本篇論文研究主要以正式女性公務人員為對象，並採用質化研究的深入訪談法，總共有十五位女性公務人員接受訪問；另外，本篇論文引用相關的理論來觀察女性公務人員的實際生活情況。十五位女性公務人員的家庭發展階段分成未婚、已婚無子女、已婚懷孕初期、已婚育有學齡前兒童、已婚育有青少年子女、以及已婚育有成年子女等等家庭類型。 本篇論文的研究發現有下列幾點： 一、因為性別角色期待而選擇進入公務人員體制 女性因為性別角色期待選擇進入公務人員體制中。女性公務人員為了扮演生育、照顧的家庭角色；以及社會普遍認為女性適合從事公務人員；在婚姻市場裡面，女性公務人員更成為理想結婚對象。因此，女性選擇進入公務人員體制的意願提高。 二、公務人員體制具有科層制特性 公務人員體制中的科層體制強調「固定職掌」、「依法行政」、「層級節制」，並且形成特定的官僚運作方式；整個組織運作強調「客觀」、「理性」、「陽剛性質」。女性在這樣的官僚運作底下，因為其性別而被標示出來，因為整個科層組織是由男性設計與主導，女性則被看成性別化的行動者（sexualized actors）；同時科層體制的反功能造成組織成員對組織產生疏離感，不過正因為這樣的反功能有利女性公務人員兼顧家庭生活，因此，女性公務人員在兼顧家庭的工作考量中以公務人員的工作內容配合度最高。在升遷的過程當中受到男性權威與性別角色刻板印象雙重影響，「玻璃天花板」效應明顯存在而女性公務人員也無法從工作中獲得滿足。 三、公務人員體制特殊的官場文化 公務人員體制要求「去個人化」、接受新的官僚人格，以及運用特殊的組織文化，其中最盛行的就是「關係」、「人情」。光具備工作能力表現是不夠的，公務人員還必須透過「關說」、「人事背景」才能獲得長官的賞識與提拔。整個組織的在上位者多數都是男性，男性有其特殊的人際關係互動，女性公務人員必須同時去性別化與接受男性的組織網絡之後，才有可能獲得晉升的機會。 四、女性公務人員因為家庭與工作出現精疲力盡 大部分已婚的女性公務人員仍然扮演「女主內」的角色，也就是說踏進門板之後的領域全歸為女性的責任，因此，只能用「心力交瘁」的字眼來形容女性公務人員的處境，唯一值得慶幸的是，女性公務人員會尋求社會資源來解決工作與家庭兩者間的衝突。 五、女性公務人員既主動創造又被動接受性別角色期待 根據本篇論文觀察與訪談結果，女性在某種情境底下才會既主動創造又被動接受性別角色期待。那就是只有在家庭因素考量出現時，女性才會主動創造與被對接受既予的性別角色期待。為了逃避這種左右為難的窘境，女性就必須建立自主性，可是這種自主性也是在既有社會價值框架下，並不是完全的自由。因此，我認為唯有去除傳統將女性與家庭連結在一起的社會價值，進而建立兩性平等的關係。 / This paper aims mainly at qualified female civil servants, employs the qualitative method by which fifteen women are interviewed, and takes also on the relevant theories to observe their actual life experiences. The family life cycle of them is divided as following: single, married without children, pregnant, married with preschool ones, married with teenagers, and married with adult children. In this paper I discover the facts that follows: 1. In accordance with the expectation for gender role, women choose to be civil servants. In order to play well role on caring and childbearing in family life, on account of the common social assumption that women are suitable for the work of civil servants, and owing to the favor in the selection of marriage partner, women thus are willing to run for this status. 2. Public institution is characteristic of bureaucracy. The working of civil service emphasizes on the fixed working contents, administrating by law, and obviously hierarchizing in levels, so this institution develops the bureaucratic feature. Under the emphases of the whole institution on the rationality, objectivity and masculinity wrought by men, women are labeled as sexualized actors. In this case, the bureaucracy produces the anti-function which on the one hand results in the alienation of the member in the organization and which on the other hand is good for women to take care of their family. In the process of promotion, the influences of male authority and gender stereotype on women forms the glass ceiling effect that defers women from the satisfaction with their works. 3. The special bureaucratic culture in public institution. In this institution the member is required to be depersonalized, to accept a new bureaucratic trait and to implement the special organizational culture that is fashioned with human relationship and influence. Most of the higher officials are men who possess the different network of human relations from women, women must desexualize themselves to receive bureaucratic culture dominated by men for the opportunity of promotion. 4. The exhaustion of female civil servants in family and work. A great number of married female civil servants simultaneously play the role of housewives--that is to say, women are responsible for all the things indoors. Fortunately, women, when facing this dilemma, would by the capacity of their positioning search for the social support so that they solve the confrontations between family and work. 5. Female civil servants either positively create or negatively accept the expectation for gender role. The choice of whether to create or accept the expected gender role for women civil servants depends on certain "circumstances." That is, only when for family's sake women civil servants are forced to definitely both create and accept such given gender role. To escape this dilemma, they try to establish a kind of autonomy--neither to create nor to accept the "given" namely, to slip off the bondage of the family. However, this sort of "autonomy" is limited in the framework of social value, far from complete freedom. Consequently, I think all we have to do is change the social value of setting the bondage between women and family and strive for the equality of both sexes.

隨著經濟結構的轉型與教育機會的提昇等因素，已有越來越多的女性在各職場領域中一展長才，晉升至企業中高階主管之職位。本研究欲透過對以下諸問題的探討，瞭解女性擔任企業高階主管之個人與社會方面條件的配合與影響情形： 1.影響女性擔任高階主管之人格特質方面因素為何？ 2.角色衝突情形對女性擔任高階主管之影響為何？ 3.傳統社會價值觀對女性人格特質之形成有何影響？ 4.傳統社會價值觀對女性角色衝突程度之影響為何？ 5.個人任職公司之企業文化對女性擔任高階主管有何影響？ 本研究以台灣地區之企業女性高階主管為研究對象，透過問卷衡量與訪談之方式，彙整出以下結論： 1.傳統社會價值觀會影響個人人格特質之形成。受傳統社會價值觀影響較小之女性，其性別特質之類型越趨向於男性化或兩性化，且會具有較高之個我取向成就動機。 2.傳統社會價值觀對個人之角色衝突程度有所影響。自我與重要他人對傳統社會價值觀之看法越相近時，其角色衝突之程度會越低。 3.個人之人格特質對女性擔任企業之高階主管有所影響。屬於內控取向、高度自我監控、男性化與兩性化性別特質與高度個我取向成就動機之女性擔任企業之高階主管比例較高。 4.角色衝突程度越低之女性，對其擔任企業高階主管越有正面影響。 5.個人任職公司之企業文化對女性擔任高階主管有所影響。任職公司之母國文化對女性越持有平等對待之看法時，對女性在企業擔任高階主管越有正面影響。 最後，本研究提出幾點建議以作為在職女性與企業界之參考： 1.對在職女性之建議 (1)突破傳統窠臼，追求自我實現 (2)事先做好職涯規畫，並積極尋求支援 (3)慎選投入之行業與企業 2.對企業界之建議 (1)塑造男女平等之企業共同價值觀 (2)透過人才延攬與升遷獎酬等制度之設計以落實男女平等之價值觀

自古中原農業民族與北亞游牧民族之間便是關係密切，本質是經濟性、文化性的，而非軍事性的。和親是一種典型的間接路線戰略。和親公主則是影響和親成敗的關鍵人物，可藉由對其政治角色的研究，進而探討彼此的互動模式、政治運作，以及對民族問提的省思。 　　本文的和親是指：中原朝廷與少數民族之間為了結盟、賄賂、賞賜、離間、……等目的，所行的一種非常態性的政治婚姻，開始在春秋戰國時代，被系統化成一種政策、戰略，是漢高祖時由劉敬提出。 　　本文範圍以漢到唐初為中心，主要的和親公主有王昭君、細君公主、解憂公主、馮嫽、千金公主、義成公主等人。研究方法以史學為基礎，著重政治學、軍事學、社會學、民族學的分析。內容分為六章十七節，以及緒論、結論，127頁，約廿萬餘字。 　　本文的主要限制在於缺乏北亞游牧民族自身的史料。未來的發展則可繼續研究其他和親公主的政治角色，以及歷代在歷史、政治環境變遷下，而封和親公主所產生的不同評價及傳說。最根本的仍是去了解中原農業民族與北亞游牧民族的彼此關係與相處模式。

在現代女性普遍投入勞力市場的趨勢下，傳統的「男主外、女主內」現象依然存在，意即男女之間的家務分工行為仍然存在很大的差異。而本研究企圖以性別角色社會化、時間可利用性和相對資源論的觀察來分析兩性之間的家務分工行為之差異，並且討論台灣和日本社會的差異。 本研究使用ISSP在2002年蒐集的資料，針對家務時數和家務時數性別差距分別進行多元迴歸分析。在家務時數的影響機制方面，結果顯示：教育程度所代表的性別角色社會化在兩國有不同的面貌，其對台灣已婚女性在家務分工行為上有啟蒙的效果，但日本已婚女性則不然。另外，在性別角色平權態度上，其會增加已婚男性家務時數，而會減少已婚女性家務時數。至於時間可利用性則普遍適用於台灣和日本社會。此外，在相對資源方面，台灣已婚男性和日本已婚男女在家庭經濟收入貢獻程度和家務時數之間存在線性關係。台灣已婚女性則為曲線關係，也就是有性別展示的現象。 在家務時數性別差距的影響機制上，結果顯示：教育程度所代表的性別角色社會化在兩國同樣也有不同的面貌，如大學教育會縮短台灣已婚女性的家務時數性別差距，但卻會擴大日本已婚女性的家務時數性別差距。在性別角色平權態度上，其會減少已婚男女的家務時數性別差距。這表示已婚男性會增加家務時數，所以縮短性別差距，對已婚女性的意義則為減少家務時數，因此也縮短性別差距。而時間可利用性普遍亦適用於台灣和日本社會。另外，在相對資源方面，已婚男性在家庭經濟收入貢獻程度和家務時數性別差距之間都存在線性關係，已婚女性則皆為曲線關係。意即已婚男性皆為經濟理性，已婚女性皆為性別展示。

教育，是透過學生持續社會化的過程而形塑社會的重要機制。教育，為未來世代參與社會變遷預作了準備，並有助於社會發展。尤有甚者，教育使學生們意識到他們的權利。我們可以在各個教育階段裡引入人權教育。但是，小學階段的社會科教育對青少年的人權概念發展是具有決定性意義的。對此階段的學生而言，教師的引導以及人權教育的教學對清楚理解人權概念是相當關鍵的。針對教導學生深思熟慮的方法、人道與明智的價值、理性與批判的思考，人權教育教學可以是有助益且有效途徑。因此，本研究目的是在人權教育的脈絡下，評估社會科教師並探究他們的教學法。而本研究之研究問題是：（1）台北與新德里小學社會科教師在他們人權教育的價值、信念、態度與觀念脈絡下，理解人權教育教學的方式為何？（2）台北與新德里小學社會科教師在人權教育的教學實踐為何？（3）在台北與新德里小學社會科教室中，有意與無意的教學內容為何？（4）在人權教學的過程中，台北與新德里小學社會科教師所面臨的難題與阻礙為何？（5）可能存在一種可以應用在不同教育背景的普遍性人權教育教學嗎？因此，本研究針對台北與新德里小學，分別進行兩組各三位六年級教師及其班級的探究。 本研究發現，教師是人權教育成功實行的重要關鍵。教師必須對人權有熱情與承諾；教師必須尊重學生做為個體的權利；人權教育必須有情境脈絡的特殊性；《世界人權宣言》可以做為人權教學的普遍標準；此外，聯合國與國家政府的角色亦關係重大，因為他們提供人權教育結構與資金。最後，值得一提的是NGOs 與INGOs 的角色越來越重要，他們有必要在橫向與縱向上拓展他們的網絡。 / Education is an important institution that shapes our society through continuous socialization of pupils. It prepares future generations to participate in social change and contributes to society’s development. Moreover, it makes pupils aware of their rights. Human rights education can be introduced at all levels of education. The elementary level Social Science education is crucial for the development of the concept of human rights among adolescents. For the pupils of this age group, the guidance of teacher and the pedagogy of human rights education are critical for a clear understanding of the concept. The pedagogy of human rights education can be a useful and effective way of inculcating deliberative methods, humane and judicious values, and rational and critical thinking among pupils. The present study is an attempt to assess social science teachers and explore their pedagogy in the context of human rights education. The issues that the present research intends to raise are: (1) How the pedagogy of human rights education is perceived by Social Science teachers of the elementary school of Taipei and New Delhi in the context of their values, beliefs, attitudes, and ideals of human rights education? (2) How is the pedagogy of human rights education of Social Science teachers of Taipei and Delhi put into practice? (3) What is taught in human rights education in the social science classrooms of Taipei and New Delhi intentionally and unintentionally? (4) What are the problems and obstacles faced by Social Science teachers during the process of teaching human rights? (5) Can there be a general pedagogy of human rights education, which can be applied across different educational settings? The issues are examined with two sets of three teachers of sixth grade and their classes in elementary schools of Taipei and New Delhi. The findings of this study suggest that the agency of the teacher is crucial for successful implementation of HRE; that a teacher has to have passion and commitment for HR; that the rights of students as individuals must be respected by the teacher; that HRE must be context specific; that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights can be used as a universal standard to teach HR; and, finally, that the role of UN and national government is crucial. These two institutions provide with the framework and funding for HRE. Last, but not the least, the role of NGOs and INGOs is gaining importance by the day and that they need to expand their network, both vertically and horizontally.

近年來，全球氣候暖化問題嚴重，造成地球環境的變遷，加上能源安全威脅與經濟、環境永續發展的考量，世界各國對於節能減碳的議題日漸重視。車輛電動化即在減少溫室氣體排放、改善生活環境、加強能源安全及掌握產業發展轉型契機等因素驅動下，成為全球車輛發展的重要趨勢，全球電動車產業結構與產業網絡正在逐漸成形中。 本研究係針對全球主要國家政府在面對電動車這個新興產業發展時，所採取的政策進行分析與探討，並且以日本、美國、中國、德國政府政策為探討目標，從文獻回顧及專業機構報告中整理分析各國政府的產業政策，試圖探討政府的角色與定位，進一步描繪出台灣政府應該扮演的角色，並且提出建議，作為政府於制定產業政策時之參考，期能對電動車產業做出貢獻，讓台灣電動車產業在此波革命浪潮中，創造出更高的價值及競爭力。 本研究發現，電動車新興產業在發展過程中充滿許多經濟面、市場面、環境面以及技術面的發展限制，本研究在羅列出的十六項發展限制中，有高達十一項限制與政府的政策息息相關。汽車百年產業革命成功與否，業界對於政府是否能創造具有競爭優勢的發展環境要求殷切，於是在電池研發技術未臻成熟、產業各項標準尚未建立之際，各國政府紛紛伸出<看得見的那隻手>，從產業研究發展獎勵、消費市場購車、用車以及充電基礎建設普及的促成與補助，配合業者在關鍵技術發展的努力、商業模式的發展、產業群聚的形成、充電基礎建設的普及、維修體系的建置、社會大眾對於環境品質的需求、用車習慣的改變、電動車節能形象的認同……等種種助力，形成產業能量面的推升力量以及市場需求的拉力，形塑出電動車未來發展的良性循環，試圖在此領域內創造出比較優勢，促使這一波新的汽車產業革命形成。 　　值此關鍵時期，台灣政府如何提供本國產業一臂之力，期於未來世界汽車產業佔有一席之地？這是許多業者關心的議題。目前，各國政府紛紛制訂獎勵政策協助業者以及消費者對於電動車發展與使用的認同；尤其德國政府作法積極，從保持人民生活品質、解決石油倚賴問題、強化經濟傳統命脈的汽車工業，從環境結構、基礎設施到社會大眾的消費習慣宣導著手，具體規劃國家新經濟遠景，將德國塑造成世界電動車大國，這是非常值得台灣政府參考的典範。 本研究建議，電動車產業處發展初階段，眾家車廠以及各國政府皆在摸索前行中，台灣政府應參考各國政府政策後，了解台灣產業的優勢與機會，從基礎設施到新能源政策、基本軟硬體投資環境的建置著手，協助業者發展創造出友善的投資環境並且積極發展國內電動車運行，累積出屬於台灣自己的<台灣EV經驗>，協助業者強化電動車相關技術，除藉由電動車的普及來降低國內對於石油的依賴外，倘若能成功推行電動車成為國際典範，讓世界看到台灣先進的科技與環保觀念，提升國際形象，在時機成熟時，提供關鍵零件技術，利用中國的潛在市場，參與國際標準制定，創造出台灣電動車產業的發展空間。 / The worsening problem of global warming in recent years has led to the environmental changes on Earth. This fact, along with the emerging threats to energy security and the call for sustainable economic and environmental development, has drawn increasing worldwide attention on the issues of energy saving and carbon reduction. As a result, the EV (Electric Vehicle) industry is gaining increasing importance in the global automobile market, driven by various motives including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving living environment, safeguarding energy security and seizing the opportunities of industrial transformation. The industrial structure and network of the global EV market is gradually taking shape. The purpose of this research is to explore and analyze the policies adopted by the governments of the world’s leading countries on the emerging EV industry, focusing on Japan, the USA, China and Germany. By reviewing historical documents and professional reports, the author has probed the industrial policies of these countries, endeavoring to identify the roles of the governments in this process and, furthermore, to depict the roles and positions of the government of Taiwan. The author has also provided recommendations to the government for developing industrial policies, with the hope that the research results will contribute to the growth of the EV industry in Taiwan and the creation of higher value and competitive advantages in this revolutionary process. It is discovered in this research that a great deal of development restrictions are involved in the growing process of the emerging EV industry, respectively in the economic, market, environmental and technological fields. Among the sixteen development restrictions outlined in this research, there are as many as eleven items which are closely bound up with government policies. The success of this unprecedented industrial revolution, therefore, relies on whether the government can create a development environment with sufficient competitive advantages, which is anxiously longed for by the EV industry. Given the facts that the R&D technologies for the battery industry are not fully mature and various industrial benchmarks are yet to be established, the “visible hands” are offered by governments, one after another, to support the industry. These government initiatives include: providing incentives for industrial R&D, stimulating the consumer market, as well as facilitating and subsidizing the EV car use and recharging infrastructure. Other supportive policies include assisting the EV industry in developing key technologies, building up business models, shaping industrial clusters, expanding recharging infrastructure, establishing the maintenance/repair systems, accommodating to the public demand on environmental quality and the changes in car-using habits, promoting the identification with the energy-saving image of EV’s, etc. All these measures have turned into a pushing force that gives momentum to the industry, as well as a pulling force that booms the market. They contribute to forming a virtuous development cycle for the EV industry in future; help to create comparative advantages in this specific field; and make impossible this new wave of industrial revolution for automobiles. At this critical stage, how would the Taiwan government lend a helping hand so that the local EV industry could gain a stake in the international automobile market in future? This is an issue widely concerned by the industry. Now, many countries are offering incentive policies to help with the development of the industry and build up consumer identification with the electric cars. The German government, particularly, has taken aggressive actions. Apart from the efforts in maintaining/improving the life quality of its people, the government also endeavors to reduce the dependency on imported oil and strengthen the competitiveness of its automobile industry, which is vital to the economic growth of the country. To realize the new economic vision of the country, the German government has developed specific plans, covering various initiatives including environmental structure, infrastructure construction and consumer education, etc. The purpose is to make Germany a leading country for the EV industry. These we believe are the “best practices” to be considered by the Taiwan government. The EV industry is yet at its preliminary stage of development. Governments, as well as EV manufacturers around the world, are all endeavoring to find the right path ahead. It is recommended, therefore, that the government of Taiwan should firstly study the policies of other countries and understand the strengths and weakness of local industries. The initial efforts should be focused on constructing infrastructures, setting up new energy policies and installing the fundamental software/hardware for a friendly investment environment, so as to support the growth of the industry. The government should, in the meantime, actively promote the electric vehicles in the domestic market, build up the unique “EV Experience of Taiwan” to help improving the relevant EV technology for the local industry. Apart from reducing the country’s dependency on imported oil, the successful popularization of EV in Taiwan will also become one of the best practices in the world and contribute to the elevation of Taiwan’s international image, having showcased its advanced technologies and strong environmental awareness. With increasing sophistication, Taiwan’s EV industry also has the capabilities to provide critical spare parts technologies and to play a role, through the potential China market, in the international standard-setting process, thereby creating further expanding possibilities for the industry.

隨著網路學習模式的發展演進，數位學習模式也逐漸由重視個人自我學習，慢慢轉變成由電腦促成多人合作學習模式，進而產生了網路學習社群的概念。過去網路社群相關研究多以一般商業社群或是社交導向社群為研究範圍，並依據使用者參與動機及透過討論區內容分析互動行為，加以歸納出網路社群角色類型以及不同角色類型對社群經營的影響。而網路學習社群研究則著重於討論互動的歷程，以探討成員行為與角色之間的關係為主，鮮少有研究定義網路學習社群角色類型與行為特徵，並據此促成更有效的網路合作式學習成員組合，提升網路合作式討論歷程。 本研究以過去社交性及網路學習社群之研究為基礎，應用其研究結果於學習社群角色探討，並定義網路學習社群角色類型行為特徵，再依據網路合作式學習應以異質性分組實施之理論基礎，提出基於學習社群角色行為特徵之異質性分組策略，探討不同分組機制下網路學習社群成員進行合作學習之討論歷程差異。本研究採取準實驗法，實驗過程分為隨機分組與立意分組兩階段，每一階段分別實施三週。由教師選定學科領域範圍，小組在限定範圍內發想題目進行討論與合作，並且在wiki共筆平台上完成各組之小組作業。在資料分析層面以數位學習平台討論區紀錄、兩階段團體效能與凝聚力問卷前後測資料進行序列分析量化地分析，並且輔以平台討論紀錄說明分析結果。 實驗結果顯示以社群角色類型行為特徵所發展之異質分組策略可以使小組在合作式學習討論歷程上有所影響，共計三點發現：一、相較於隨機分組策略本研究所提異質性立意分組策略能有效提升小組討論互動程度與討論行為歷程層次，異質性立意分組策略使小組合作歷程跳脫單純的資訊分享行為晉升到尋求解決方法以及歸納與分析之反覆修正的討論行為歷程。二、相較於隨機分組策略本研究所提異質性立意分組策略對於小組知識建構層次有一定程度的提昇之效，第二階段各組在協商意涵與共同建構知識行為上提昇2%，而在驗證與修正已存在的經驗與知識行為上提昇8%，顯示異質性分組策略下小組在驗證與修正已存在的經驗與知識之層次有明顯提昇。三、異質性立意分組策略對於團體效能提昇有所助益，隨著合作歷程的轉變也同時了提昇的小組完成任務之信念。 / As web-based learning, which evolves from self-leaning into cooperative learning, makes a concept of web-based group learning community. Most studies about community focus on commercial community or social community and analyze users’ motives and behaviors through online discussion contents to conclude many types of community role and their impacts on community interactions. In contrast, web-based learning community studies focus on relationships between users’ behaviors and their role behaviors features but researchers seldom take advantage of the relationships result to form a formation strategy and see how it affect the process of group discussion. The purpose of study is to organize and conclude relative community studies to identify students’ role behavior features and make a group formation strategy based on heterogeneous group learning theory. This study was conducted by quasi-experiment. The experiment had two phases: I. Group learning in random arrangement, and II. Group learning in group formation strategy. In each phase, the course teacher announced relative issues and asked each group to figure out a topic as well as write a general report of the topic on wiki platform for three weeks. After experiment, researcher collected questionnaires of group efficiency and group cohesion, discussion contents to analyze. After comparing two phases, the experiment result contained three results: 1. The heterogeneous group formation strategy raised most groups in phase II the solving-problem behavior level and made groups not only share information but also search lot of information to analyze their interested topic. 2. The heterogeneous group formation strategy affected knowledge construction process of group learning. Phase II raised 8% high level knowledge construction behavior-“testing and modification of proposed synthesis or co-construction”. 3. The heterogeneous group formation strategy raised the group efficiency to help group members have faith to fulfill their learning task. Besides, the result indicates that good learning process didn’t have direct impacts on the scores of their group task.

在國小女性教師日益增加以社會上生理和心理性別的一致性日漸分歧的趨勢下，教師在生理與心理性別上的差異，是否影響學生成長與學習？如何在現況中了解教師性別角色與性別對學的影響，如何輪換不同性別教師以減少對學生可能產生的影響，值得吾人重視。因此，本研究乃從男女教師在教學效能、教學態度的差異上著手，而以性別角色理論為基礎，探討男女教師性別角色與學生學校適應、學業成就之關係。以期做為師範院校師資養成教育以及國小安排及輪換教師之主要參考。 為達成研究目的，本研究採二部份進行，第一部份採問卷調查法，以分層叢集取樣，選取桃竹苗四縣市國小男女教師256人（男119；女137），以探討教師性別角色、性別與教學態度、教學效能之關係；第二部份以問卷調查為主，兼及實驗法優點，以分層立意取樣選取第一部份樣本中，新竹縣市四至六年級七十九個班級的師生為研究對象，計男學生1245人，女學生1187人，以探討男女教師性別角色與學生學校適應、學業成就之關係。 根據研究結果的分析與討論，歸納如下結論： 一、教師性別與性別化特質對學生學校適應與學業成就均有直接影響，唯影響不大，重要的教師在學生心目中角色與形象。 二、學生學業成就主要受其學校適應之影響，而學校適應良窳又取決於學生對教師形象的評定。學生認為級任教師是其心目中的好老師，則其學校生活愉快，適應良好，學業表現亦優異。反言之，學生學業成就上的差異來自其不同的學校適應，以及對老師形象不同評價。 建議： 一、小學教育方面 （一）擴展教師的性別化角色 （二）加強學校輔導工作，協助學生適應學校以能全心向學 （三）教師應重視學生需求與感受，並扮演學生心目中的好老師 （四）教師多關心智商、社經地位較低之學生，並予以適切輔導 （五）輪換不同性別級任教師時，宜對學生多加關懷並予以定向輔導 （六）宜縮小學校規模為中小型學校以利學生適應學校 二、師範教育方面 （一）教導學生扮演兩性化角色 （二）增進師範生的輔導知能

本研究旨在探討是否是因女性意識的抬頭，導致台灣生育率下降，還是誠如Peter McDonald(2000)所言，由於婦女運動，導致社會允許女性在教育與就業上擁有等同於男性的機會，其稱之為個人取向制度上的性別平等，但在家庭方面，卻仍是維持男主外、女主內的傳統男性養家者模式思考，認為女性為家庭中的顧老者、護幼者，其稱之為家庭取向制度上的性別不平等，以致於女性要面對家庭照顧與工作壓力的雙重負擔，但這樣的現象並不會對女性的理想子女數造成影響，卻會使實際生育數下降；研究工具為2004年國民健康局「家庭與生育力調查」第九次調查已婚問卷資料，有效樣本數為2,865人。 研究結果發現，擁有較平等的性別角色態度之已婚育齡婦女，的確有較低的理想子女數與實際生育數，但依照描述性統計狀況來看，我國婦女並非不想生育，而是降低了自己的理想子女數與實際生育數；而我國家庭內家務分工不均的狀況，雖不符合研究者假設家務分工平等的女性有較高的實際生育數，但是深入探討發現，我國社會現況確實符合Peter McDonald(2000)所說，因為女性意識覺醒，促使社會處理個人在教育與就業上的制度性別平等，但我國社會家庭制度仍是維持傳統男性養家者模式，要求女性負擔家庭中絕大部分家務工作，欠缺顧老、護幼之協調工作與家庭照顧政策，以至於女性無法負擔工作與家庭衝突，因而降低了自己的生育數。 最後，研究者依研究發現嘗試對政府部門提出相關建議，供未來家庭政策與實務參考。 / The purpose of this study is to know the reason for fertility decline of the married women aged in 20-49 years in Taiwan. Whether it is due to the rise of feminist consciousness, or as the theory Peter McDonald (2000) discussed. Peter McDonald thinks that since women’s movement are springing up, the society allows women to have the same opportunities like men in education and employment. He called it as gender equal in individual-oriented institutions. But in fact, it is still maintaining the traditional male breadwinner model in the family. Female still plays the main role to take care children and elders. He called it as gender inequity in family-oriented institutions. Such institutions lead to fertility decline. The data used for this study were from 2004“the ninth investigation of family and fertility ability in Taiwan ”held by the research Institute of Bureau of health promotion department of health, Taiwan R.O.C. (sample size=2865). The main finding of this study is to prove that the married women in childbearing age, who has more egalitarian gender role attitude, will have lower ideal number of children and the actual number of births. Based on the general statistic condition in Taiwan, the situation are similar to Peter McDonald's thought. But there is something different, the unequal division housework is still within the family, which is not just like the researcher’s assumption: an equal division of housework women have a higher actual number of births. Despite the variable, the reason of fertility decline in Taiwan still confirms Peter McDonald’s theory. The awakening of women’s consciousness accelerate gender equal in individual-oriented and family-oriented institutions. But still, the traditional model asked women to undertake most parts of housework. The deficient in public welfare and family care policy will make female not be able to get the balance between work and family. Such institutions caused fertility decline in Taiwan. Finally, according to the study result, there are several suggestions which can be contributed to future policy and practical advice of family reference for government.

近年來隨著科技進步以及傳媒興盛，文化創作已非少數專業作者之權利，一般大眾得藉由網路、新聞等媒介進行個人創作。日本的｢同人文化｣即為其中代表之一，所謂「同人誌」，係指原創作品的愛好者於未授權的狀態下，藉資訊技術，改編、混合或以原作品設定為基礎進行衍生創作，這些創作可能帶有補完原創作不足劇情之目的、惡搞或諷刺之目的。同人作者通常對於原作抱持著「稱讚或崇拜」的態度，而非企圖以自己之再創作和原作進行市場競爭，且同人作家之再創作，有時可為原作帶來更高之經濟及文化利益。 然而，同人行為以及同人誌在其內容以及行為模式上，均可能涉及著作權侵權問題，以著作人格權為例，同人誌可能侵害「禁止不當改作權」、「姓名表示權」；以著作財產權為例，同人誌所面臨者，係同人誌行為可能侵害「重製權」以及「衍生著作權」，但由於同人誌之高度經濟效益，亦有美日學者提出同人誌應得就其經濟優勢主張「合理使用」；除此之外，同人誌「借用原作角色和背景設定」之行為，同時也涉及美國法所謂「角色著作權」爭議問題。另外，同人誌本身亦為一種著作作品，惟此種未獲得同意之衍生創作，是否得以合法地取得新的著作權？ 　　本文將先從同人誌的產生及其經濟效益為始，講解為何目前同人誌發源地--日本，對同人誌之發展採取何種態度。第三章至第五章則就著作權法法規面，先行說明與同人誌相關之著作權法規定和法學理論，進而以美、日以及我國實務判決，釐清同人誌與著作人格權、著作財產權的交集，試圖釐清同人誌在著作權法中之定位。第六章係以近來同人誌地位最具威脅性之爭議問題- -TPP協約，推測未來同人誌產業可能之走向若未來日本簽暑該條約後將對日本同人誌產業和其他國家的同人誌產業造成衝擊。 　　　最後，本文將總結同人誌在著作人格權及著作財產權面臨之侵權爭議，依照本文所引用之外國判例或實務見解，試圖提出使同人誌合法之方式，盼能藉此維護同人產業和相關動漫產業的持續發展。 / In recent years, because of the rapid development of digital technologies, everyone can be a creator and easily public his or her work online. The “doujin-activities”(also called “fan-based activities” in American) originating from Japan has provided a good example of how ordinary people can become creators participating in the free culture.Most famous doujin-activities is “doujinshi” , which is associated with the preparation of derivative works without authors’ permission.Most doujinshi creators involve in the activities in order to show their respect of the original works. The aim of these doujin-activities is to create mocks, or parodies of the original work, or to complete the original story. Nonetheless, these fan-based creators have exposed themselves to great extent of copyright infringement. For example, doujinsi may infringes author’s moral right, like “the right to claim the authorship of works” and “the right of integrity”. Moreover, because doujinshi is an unauthorized derivative work, it could infringe author’s property right.However, due to the huge economic interest behind doujinshi, a lot of copyright scholars claim that doujinsi should apply to fair use doctine. By the way,because doujinshi is a work that “borrow characters “from a story, it also face a controversy- -whether a character should be protect by copyright or not? Considering doujinshi is an unauthorized derivative work,can this work be protect by copyright? This research will introduce the problems above. Chapter 2 introduced the origin of doujinshi, and try to explain why the birthland,Japan tolerate the development of doujinshi.Chapter 3 to Chapter 5 introduced the copyright issues which is relevant to doujinshi. Chapter 6 analysis the future of doujinshi.Finally,after discussing the copyright issues about doujinshi,this research provide certain suggestion and try to let doujinshi legalized.