors. Moreover, the near-synonymous pair also differs in their profiling of the participant roles; in other words, they display distinct profiling patterns and therefore pertain to different constructions. Finally, it still holds for the present study that the semantics of a word drives its syntactic behaviors.
193

"紅樓夢"女性語言風格論 = A study of stylistics of female characters in Hong Lou Meng / Study of stylistics of female characters in Hong Lou Meng;"紅樓夢女性語言風格論"

董海敏 January 2000 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese
194

澳門高中學生的性別意識 :勞工班級的個案研究 / Gender consciousness of high school students in Macau : a case study of a working-class classroom

陳永欣 January 2011 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Education
195

主管部屬關係認同理論邏輯關係網絡之驗證 / Validation of the nomological network of supervisor-subordinate relational identification

顏上雲 Unknown Date (has links)
人際互動是組織運作的基礎,但有關人際層次的認同研究過去時常被忽略,Sluss與Ashforth(2007)即提出一關係認同的理論架構試圖解釋關係認同如何形成。然而,此關係認同架構僅為一理論性的論述,過去尚未有研究針對其中的角色認定與個人認定構念發展量表,測量三類關係認同的工具也有所缺乏,其理論架構尚待檢驗。據此,本研究的目的為根據Sluss與Ashforth(2007)提出之關係認同理論,以主管部屬關係出發,驗證此理論的邏輯關係網絡(nomological network)。本研究主要分兩部份進行,第一部份參考Hinkin(1998)建議的量表編製步驟,撰寫部屬對主管之角色認定、個人認定評價,以及三類關係認同題項並進行此量表的信效度檢驗與修正;第二部份則檢驗部屬對主管的角色認定與個人認定之正、負向評價結果,和其與關係認同、關係不認同以及關係矛盾認同之間的關聯;此外,亦檢驗此三類關係認同與結果變項之間的關係。在樣本部分,本研究請205位台灣醫療院所的基層護理人員針對自身與護理長之間的主管部屬關係進行評估,分析結果指出Sluss與Ashforth(2007)的關係認同理論可以獲得初步驗證。本研究的貢獻除了在於補足對角色認定、個人認定,以及三類關係認同構念的測量,並且對Sluss與Ashforth(2007)的關係認同理論的邏輯關係網絡證據進行檢驗,使我們對於關係認同的形成有更多理解。 / Interpersonal interaction is the foundation of organization operations, but the study of identification in interpersonal level has often been ignored. Sluss and Ashforth (2007) proposed the relational identification framework to explain how the relational identification forms. However, this framework is still in conceptual debate, and no researcher has developed the scale for measuring the role-based identity and person-based identity construct yet. Moreover, the scale of three types of relational identification, the relational identification, relational disidentification, and ambivalent relational identification, are also not well-developed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is focus on supervisor-subordinate relationship, and validate the nomological network of Sluss and Ashforth’s relational identification theory. First, based on the suggestion of Hinkin (1998), this study generated items to measure the valence of role-based and person-based identity, and three types of relational identification. Second, after testing the reliability and validity of these scales, this study tested the connection between subordinates’ positive/negative valence of role-based and person-based identity, and the three types of relational identification outcome. Furthermore, this study examines the relationships between three types of relational identification and criterion variables. Current study samples 205 registered first-line nurses from hospitals in Taiwan and asks them to evaluate their supervisor-subordinate relationship with head nurses. The result shows that there are some initial validation evidences for the relational identification framework. The contributions and limitations of this study, and the suggestions for future relational identification research are discussed.
196

憲兵與國家安全之研究

張豪傑, Chang, Hao-Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
隨著蘇聯政權的解體,國際體系進入了「後冷戰時期」,此時,國際政治環境及全球(區域)安全局勢產生巨大的變化,衝突的本質和威脅的形勢不斷地更迭,更在二○○一年九月十一日美國紐約世貿中心雙子星大樓與五角大廈等地遭受恐怖份子攻擊之後,「國家安全」剎時再度成為全世界最主要且必須立即面對的課題,世界各國紛紛採取緊急因應措施與政策,積極調整戰略部署及加速國防、經濟等各項改革,以確保國家安全。 / 以往影響國家安全的來源,主要是敵國或他國的威脅,亦即國家安全是以軍事安全為核心。當國際進入「全球化」之後,軍事對抗已不再是國際關係中唯一的具體意涵,國家安全威脅的來源並非皆來自於外部,亦有國家內部產生之因素,於是各國安全的焦點開始轉向諸如經濟貿易、恐怖主義、天然災害、種族衝突、槍械與毒品走私、傳染性疾病、能源、環保問題,及晚近出現的電腦駭客入侵網路、資訊安全等「綜合性安全」方面,並逐漸成為國家安全的主體,而這些非軍事性的威脅因素,對一個國家的安全而言,甚至比敵國的軍事威脅來的更大。由此可知,針對國家安全內容或其優先順序,將會因為時代潮流變革與社會環境變遷而有所擴大與調整,更依各國國家安全政策的重要性律定優先順序,來保障國家整體安全。 / 在相對和平、穩定的國際安全環境下,多數先進國家開始裁減其軍隊規模,並在檢討裁軍的同時,反而增加軍隊在非軍事性任務的功能,以能適當因應未來戰爭與威脅的挑戰。新世紀的國家安全觀念不再狹隘的僅指向軍事領域安全方面,而是增加打擊跨國重大犯罪、毒品走私及支援國家緊急災難、防制恐怖活動、疫病傳播等各個層面,也就是說軍隊的主要功能是戰鬥,但軍隊存在的意義,更是將國家資源花費在建立與維護軍隊保衛國家整體安全的正當理由之上。因此,就軍隊而言,非屬戰爭性威脅的興起,意謂著軍隊在國家整體的安全架構下,必須確實執行且謹慎扮演支援性與輔助性的角色,協助國家遂行維護社會安全的任務。 / 長期以來,台灣的國家安全(國防軍事安全)主體係建立在對抗中共軍事威脅的基礎上,國家安全可以說與軍事安全的概念是一致的。惟隨著國際情勢與兩岸關係的變化,如今除了中共未曾稍減的軍事威脅外,經貿的磁吸作用與來自大陸、東南亞的毒品、槍械走私、人員偷渡入境及內部政治意識分歧等所造成的社會問題,甚或天然災害及潛在的恐怖攻擊等因素,無一不對台灣社會與國家安全帶來強烈的挑戰,這些對台灣安全深具威脅的因素,將嚴重影響台灣的生存發展。 / 憲兵為國軍部隊的一支,亦是國家安全體系中之一環,依據任務職掌及法令規章,執行衛戍作戰、特種勤務、軍司法警察勤務及戰地憲兵勤務,並協力治安維護,與依令支援災害救援與反恐應處等任務。回顧我國近代史與憲兵制度的發展可知,政府為求國家安全及社會安定,賦予憲兵法定身分與職權,執行各項維護國家安全的任務,並為了因應當前國家安全的需要,而交付其執行非軍事作戰之任務,所以憲兵的任務乃是跟隨著國家時勢環境的變化而改變的。多年來在維護社會秩序、查緝毒品槍械、走私偷渡與檢肅流氓等協力治安部分,及因應國家緊急危難,支援水災、震災、空難事件等災害救援工作與擔任反恐任務等,其成果可謂斐然,對保衛國家利益、保障軍事安全、提升國軍形象、確保軍人權益、擔負衛戍任務、支援軍事作戰、維護社會治安、以及促進軍民和諧等方面助益良多。由此可知,我國憲兵除於戰時可遂行作戰任務外,在平時則具有維護軍紀與社會秩序,及保障國家內部穩定等警察、警備性之功效,其角色定位不單純僅侷限在軍事上的戰力,更是承平時期國家內安機制的重要一環。因此,憲兵可說是維護民主法治、保障社會安定、鞏固國家安全的一支堅實力量。 / 我國憲兵為因應全球化時代軍事與非軍事行動之任務,基於國防政策之指導,必須建立一支彈性快速、高作戰效能以及能夠滿足多元任務的的現代化部隊,為達成「衛戍任務、特種勤務、維護軍紀、支援三軍作戰」,以及「適時支援國家緊急災難與防制反恐活動」之建軍目標,針對「台北衛戍區、各作戰區」憲兵所負之任務,考量敵情威脅與建軍資源等因素調整組織架構,並藉訂頒法令規章、編組專責部隊、建購科技裝備等各面向之精進,在「減少兵力、戰力提昇」的前提下,建構具「反空降、反劫持、反破壞」及「反恐制變、城鎮作戰」與「情報偵蒐、刑技鑑識」之多功能憲兵部隊,期能在確保國家安全的目標下,於平時擔負起打擊重大犯罪、支援國家緊急危難與防制恐怖活動的力量,更是戰時立即投入軍事作戰的勁旅,以開創新時代憲兵發展的契機,達成「建軍備戰」與「維護國家安全」之雙重使命。
197

臺灣奈米科技政策之制度分析:產業“再生催化者”的國家角色

孟啓民, Minekime, Nicholas Unknown Date (has links)
基於Peter Evans在Embedded Autonomy一書中所提出的「鑲嵌式的自主性」概念,本文試圖透過臺灣奈米科技政策的形成,討論臺灣的國家角色。 在研究設計上,本研究選取在臺灣傳統產業藉由發展奈米科技技術的升級過程當中,最爲關鍵的行爲者作爲研究變數,即奈米國家型計劃及其相關的執行政府部門—經濟部—及工研院奈米中心、工研院化學工業研究所、工研院化工所成立的奈米促進會及產業界,特別是個別公司的研發部專家。 國家與社會之間關係的討論將是本文研究重點。本文將「國家」定義為涉及奈米政策的立法行政部門,也就是立法院以及奈米國家型計劃辦公室所屬部門與機構,包括經濟部及工研院。本文所提的「社會」主要是個別公司。延續Weiss對Evans的批評,本文特別強調國家與社會對國家奈米政策都有一定的影響力,奈米科技政策的政治經濟分析不能忽略社會的因素。 本文對Evans的四個國家角色提出補充。筆者發現對於臺灣既有的本土產業而言,在開發新產品時所需運用的奈米科技上,國家扮演著Evans研究架構中未提出的另一種國家角色。我主張,就奈米科技的應用而言,需以另外一種新的角色來解釋「國家」。這個在Evans原來的分析架構外的第五種國家角色,我稱之爲「再生催化者角色」(Revitalizing Catalyst)。 本章將會深入分析國家相關部門/機構在制定與執行奈米政策時的實際運作,以及相關部門,例如經濟部、經濟部技術處及最主要的制度性行爲者─工研院所扮演的角色。本章旨在以政策方向形成的過程來説明國家與奈米科技政策的制度性行爲者之間的互動關係。透過對奈米科技政策形成的陳述,可凸顯制度性行爲者在規劃當中的角色。透過此敍述,便能很清楚地瞭解本研究何以將工研院視爲國家的一部分。而且,本章所介紹的奈米國家型科技計劃的歷史背景與規劃過程將作爲第四章中個案分析的基礎。 本文將工研院視爲「國家」。筆者將透過工研院化工所與合作案例的互動來驗證國家對於產業具體的影響,並配合前文的論述,陳述國家俱體的角色。本研究針對奈米計劃中國家與產業界的互動方式歸納出三種互動模式:一,引導者;二,搭橋者;三,媒介者。依據這三種互動方式,筆者將它們總結為一種新的國家角色──即「再生催化者」的國家角色。 筆者透過長春石化公司、中國制釉集團及其它公司與工所的計劃案例,可證明國家扮演了催化劑的角色,並且有助於傳統產業的再生,因此,本文選擇「再生催化者」來描述這樣的國家角色。本研究對將來的政治經濟研究或許可以提供一個啓示:也就是在跨產業結合的普遍趨勢下,促進「產業再生」的新國家角色會是一個不可忽視的研究方向。
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應用剖面導向技術研製網路應用程式之可設定式細緻化存取控管

林經緯, Lin,Ching Wei Unknown Date (has links)
存取控管(Access Control)是網路應用程式(Web Applications)安全防護中的核心課題。貫徹存取控管的程式碼往往必須嵌入到應用系統的各個模組中,具有橫跨(cross-cutting)的特性,卻也因此常常造成系統中反覆出現類似的程式碼以及不同需求的程式碼夾雜不清的現象。所以學界業界紛紛提出了許多可設定式(configurable)的存取控管機制來解決此一問題。但這些機制都著重在一般功能性(function-level)的存取控管,對於較細緻化(fine-grained)的資料存取(data-level)控管,並未提供設定式的控管方式,還是得透過程式化(programmatic)的方式處理,所以仍然有程式橫跨性的問題。 最近興起的剖面導向程式設計(Aspect-Oriented Programming)基於關注分離的原則(Separation of Concerns),針對像安全橫跨性的需求,倡議在原有的物件或函式模組外,另以剖面作為這些橫跨性需求的模組單位,既可集中開發又可依規則將安全程式碼整合至系統的各個模組。因此本研究將以AOP技術來設計與製作一套可設定式的細緻化存取控管服務與工具。 / Security is attracting more and more concerns in the development of Web applications. However, it is not easy to derive a robust security implementation for Web applications. The principle difficulty in designing security such as access control into an application system is that it is a concern that permeates through all the different modules of a system. As a result, security concerns in an application are often implemented with scattered and tangled code, which is not only error-prone but also makes it difficult to verify its correctness and perform the needed maintenance. Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) is a relative new design method that allows a programmer to isolate some of the code that crosscuts his program modules into a separate module, and thus realizes the concept of Separation of Concerns. AOP offers significant advantages to programming over traditional OO techniques in implementing crosscutting concerns such as access control. In this thesis, we define an XML schema for specifying fine-grained access control rules for Web applications in a configuration file and devise an aspect-oriented implementation scheme. Specifically, we develop an aspect synthesis tool that generates concrete access control aspects automatically from access control rules. These aspects, after woven into the base application, will enforce proper access control in a highly modular manner. As a result, we get a configurable implementation of access control that is not only adaptive but also effective.
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角色經濟新世代!網路插畫家的創作鍊金術 / The new generation of character merchandising! An internet illustrator's business model

楊偉苹, Yang, Weiping Unknown Date (has links)
以往,插畫家很難有機會得以嶄露頭角,然而近年,不少素人插畫家成立了 臉書粉絲團,並透過Line Creators Market等平台逐漸打開知名度,一個原本默默無聞的原創角色可能突然在幾個月間迅速竄紅。社群媒體給了插畫家一個新的舞台,而這些從網路發跡的插畫家藉由角色創作,不僅創造了粉絲、累積了知名度,並逐步開創周邊經濟效益,將台灣角色經濟帶入新的世代。 自媒體的出現,改變了圖文創作者既有商業模式的發展樣貌,當我們回頭 審視,會不由自主地想問:這一切究竟是如何發生的?社群媒體管道對這些內容創作者產生了什麼影響及變化?其變現方式為何?現在的盈利模式能否持續?有鑑於此,本研究試圖從「商業模式」的觀點,藉由Osterwalder&Pigneur提出之商業模式圖(Business Model Canvas)架構,將研究對象設定為「經營自媒體擁有粉絲資產,藉由圖像內容創作朝向IP化(Intellectual Property)發展並具備變現能力之『FB世代』網路插畫家。」並從以下三大方向進行探問:(1)網路插畫家如何選擇社群媒體平台?其在社群平台的經營策略為何?對於收益流又會產生甚麼樣的影響?如何串聯線上及線下通路整合操作?(2)網路插畫家主要之商業模式為何?通路管道與其他商業模式九宮格元素如何互相配套?(3)網路插畫家有哪些未來發展計畫?又有哪些發展契機與挑戰? 本研究透過多個案研究法,綜合深度訪談法和參與觀察法進行資料蒐集和分析,以探討 FB 世代網路插畫家之通路管道經營變現策略及商業模式架構。研究 結果發現:(1)網路插畫家依據經營型態比重,可歸納為「FB內容創作型網路插畫家」、「Line貼圖創作型網路插畫家」及「品牌授權化網路插畫家」等三種經營型態;(2)網路插畫家崛起於Facebook或Line 貼圖之線上單一通路平台,以粉絲為經營核心,形塑著從線上到線下、B2C到B2B的變現收益管道;(3)其價值主張為能引起粉絲共鳴的梗,並在大數據時代藉由分眾化行銷經營著顧客關係;(4)自媒體時代實現接近零成本的網路創業夢想,當進入商業化發展階段需進行最適化關鍵資源與關鍵合作夥伴合作評估。 / In the past years, illustrators had little opportunity to be seen. But in recent years, more and more illustrators joined the competition and posted their artworks on Facebook Fan Pages, or became well known through the Line Creators Market, an original character may suddenly turn famous in just a few months. Social media provides a new stage to the illustrators. With the creation of new characters, they gain more fans, build up their fame, gradually bring up the sales for the related products, and bring the Taiwan character merchandising into the new generation. The emergence of we media changed the development of business model for graphic creators. When we look back, we cannot help but ask "How did all these happen? What impact and change do social media channels have on these graphic creators? How did they liquidize it? Will the current profit model continue?" In view of this, this study attempts to research from the view of "business model", along with Osterwalder&Pigneur's Business Model Canvas structure, and sets the research object as the illustrators of "FB generation" who operate we media with the asset of fans, make graphic designs that turn into IP (Intellectual Property) and have cashability". The following three main questions will be brought up: (1) How do illustrators choose their social media platform? What is the business strategy for their social media platform? What is the impact on the revenue stream? How do illustrators integrate online and offline channel operations? (2) What is the main business model for internet illustrators? How do the Business Model Canvas elements of the channel pipelines and other business models match each other? (3) What are the future development plans for internet illustrators? What are the development opportunities and challenges? In this study, the data collection and analysis are carried out by means of multiple case studies, comprehensive and deep interviews, and participant observation to explore the channel management strategy and business model structure of FB generation illustrators. The results show that: (1) The internet illustrators can be grouped as "FB content creation illustrators", "Line sticker creation illustrators" and "brand authorized illustrators" according to the proportion of business type; (2) Internet illustrators emerge from a single online platform, such as Facebook or Line, and use the fans as the business core to shape the liquidizing channels from online to offline and B2C to B2B;(3) The value of the idea is the punchline that resonates with the fans and to operate customer relationship by segment marketing in this big data era;(4) We media makes the dream of starting a business at almost zero cost come true. But when it enters the commercializing development stage, it needs to evaluate the optimization of the key resources and the key partners.
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巴拉圭在南錐共同市場角色之研究 / The Role of Paraguay in MERCOSUR, some available options

裴兆璞, PEI, Chau - Pu Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,國際體系已從冷戰期間的兩元化趨向為現今的多元化發展,國際關係中國家角色的定位亦已由消極地孤立、不結盟朝向結盟、區域整合與全球化的目標邁進,並積極地參與國際政治與經濟組織,以因應全球競爭白熱化的趨勢。有鑑於此,全球性及區域性的經貿組織如雨後春筍般盛行,為當今國際經濟與金融新秩序之整合,注入一股欣欣向榮的氣象。   巴拉圭向為堅決反共的國家,在東西冷戰結束後邁向民主政治,並於國際上力求擺脫從前孤立形象,重返國際舞台,在其所參與之許多國際組織中,尤以當今第三大經貿集團─南錐共同市場,對其國家發展影響至深且鉅。巴拉圭在南錐共同市場四個創始會員國中雖屈居弱勢,但其如何能在南錐強鄰間運用外交政策─折衝、斡旋,並以四兩撥千金方式,強化本身競爭利基,積極謀求開創新的國家角色,實為巴拉圭未來在南錐共同市場發展所需面臨的挑戰與深思的課題。再者,當整合階段若仍處於較低階的國家層次時,遇國家利益與區域利益相衝突,各會員國往往以國家利益為先。因此,在南錐共同市場的整合過程中與各會員國間互動關係、定位、「區域角色」的扮演、以至於如何達成高層次的區域調和,循序漸進地朝向經濟整合程序邁進,著實對巴拉圭與其他會員國的政治與經濟皆產生莫大之衝擊,巴拉圭政府如何在國家利益與區域利益中取得平衡點並採取有效的因應策略,亦是其國家發展中需面對的另一重大考驗。   本論文共分為七章。第壹章緒論,第貳章闡述國際關係中角色理論之基本概念、層次分析及類別,強調在詭譎多變的國際關係中,國家仍一貫扮演最重要的角色,第參章從歷史發展軌跡中探討巴拉圭的國家角色及其外交政策取向之演變,尤其對巴拉圭與巴西及阿根廷之雙邊與三邊互動關係,做一全盤性的概述,以便增進對巴拉圭所處之整體情勢有所了解。第肆章主要針對巴拉圭加入南錐共同市場之政治與經濟動機,和不同面向之內、外在環境時空背景作剖析,第伍章說明南錐共同市場靜態面的基本制度、原則、組織架構與功能介紹及動態面的整合運作模式;以析論南錐共同市場區域內整合深化程度與區域外廣化之關係。第陸章探討巴拉圭在南錐共同市場之角色定位,藉由其發表之「南錐共同市場政策白皮書」檢視其外交政策,並對其在南錐共同市場之未來運作趨勢與影響作深入研究,第陸章結論,就巴拉圭之國家角色和區域角色之互動機制作一總結,旨在對巴拉圭加入南錐共同市場之前景與挑戰賦予嶄新的期許,期能透過政治對話、經濟同盟,創造競爭優勢。第柒章為結論。 / The purpose of this thesis is twofold. The first is to describe and obtain some stylized facts about Paraguay's insertion into MERCOSUR and clarify how this trading bloc enables the economic integration among its members. The second is to analyze the likely economic policies that Paraguay, a small country, may develop in order to identify her own available options, bearing in mind her landlocked but geo-strategic position in the Common Market. The scope on Paraguay's vocation for the democracy consolidation, as well as her pursuit to take due advantages of her abundant hydroelectric energy, and to become into a logistic production and services center for those who are interested in exploring the huge market of more than 200 millions consumers of MERCOSUR, also takes place in this paper. Since the creation of MERCOSUR, Paraguay had to face, frequently, outward difficulties in its efforts to remove non-tariff barriers imposed mainly by its two big neighbours - Brazil and Argentine, beside inward political disagreement and impasse. Her traditional open and informal market precises the due governmental and economical reforms, so her private sector may stands still in the present stage of a consolidating and challenging custom union. The gradual decline of Paraguay's Eastern City - Ciudad del Este, as a prototype of the commerce of re-exportation shows a clear sign of alert to the whole subsisted economy system, that may not apply for the forthcoming trend of mayor competitiveness, since its incompatible pattern with the new scheme of integration, must find its own way to harmonize Paraguay's and MERCOSUR'S joint interests. That means there is still a lot of reforms to be done. For the application of mid and long term trade policies, the year 2006 - time when full-fledged liberalization under IMERCOSUR will become a reality, may appear much closer for Paraguay. At that time, there won't be any exception more for Paraguayan products in MERCOSUR, and it's a must, for the sake of Paraguay, that the domestic debate of reforms concludes into successful process with no more delay nor hesitation. In this respect there are grounds for certain optimism as we can notice in the maquila sector, since some public and private sector have shown its determination to change the stagnant statu-quo, and to adapt the due framework to the needs of a better tomorrow. This work carefully documents the English translation of the agreement that gave life to MERCOSUR, also known as the Asuncion Treaty, in honor of the Paraguay's capital city where the historical and political decision took place.

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