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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

冷戰後菲律賓南海政策的演變與發展 / The Evolution of the Philippines' South China Sea Policy after Cold War

謝智皓, HSIEH,JYH HAW Unknown Date (has links)
自從1995年菲律賓與中共在美濟礁發生衝突以來,雙方在南海主權議題上時而緊張、時而和緩。歷經羅慕斯時期(1992年~1998年)的對峙衝撞、埃斯特拉達 (1998年~2001年)的冷靜淡化、亞羅育 (2001年~2010年)的低調迴避,步入艾奎諾三世時期(2010年~)之後訴諸國際法庭的法律戰,菲、中關係轉為對立緊繃。 冷戰後的4位菲律賓總統大致是採行「避險」策略,以便在中、美的拉扯下夾縫求生。菲國的策略揉合了「扈從」與「制衡」的概念,此與東協各國盛行的「大國平衡」策略相近,既要拉攏美國與日本,也要扯進中國大陸。菲律賓國家政策堅守「區域安全仰仗美國」與「經濟發展緊抓中共」兩大主軸,難以避免地會陷入「地緣政治」與「地緣經濟」的角力之中。至於中共在處理與鄰國的南海爭端上,則是秉持「鬥而不破」的原則,對付菲律賓的各種挑釁行為,採取的是「裁剪式」策略,為菲律賓量身打造相應的各種手段與方法。 宥於菲國薄弱的軍事實力,以及菲、美同盟的夥伴關係,可以預期的,在艾奎諾三世任期結束之前,菲律賓在南海議題上仍會不斷發聲,並且以法律戰持續與中共抗衡,以便獲取更多籌碼來維護國家利益。至於艾氏的繼任者,預測將會大幅修補對中關係,擺回「親中」的外交路線。 / Since the Mischief Reef dispute broke out between the Philippines and China in 1995, the relations between the two countries have been unstable when it comes to sovereignty issues over South China Sea. From the confrontation period of Fidel Valdes Ramos (1992~1998), the relaxation strategy of Joseoh Ejercito Estrada (1998~2001), the avoidance attitude of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001~2010), to the Law War Stage of Benigno S. Aquino III (2010~ ), now the China-Philippines relation has turned into an antagonistic one. The 4 Philippines presidents after the end of the cold war have roughly adopted hedging strategies in order to survive from the tug-of-war between China and America. The Philippines employs a strategy that combines bandwagoning and balancing, similar to ASEAN’s equilibrium strategy among big countries, drawing America and Japan over to its side and forcing mainland China to get involved. The Philippine national policy sticks to two principles: “Relying on America for Regional Security” and “Grasping China for Economic Development”. The policy unavoidably makes the country fall into the wrestling of “Geo-Politics” and “Geo-Economics.” As for China, it maintains the principle of fighting over core interests but will not break the relationship. Facing the various provocative actions of the Philippines, China adopts a tailored strategy with corresponding means and methods to handle the Philippines. Due to the weak military capabilities and the alliance relations with America, it is predictable that before Benigno S. Aquino III finish his term as the Philippines president, the country will continue to bark on South China Sea issues and try to contend with China by law so as to obtain more advantages in protecting its national interests. As for Aquino’s successor, predictably he/she will substantially repair the relations with China and regain pro-china policies.
52

可轉債交易策略實證研究 / The empirical study of convertible arbitrage

鍾明希 Unknown Date (has links)
可轉債套利,為避險基金常用的操作技巧。其操作方式,為買進一可轉債,賣出若干標的股票。若是放空標的股數計算正確的話,未來不論標的股價上漲或下跌,投資組合都會有獲利,而本文目的為計算出所需放空的標的股數。 本文使用CRR(1979) 和Derman(1994) 模型,在經過路徑相依條約調整後,使用OAS參數做校準,以求得所需放空標的股數。在實證方面,本研究選取鴻海一(23171)、聯強一(23471)、佳能一(23741)做研究,結果顯示經校準過後所計算出的避險參數值,效果可用於可轉債套利操作所需,且兩個模型的效果並沒有顯著的差異。此外,可轉債的流動性對於模型計算避險比率的精準度,也沒有顯著的影響。
53

Delta中立選擇權避險策略之研究 / Hedging strategies for delta neutral options

張哲瑋, Chang,che wei Unknown Date (has links)
全球金融風暴近年來發生頻率愈來愈快,主要的原因就是許多企業不管是在發行或投資衍生性金融商品的比重都大幅地增加,卻沒有規避它們潛在的市場風險。因此,避險策略的好壞是風險管理上很重要的一個議題。本研究的目的主要是希望在一個Delta Neutral的投資組合下,加入Delta-Gamma Neutral策略能夠使間斷調整避險的效果變得比較好。故本研究透過加入相同標的物和到期日,但不同履約價的選擇權作為避險部位,使用蒙地卡羅模擬法,模擬投資組合在持有一段時間後,未來價值可能的情境,計算風險值來衡量其避險效果。實證結果發現,當原始投資組合部位為價平選擇權所組成,避險部位若能使用相同標的物,到期日也相同,但履約價不同的價平選擇權,不論在到期日長短,皆有很好的避險效果。 / The global financial storm has happened more rapidly. The most important reason is that many enterprises published or invested in the derivatives ratio which has greatly increased without evading the potential market risk. Therefore, the advantages and the disadvantages of hedging strategy is a crucial issue in risk management. This research’s primary goal is to consider Delta-Gamma Neutral strategy in the invested combination of Delta Neutral that render the effect of discretely rebalance hedge became much better. The research entered the same underlying and expiration date, and let the different strike price’s option as hedging position. Using Monte Carol Simulation to obtain the condition of the portfolio’s value after holding a period of time, and compute the value-at-risk to measure hedging effect. The outcome showed that the hedging effect will be nice no matter the date of expiration by using at-the-money options with the same underlying and expiration date but different strike price when the original portfolio was composed of at-the-money options.
54

通貨膨脹可預測效果下之跨期投資組合 / Incorporating the Learning Effects in Hedging the Inflation Risks for Long-Term Fund Management

游貞怡, Yu, Chen-Yi Unknown Date (has links)
本研究探討通貨膨脹風險下長期投資人之最適資產配置。由於長年期通貨膨脹之估計誤差於投資決策上容易產生顯著差異,我們延伸 Brennan and Xia (2002)的模型,嘗試以消費者物價指數預估及修正通貨膨脹率,利用貝氏過濾方法預估未來通貨膨脹率。以平賭過程描述基金的限制條件,最適化投資人之效用值求得加入可預測性效果後之最適多期資產組合模型。研究結果顯示,長期投資人之最適策略可表示為固定比例股票指數基金及不同存續期間固定收益基金之組合。以不同存續期間之固定收益債券可以有效建構規避通貨膨脹風險之避險組合。本研究並提供數值計算與分析。 / This paper examines the optimal portfolio selection for a long-term investor. In order to consider the uncertainty of inflation rate, we extend the work in Brennan and Xia (2002) and use the consumer price index (CPI) to estimate and update the inflation rate through the filtering mechanism. The stochastic real interest rate is assumed to follow the Vasicek-type model. The investor’s optimal portfolio selection is solved through the Martingale method. The result is given in a simple closed form solution. We show that the optimal strategy for the fund manager in hedging the inflation uncertainty is to incorporate a dynamic fixed income portfolio with different durations. Numerical illustration is provided to clarify our findings.
55

企業外匯避險實務:以新光鋼鐵為例 / Foreign Exchange Hedging Practice Case of Hsin Kuang Steel

簡明祥, Chien, Ming Hsiang Unknown Date (has links)
本篇論文以新光鋼鐵作為企業外匯避險實務之研究對象,從公司之經營策略及財務特性進行分析,並針對公司之長期避險策略與理念進行研究。 深受鋼鐵產業之產業特性影響,公司本業受景氣波動影響程度大。此外,為配合公司轉型,新光鋼鐵財務特性亦出現營運週期增加、存貨占公司資產比例偏高、速動比率偏低的現象,在因為企業轉型而使營運風險漸增的情形下,如何有效穩定公司現金流、降低風險為新光鋼鐵首要任務。新光鋼鐵銷貨成本約有六成以外幣結算,其中又以美元為大宗;對於毛利率偏低的產業而言,美元的變化對公司營運表現顯得格外重要,因此新光鋼鐵以長期匯率變化及市場觀察經驗,研擬出「比例式變動法」之動態避險準則,降低外匯變化對於公司營運之衝擊。本論文除介紹此動態避險準則外,同時亦著重公司長期體悟之避險心境法則。論文中以台灣過去所遭遇較嚴重之金融衝擊事件作為避險績效討論,分別為1997年亞洲金融風暴、2000年網路科技泡沫化、2008次級房貸事件及2013美國QE進場。在此重要事件中,新光鋼鐵因採取積極之避險策略,成功降低公司現金支付美元負債之支出,對企業維持長期競爭優勢具有一定幫助。從數據分析中發現,新光鋼鐵避險策略長期而言仍受匯率走勢之影響,然而在短期及市場極端狀況發生時,避險效果明確。對於多數台灣中小企業而言,避險之財務觀念仍未普遍,新光鋼鐵之避險邏輯及策略著實對於一般企業之風險控管運作,具有啟示效用。 / This study takes Hsin Kuang Steel for example to understand how corporates run foreign exchange hedging strategy. Hsin Kuang Steel operating business is severely affected by economic changes. Besides, as the company transforms the way they do business in recent years, the financial characteristics has changed, such as the increase in business cycle and inventory to asset ratio. In addition, they usually pay in US dollars, so it’s primary mission is to decrease its foreign exchange risk and stabilize cash flows. The company takes advantage of “dynamic hedging strategy” to hedge to minimize the effect of foreign exchange. We use 4 financial events to describe how effective the dynamic hedging strategy works, and also apply the multiple regression to test the the effectiveness of the hedging practice. During Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, Dot-com Bubble in 2000, Financial Crisis in 2008, and US Quantitative Easing in 2013, dynamic hedging strategy plays an important role in decreasing the cash outflow of US dollar debt. From the multiple regression analysis, we find that though Hsin Kuang Steel has high exposure to US dollars, the stock return has nothing to do with US exchange fluctuation both in short-term.
56

考慮族群間共同改善趨勢效果下之死亡率模型建構 / Mortality modeling based on traditional LC model and co-Improvement effect between populations

黃見桐, Hwang, Chien Tung Unknown Date (has links)
臺灣的男女死亡率皆呈現逐年遞減的趨勢,自1993年進入高齡化社會後,預計將會在2018年進入高齡社會;人口不斷老化的結果讓社會上不論人民或是如保險公司等年金提供者皆面臨愈來愈嚴重的長壽風險;目前現有文獻提出了許多方式以解決長壽風險,其中多數的方法皆需使用到對未來死亡率之預估。 本研究為了能夠更準確的預估未來死亡率的趨勢,參考了Lee Carter (1992)所提出之模型以及Li and Lee (2005)、Li (2013)提出之共同改善趨勢效果,提出考慮商品與商品間以及商品與整體人口間共同改善趨勢之死亡率模型;本研究利用臺灣之保險公司壽險及年金業務經驗死亡率和Human Mortality Database之臺灣人口資料對模型進行配適,並以MAE、MAPE、RMSE三項指標比較與Lee Carter模型之優劣。 最後,本研究利用所配適之模型進行預測,模擬自然避險之效果,檢視臺灣保險業進行自然避險的可能效益,並對決策者在於決定是否要進行自然避險方面給出建議。 / Taiwan became an aging society in 1993 and is expected to become an aged society in 2018. The progressive decrease in Taiwan mortality since the 20th century for both genders has made longevity risk a serious problem for both people and annuity provider in Taiwan. So far, the literature has discussed about how to deal with longevity risk and came out with several solutions which can be categorize as “industry self-insurance”, “ mortality projection improvement” and “capital market solutions” , most of them are related to the projection of mortality. In order to provide a more precise projection of future mortality trend, this article designs several models which collaborates Lee Carter Model (1992) and the common improvement trend suggested by Li and Lee (2005). Based on our models, the Taiwan insurance industry experience mortality data and the Taiwan population mortality data, we test the performance of our models and make comparison. Lastly, we use the model we find to project future mortality trend and try to make a simulation of natural hedging strategy in Taiwan. The purpose we do this is to test the performance of natural hedging method and give suggestion for the decision-maker when they are considering whether to execute a natural hedging strategy.
57

海外可轉換公司債融資及金融衝擊對台灣上市電子公司使用衍生性金融商品避險之研究

陳思勻, Chen , Szuyun Unknown Date (has links)
企業為了避免公司價值的變動受到匯率及利率風險的影響,一般而言均會採用衍生性金融商品進行避險,而台灣企業在衍生性金融商品市場逐漸成熟的這段期間中,也逐漸加入這股使用浪潮中,但是,究竟什麼才是決定企業是否避險的重要因素呢?什麼才是企業在取捨不同衍生性金融商品作為避險工具時的考量呢? 在此一研究領域中,存在許多國內外文獻進行探討,由於國內文獻大多著重於研究公司是否使用衍生性金融商品避險的重要決定因子,探討與何種理論相符,較少文獻針對公司在面臨外匯風險及利率風險後,如何選擇衍生性金融商品作為避險工具的議題加以研究,有鑑於此,本文著重於研究期貨、選擇權、遠期外匯、交換等衍生性金融商品的使用與公司特徵間的關係,探討是否與公司所面臨的匯率風險或利率風險相關?此外,2001年後海外可轉換公司債逐漸成為國內企業重要的融資工具,尤以上市電子公司最為重要,因此,本文的另一重點為探討「海外可轉換公司債」對企業避險行為及避險工具選擇之影響,並以台灣上市電子公司為研究樣本。最後,本文研究期間為1995年第1季∼2002年第2季,藉以觀察1997年下半年發生的東亞金融風暴及2001年中央銀行連續調降利率政策對企業避險行為及避險工具選擇之影響。 實證結果發現公司規模、長期負債比率、內部人持股比率、流動比率及外銷比率為台灣上市電子業公司是否使用衍生性金融商品避險的重要決定因素。在衍生性金融商品市場之交易成本具經濟規模型態及涉外風險多樣化的推論下,實證結果發現公司規模及外銷比率與選擇權、遠期外匯、交換衍生性金融商品的使用呈顯著正相關。此外,實證結果顯示台灣上市電子公司為規避發行海外可轉換公司債伴隨的外匯及利率風險,將傾向使用適合不確定性交易的選擇權及交換這兩種衍生性金融商品進行避險。由於長期負債對利率的敏感度較短期負債為高,所以長期負債的比率越高時,公司將會使用利率交換作為管理利率風險的工具。 東亞金融風暴後,台灣上市電子公司決定是否從事避險時,除考量公司規模外,更注重長期負債比率,以降低因東亞外匯市場大幅波動提高的財務危機成本。此外,外銷比率和公司避險決策呈十分顯著的正向關係,而且根據實證結果,避險工具含括選擇權、遠期外匯及交換,意味著國際化程度越高的公司在東亞金融風暴發生後意識到同時控管外匯風險及利率風險的重要。至於台灣上市電子公司規避外匯風險的工具,也因東亞金融風暴產生重要的衝擊,實證結果發現台灣上市電子公司在規避匯率風險時,將一部份從遠期外匯衍生性金融商品的使用轉為選擇權衍生性金融商品的使用,原因可能為在國內外情勢未明的情況下,國內上市電子公司貿然使用遠期外匯避險,反而可能使公司暴露於更大的匯率風險中,因此,公司將會使用較具彈性的選擇權作為避險工具。2001年中央銀行連續調降利率後,海外可轉換公司債和公司避險與否呈現顯著正相關,至於規避風險的種類,經由實證結果發現為利率風險。
58

投資型保險契約於不完全市場下定價之分析

許玉蕙 Unknown Date (has links)
投資型商品連動於特定資產,保險人除了面臨原有的核保風險,更需承擔部分的財務風險。傳統保險商品的純保費價格等於其預期損失,而投資型商品的保險給付依據投資標的波動,保險人的預期損失不易估算,傳統精算的評價方法不完全適用於投資型商品。保證最低給付的給付結構使得投資型商品其有選擇權的特質,Brennan與Schwartz(1976)首先利用選擇權定價理論探討附有保證最低給付投資型商品之價值與避險策略,爾後亦有許多文獻以此方向加以著墨,但選擇權定價理論是基於市場為完全市場的假設,保險市場為不完全市場,以完全市場假設之理論評定保險商品之價值實不合理。本為假設保險人面臨的風險為核保風險及財務風險,財務市場為完全市場,保險人可以藉由市場上的各種金融商品建構避險組合規避財務風險;而預期死亡人數與實際死亡人數所產生的核保誤差,保險人無法利用避險組合完全地規避,因此保險市場為不完全市場。 在不完全市場中請求權的價值牽涉投資者主觀的風險偏好,不存在唯一的平賭測度,請求權的價格也不唯一,最適避險策略依請求權的價格調整,所以投資型保險商品的價格不再等於其公平價值,真正的成交價格應落於買賣價差之中。本文引用Mercurio(1996)的結果,利用二次效用函數,以極大化保險人期末財富之效用為目標,建構生存險的合理價格範圍。以二元樹模型描述股票的波動,分別模擬五年、十年及十五年投資型生存險之價差範圍,保險人的風險規避程度、保單期限以及保證金額的高低將影響商品價差範圍的大小。 關鍵字:不完全市場、效用函數,買賣價差、最適避險策略 / Investment-linked life (LIL) insurance policies integrate the attributes from the mutual fund by introducing the investment options to the policyholders and life insurance through the benefit payments shielding the unexpected events of the insured. Since the execution of the implied options depends on the policyholder's health status. Actuarial equivalent principal and non-arbitrage pricing theory are used in evaluating the prices for LIL insurance policies. Brennan and Schwartz (1976) initially employ the option pricing theory in examining the pricing and hedging strategy for LIL insurance policies with minimum guarantees. Most published literatures are focusing on this issue adopting the B-S methodology. Since the values of the LIL policies cannot be replicated uniquely through the self-financing strategies due to underwriting risks of the insurance market. Insurance market does not satisfy the completeness assumptions, Due to lack of a unique martingale measure under market incompleteness, the utility assumption of the policyholder is involved in the pricing issue. Insurance pricing must consider the risk attitude of the investors in the market. Hence the cost the LIL insurance policies are not necessarily equal to the fair market prices. The market value should fall within the range of the bid and ask prices. In this study, we follow the approach in Mercurio (1996) by adopting the quadratic utility function and compute the reasonable range of the prices based on maximizing the terminal health utility function. Binary tree method is used in modeling the asset dynamics. Then the numerical computations are performed using endowment LIL insurance policies with 5, 10 and 15 years of duration. Based on the results, we find that the risk attitude of the policyholder, the policy duration and minimum amounts of the guarantees significantly affect the bid-ask price spread of LIL insurance policies. Keywords: market incompleteness; utility function; bid-ask spread; optimal hedging strategy.
59

新金融商品之定價、損益與避險策略研究

翁仁政, Weng, Jen Cheng Unknown Date (has links)
本研究論述分為兩大部份,均是以實務上之動態避險並以DELTA NEUTRAL為分析上之比較基礎,第一個部分是以認購權證發行商角度出發,考量發行實論述務架構、避險成本、交易成本,進而說明發行商造市及避險之損益結構及其關鍵因子,並以商品實例,分別使用模擬的資料、歷史回溯資料、發行後真實資料,配合不同的避險策略方法以量化方法來分析發行商損益及其風險。 另一部份則探討結構型商品,結構型商品在銷售上即對行銷通路付出通路手續費支出,發行後勿需有如認購權證之次級市場造市交易問題,因此在發行商損益上觀察,交易報價即反映了預期利潤與風險的對價或承擔,並以商品實例,藉以歷史資料基礎來估計分析模型之參數風險,並說明理論定價其值本為分配而非一固定數之本質,再者又取『發行商稅後損益佔期初理論利潤之比例』來作為衡量避險(複製商品之報償(PAYOFF))效率之指標,進一步論述發行商作交價報價時需充份考慮其本身之實際避險能力(即複製選擇權之成本),以免高估本身獲利能力而低報商品報價。 本文另從券商風險管理角度而言,建議以上兩項業務均可以設定商品標的之評價波動率等參數之計算準則,來區隔交易員避險操作使用之避險波動率等參數,並以DELTA NEUTRAL及上述評價參數為基礎來求算應避險金額,以利與實際避險金額作比較,了解商品操作其超缺避情況是否有逾發行商內外規規定,以此來落實執行證券商商品操作風險管理。 本論文最重要結論是具體建議並提出發行商對所發行商品標的之篩選及避險策略等之系統性評估方法,並對商品發行前及發行後之評估所用之研究方法作詳細說明,對發行商而言其重點為了解此系統性評估方法,並利用電腦化在每次發行前作此研究,可作為標的是否適合發行之考量參考,及交易員之發行前指導及情境分析使用,以提昇操作上對市況變化之因應敏感度,發行後也可以交易員其操作實際損益來比較是否有優於本文所論述之程式性交易結果,以作為判別交易員表績效表現參考,並作為該商品在未來再發行時,其交易操作方法提昇之參考。
60

風險與租稅對政府補貼, 消費者休閒與產業投資影響之研究 / The Effect of Risk and Taxation on Government Subsidy, Consumer's Leisure and Industry Investment

潘聖潔, Pan, Sheng-Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
本研究共包含三篇論文,首先修正von Hagen and Hepp(2000)所建立模型分析政府的財源轉移之風險分散與重分配動態效果。整體而言,補助與協助收入或統籌分配款所產生的所得與稅收風險分散或重分配效果相當有限,且各分區(北、中、南與全區)的結論差異甚大,顯示財源轉移發揮的效率不足。統籌分配款對於改善稅收的風險分散與重分配上,效果優於補助與協助收入。各縣市取得的補助與協助收入或統籌分配款高於長期所得與稅收風險分散與重分配所應對應的額度,造成資源浪費。就全區而言,前幾期稅收(所得)風險分散變化,可作為短期調整補助與協助收入(統籌分配款)的依據;統籌分配款與稅收的風險分散、補助與協助收入或統籌分配款與稅收重分配均存在雙向因果關係。 其次,在分析勞動者的休閒時間選擇時,本文修正跨期選擇模型,考慮勞動者持有投資組合與採取避險措施,並面對租稅問題下,以導出休閒時間方程式。實證上採用混合估計法針對12種樣本產業及兩種不同休閒時間衡量方式進行估計,結果顯示不同休閒時間衡量方式,影響估計結果甚鉅;金融市場的變化與波動攸關休閒時間變動:國內外利率、匯率與遠期匯率等與投資組合報酬相關的變數,在多數情況下顯著地影響休閒時間變動,且各變數對於休閒時間的影響程度,在工業中的次級產業大於服務業中的次產業。此外,採行周休二日制度確實改變制度採行前後的休閒時間,惟在三個工業次產業上則不明顯。 最後,修正Bo and Sterken (2002) 所建立的最適動態模型,分析公司價值不確定與租稅措施對海運廠商投資的影響,經由最大化公司價值導出影響台灣海運公司投資的三種不確定來源與避險措施,並進行實證估計。實證結果顯示,不確定的衡量方式攸關投資函數的估計結果,以指數加權移動平均標準差衡量不確定時,其估計結果優於以GARCH(1,1)衡量不確定,隱含廠商較在乎可預期波動對投資的影響。一般而言,廠商利率與原油價格的波動增加,均不利於公司投資,其中以原油價格不確定對於投資的影響最大,其效果約略與廠商利率相當。其次,影響海運公司投資最重要的三項因素均分別為BDI、負債與廠商利率,顯示價格與債務規模的重要性更甚於利率。此外,三種公司價值不確定來源對投資的影響,在多數個別公司之間並無顯著的差異,有助於採行總體財金政策以刺激投資。 / This dissertation contains three articles. First I revise the models set up by von Hagen and Hepp (2000) to analyze the dynamic effects of the Aid and Assistance and central government’s Tax Redistribution Fund on income (or tax) risk sharing and redistribution. For all the counties in Taiwan area the effects are tiny, but those are diverse among the counties in each Taiwan sub-area. The Aid and Assistance and central government’s Tax Redistribution Fund actually obtained by each county are larger than the amounts required to maintain long-term risk sharing and redistribution effects. These all imply that fiscal transfer is inefficiency. The effects of the central government’s Tax Redistribution Fund on risk sharing and redistribution are larger than those of Aid and Assistance. The central government can adjust the Aid and Assistance based on the change of earlier-period ax (income) risk sharing effect. Moreover, the existence of significant short-run interaction between the central government’s Tax Redistribution Fund and tax risk sharing, the Aid and Assistance and tax redistribution. Secondly, I revise intertemporal choice model by considering portfolio selection, hedging and taxation problems to derive economic agent’s leisure time equation. In empirical study, we focus on twelve sample industries and two different leisure time measurements, then adopt pooled estimation to estimate leisure time equation. Empirical results show that different measurement of leisure time influences estimation outcomes tremendously. Furthermore, the financial variables affecting portfolio return, including domestic and foreign interest rates, exchange rate and forward rate almost have remarkable effect on leisure time. Finally, the effect of each explanatory variable on leisure time is larger in industry than in service industry. Finally, I revise the optimal intertemporal model, constructed by Bo and Sterken (2002), by maximizing corporate value to derive three uncertainty sources and hedging influencing shipping-firm investment. Empirical evidences show that it is relevant for the estimation results to adopt which methods to measure the uncertainty. The outcomes derived from taking the Exponential Weighted Moving Average model to measure uncertainty are better than those from adopting the GARCH(1,1) model. Generally, as the volatilities in firm’s interest rate and crude oil price increase, firm investment decreases and the effect of crude oil price uncertainty on investment, the largest among the four effects, is nearly equal to that of firm interest rate on investment. Furthermore, BDI, debt and firm interest rate are the most important variables influencing firm investment. Finally, the effects of three uncertainty sources on investment are almost indifferent among the ten shipping-firms.

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