近年來資通訊科技與網路帶動了電子商務之發展，網路商店如雨後春筍般的成立，許多具有實體通路的企業，亦紛紛投入網路市場建立網路商店以分食網路市場利潤，成為所謂的「虛實整合」企業。而成功的虛實整合企業不僅需要虛實通路間的相互合作以擴增市場，同時也得克服兩通路間可能因業績而產生自相競食的狀況。由此可知虛實通路間存在既競爭又合作的複雜關係。 因此本研究藉由競合策略的觀點，來探討具實體通路的企業經營虛擬通路的過程以及其虛實通路間的競合關係。研究方法上採取質性的個案研究方式，並以特力集團做為深入的個案研究對象。期望研究成果同時帶來實務上與學術上的貢獻。 本研究所得到的結論如下： 1.企業在已有實體通路下經營虛擬通路時，會將虛擬通路部門定位為行銷平台，並採取「網站接單，但實體出貨」的營運方式，同時也會透過品牌、商品品項、品質及價格等方面的統一來避免消費者的混淆。 2. 企業的虛擬通路部門面對實體通路部門時，會透過換位思考的方式運用利誘和施壓之策略，且同時搭配篩選實體合作店與分配訂單的配套措施，使實體通路部門在競爭下與之合作。 3. 企業的虛擬通路部門面對實體通路部門時，打破營運框架引導網站顧客至實體通路消費，並結合自身的核心優勢吸引更多顧客前往網站瀏覽、下單，以提升其營運業績。 / In recent years, Internet brought along the growth of electronic commerce; Internet shops sprung up like mushrooms, and many companies with physical distribution channels one after another have also invested into online marketing to create Internet shops and to share Internet market profits, becoming so-called “click-and-mortar” business. However, for expanding the market successful “click-and-mortar” businesses not only the enterprises need to ensure mutual cooperation between virtual and physical channels, but at the same time also have to overcome mutual cannibalization of the two types of channels. Thus, it can be seen that there exist both cooperation and competition between virtual and physical channels. The study aims to investigate the operations of virtual channels in the enterprises of “click-and-mortar” with existing physical channels. We will analyze “co-opetition” relations between virtual and physical channels by modifying the framework of game theory’s five elements for the situation of co-opetition. Then, we select corporate group Test Rite International Co., Ltd. for our case study subject and use in-depth interview so major approach for the study. We hope the research results bring both academic and practical contributions. The study will examine research problems from three perspectives. Firstly, how does the company position and manage virtual channels under already with established physical channels. Secondly, how does the department of virtual channels cooperate with the department of physical channels for using its resources? Thirdly, how does the department of virtual channels compete with the department of physical channels? Through the case study in our research, we conclude: (1) The enterprise with established physical channels, positions the department of virtual channels as the platform for distribution and performs the operation mode “take orders by website, deliver products through physical channel”, and avoids confusing customers by unification of brands, product items, quality, and price.(2) When working with the department of physical channels, the department of virtual channels develops inducement and suppression strategy by “putting itself in other’s place” thinking pattern. It makes the department of physical channels cooperate under competition by adjusting measures for choosing cooperation with physical channel stores and distribution of orders. (3) By the special strategies, such as attracting customers to visit virtual channels, the department of virtual channels breaks down the operating framework by combining its own advantages, and wins over more customers to visit the webpage for browsing and ordering, by this increasing the operating performance.

隨著電子化學習(E-Learning)環境技術的普及，線上學習與線上測驗已成為資訊教育的重要議題。但是因為填充題及問答題等測驗類型在線上測驗系統上實施有許多問題需克服，當線上測驗系統提供填充題及問答題等題型測驗時，將會產生嚴重的測驗評分等化(Equation)問題。目前線上測驗系統大多仍以是非題、單選題及複選題等題型為主，雖有少數線上測驗系統提供填充題及其他開放式填答的測驗類型，但仍未針對受測者填答之答案進行的語意自動評分。 / 另外，現有線上測驗系統未提供教師設定個人化的評分風格，對於多位教師共用測驗系統平台時所產生的評分規則認知衝突，系統也未提供支援與解決，為了解決上述問題，並使線上測驗能具備與傳統測驗相同的評量效力，本研究使用模糊理論、相似語意詞庫及人工智慧概念等，發展一個線上測驗及智慧評分子系統，此系統除了包括一般測驗系統所提供的是非、單選、複選等題型外，也包含採用智慧評分機制來評分的填充題，完成雛形系統的建置後，本研究再針對傳統紙筆測驗、一般型評分機制、及本研究的智慧型評分機制進行評分效力比較的實證研究。 / 此部分的實證研究結果顯示，在包含填充題型的測驗中，不同的評分機制在測驗成績的評分結果上會有顯著差異，而智慧型評分機制運作初期雖然可以減少與紙筆評分間的差異，並改善一般型評分機制的評分效力，但仍無法在統計上獲得具有相同評分效力的結果。但是智慧評分機制在擴充詞彙語意後，「已擴充語意後的智慧評分機制」與「紙筆評分」的評分結果並無顯著差異，其顯示出若在包括填充題型的線上測驗系統中加入具有擴充詞彙語意關係知識的功能，並提供多功能的智慧型模糊評分機制，允許教師輸入代表個人評分風格習慣的評分規則參數，則線上評分系統將有可能具有與紙筆評分相同的評分效力來處理具有填充題題型的測驗工作。 / 然而線上測驗並不只是在測驗後給予受測者一個分數而已，而應該讓學習者了解自己在知識向度及認知向度的學習結果，因此測驗系統的試題若能包含Bloom教育目標分類資訊，將促使測驗活動能給予學習者更大的幫助。為了降低教師製作試題的負擔，本研究也以本體論、詞彙網路、Bloom分類理論、中文語意庫、人工智慧為基礎，提出一個輔助教師產製題庫的系統架構，並使電腦所產製的試題能涵蓋新版Bloom認知領域教育目標分類中的知識向度及認知向度概念。本研究在電腦輔助教師產製題庫的成果上，不僅能減少教師人工出題的負擔，系統產製的試題也能評量事實、概念及程序等三種知識及記憶、了解、應用、分析及評鑑等五種認知向度能力。受限於線上測驗系統能自動評分的四種題型，本研究尚無法產製屬於創造認知層次的試題，但是卻已能產製出包含基本知識概念的試題，並能提供具有Bloom概念的測驗題庫來評量學習成效。此外，本研究亦針對電子化學習環境，提出適用於線上測驗系統的試題品質及評分等化能力評估概念模式，強調Bloom理論在線上測驗系統環境中的使用範圍與限制。此模式也透過測驗等化觀念，針對教育領域測驗理論在評估試題品質概念上提出新的觀點。 / Since the rapid E-learning development, the online learning and testing have been important topics of information education. Currently teachers still need to spend much time on creating and maintaining on-line testing item banks. Some researches have applied the new Bloom's taxonomy to design meaningful learning assessments. This research has applied ontology, Bloom's taxonomy, Chinese semantic database, artificial intelligence, semantic web, to design an on-line course learning system to assist teachers in creating test items. / Most of present on-line testing only has multiple choice items and true-false items. Though some provide fill-in-blank items, they can only recognize the answers either all right or all wrong through the simple computer binary pattern matching. In order to have the same evaluation effects as the traditional paper-and-pencil testing, this research will adopt the concepts of fuzzy theory, thesaurus, set, and artificial intelligence to develop the fuzzy scoring mechanism. The proposed on-line testing system will have true-false, multiple-choice, and fil-in-blank items. The latter will be graded through fuzzy judgment that is naturally endowed by the human teachers. / In addition, the past research indicated that e-learning students would learn more if provided appropriate feedback messages. In this research will add feedback messages to the proposed system according to different situations. The proposed on-line testing system will not only grade the test items, but also explain the answers and provide related materials to the testers. / The result of study are: (1) we could design the test items that would need a particular cognitive process to a particular type of knowledge, though we still could not have items to test “creative” level of cognitive process; (2) the test items could be used to assess the learning level meaningfully; (3) the computer would assist teachers to create a large number items, and save time of making item; (4) that different scoring mechanisms have a significant effect on test scores; (5) at the beginning, though our fuzzy on-line testing system is significantly better than the usual on-line testing system, it could not achieve the same effect as the paper-and-pencil testing; (6) after expanding semantic vocabularies from feedbacks, our fuzzy scoring mechanism is equivalent to paper-and-pencil.

近年來由於網際網路的發達，帶動電子商務的興起、活絡，消費者消費型態的改變直接的衝擊到各個零售通路的經營，台灣地區便利商店的發展更是快速，密集度位居全球之冠。 未來，如何在有限的實體空間下，充分發揮連鎖型便利商店據點多、分佈廣、以及全天候營業的特性，運用虛擬化的模式擴大經營服務的範圍。 本研究是以便利商店業就其在代收服務、電子商務服務、預購服務、以及物流服務導入虛擬化經營模式的作業架構及作業流程一一探討，在其演進的過程中都是以如何提供消費者更便利的服務為前提。 / In recent years, eBusiness has grown enormously due to the popularity of the Internet. This change in consumers' buying habits has a direct impact on the management of retail businesses, including convenience stores. The density of these stores in Taiwan ranks among the highest in the world, and their numbers are rapidly increasing. In the future, with limited available space, how shall we use the virtual business operation model to expand the scope of the management and service using benefits of convenience stores, such as multiple locations, wide distribution and 24/7 availability? In this research, we discuss methods to provide better service to consumers, by using the virtual business operation flowchart along with services provided by convenience stores, such as bill payment, eBusiness, pre-sale and logistics services.

智慧型手機的銷售量從2010年的300萬台成長到2014年的12億台，呈現爆發性的成長，台灣2014年智慧型手機銷售量也達一千萬台，已經是人手一隻智慧型手機的時代。智慧型手機改變了人們的生活習慣，相信未來智慧型手機的應用將蓬勃發展。 智慧型手機的崛起，使得和銀行交易的行為也可以在手機上完成，且許多非銀行公司也想要分食這塊商機，雖然台灣受到法律規範的限制，金融相關服務只有銀行才能推出，但政府已有慢慢開放法律規範，讓越來越多人可以進入，因此銀行業也面臨相當大的考驗。 本研究以永豐銀行、台新銀行、玉山銀行等三家銀行業者作為個案研究的對象，希望透過本論文研究，探討銀行業者在因應行動科技的崛起與變化時，其組織服務創新的策略思維；同時，也探討其發展行動服務創新時，內部的組織方式、新服務開發管理、以及與顧客的溝通方式。本研究所得到的初步結論包括：(1)銀行業者因應行動科技的快速發展下，會更強調對消費者生活習性的瞭解，以推出解決消費者痛點的新服務。(2)銀行業者因應行動科技的快速發展下，會進行更多的異業結合，以發展更多整合性的服務創新金融服務。(3)銀行業者因應行動科技的快速發展下，會在電子金融相關部門招納更多元的人才，以推出更創新的服務。(4)銀行業者因應行動科技的快速發展下發展金融服務創新時，會讓電子金融部門與其他部門進行更多的跨部門合作。另外，若要加速新服務的開發時，則會採用重量級專案團隊的組織方式。(5)銀行業者因應行動科技的快速發展下，會增加與顧客互動的管道，以求更瞭解顧客的需求。本文最後並提出實務上的意涵與後續研究的建議。 / When smartphones came to the world, its had an big impact to people’s life. There were only 3 millions smartphone shipments in 2010,but later, there were 1.2 billion shipments in 2014.There has a big growth. Also in Taiwan, there are over 10 millions shipments in 2014. We can say this is a mobile era. We can predict that mobile application will mushroom in the future. When the rises of smartphone, we can do many things through smartphone. For example, we can receive e-mail, send a message to a friend, take a photo or make a financial trade with smartphone. Now, many non-financial companies serve financial service through smartphone. Although there are many legislation restrictions in Taiwan, only bankers can provide financial service. But legislation restrictions will reduce. So banking industry is facing a great challenge. In this study, we discuss how bankers develop mobile financial service. Meanwhile, we also discuss how they organize their electric finance department, how they develop a new financial service and how they communicate with their customers. Based on the case study, the initial findings includes: (1) To face mobile trends, banks will focus on customer habits. Otherwise, banks will release new service to solve customer’s pain points. (2) To face mobile trends, banks will cooperate with non-financial industries. (3) To face mobile trends, E-finance department will recruit employees with diverse backgrounds. (4) To face mobile trends, banks will have many inter-departmental working group. If necessary, banks will set up heavyweight teams. (5) To face mobile trends, banks will increase channels to communicate with customers. The study finally addresses the contribution of this research in academia and the suggestions to practitioners and follow-on researchers.

一般而言，股東會議程所有議案資訊必須事前揭露給全體股東，提供股東充分資訊，其方能在充分瞭解下作成投票決定。惟我國公司法長久以來承認股東有臨時動議與議案修正之權利，允許出席股東就第一七二條第五項規定除外事項之其他一切事項，在股東會現場提出臨時動議或原議案之修正，此舉不但將形成股東會議程資訊之漏洞，復以實務一般認為只要未違反第一七二條第五項之規定，股東可以在現場以臨時動議提議召開股東臨時會針對法定除外事項進行決議，或在同一議題下，可以提出任何修正案，而架空第一七二條之一股東提案權制度所寓有之資訊揭露功能。在無法獲得充分資訊之下，股東應當如何行使表決權，尤其未出席股東以書面或電子方式事前行使表決權時，更是需要充分資訊，否則一旦面對臨時動議或議案修正時，其表決權將依法視為棄權，更進一步衍生出表決權操縱和應否親自出席之問題，橫生枝節，臨時動議與議案修正之突襲性問題，亟待解決。 因此，參考美國、日本、德國、英國、香港、韓國和中國大陸公司法制，公司法應明文要求將股東會議程之主要內容或要領記載於召集通知中，股東會不得就召集通知所未記載之議案進行決議，股東如欲發表任何意見，應循事前提案權提出，而非在現場提出臨時動議或議案修正突襲其他股東。因此，本文建議禁止在現場提出任何臨時動議或議案修正。 / Generally speaking, the agenda of general meeting, including all motions, should be disclosed to all shareholders of the company in advance of a general meeting to provide them with sufficient information to vote (informed voting). However, according to Taiwan Company Act, shareholders have right to move extemporary motions or amendments all but any items as set forth in §172(5) hereof at the meeting. This will not only come to be a loophole resulting from blank statements in a notice of a general meeting, but also sideline the information disclosure function by implication of shareholder proposal in §172-1, because the court hold that the shareholder are entitled to move an extemporary motion to call a meeting to make a resolution on exclusion items in §172(5), or any amendment under the same subject. Thus shareholders are unable to vote without sufficient information, especially who cast their vote through writing or electronic transmission without participating in person in advance of the meeting. In case of extemporary motions or amendments, shareholders who cast vote through writing or electronic transmission shall be deemed to withhold their voting power. This result would bring some issues of manipulation of voting power and whether shareholders who have cast their vote through writing or electronic transmission should participate in person afterwards or not. However, extemporary motions and amendments with surprising nature shall be or shall not be, that is the question. In order to deal with this problem, the main component or general nature of items in the agenda of a general meeting shall be stated in the notice, and only the items stated in the notice could be validly passed at the general meeting by referring to the Company Act of the U.S., Japan, Germany, U.K., Hong Kong, South Korea, and Mainland China. If shareholders are willing to express their opinions, they should propose to ask to put in the agenda in advance of the meeting, instead of moving extemporary motions and amendments to surprise the others. This study suggests that no extemporary motion or amendment shall be allowed to move at the general meeting.

資訊與通訊科技的發達，公部門將其應用在公民參與，形成電子化參與。然而，由於政策議題的複雜使得一般大眾對其不甚了解而選擇冷漠，一般大眾將此種複雜的議題交給公部門中的行政菁英作決策，長久以來形成菁英文化。雖然近年來，文官致力於推展電子化參與，但電子化參與所獲得的網路民意，多半具有非理性、瑣碎、情緒化等特性，可能促使公部門菁英文化更加顯著，而影響電子化參與的推展。為了解公部門菁英文化是否會影響文官電子化參與的推展，利用計畫行為理論為研究架構。然而，由於計畫行為理論經常用於非組織內行為的研究，因此忽略組織無形因素的影響（例如：組織文化），因此本研究在利用計畫行為理論為研究架構檢視文官推展電子化參與時，特別納入菁英文化。本研究以文官推展網路民意論壇為研究範圍，採用問卷調查法，以非隨機抽樣，發放250份問卷，回收185份，回收率為74%，有效問卷為179份。 本研究主要發現為，第一、以計畫行為理論檢視組織內個體行為，雖然皆有顧及資源和機會等組織有形的影響因素，然而，許多研究忽略組織抽象的影響因素，如組織氣候，組織文化等。第二、菁英文化對於文官推展民意論壇的行為意圖有其影響性，只是僅有菁英文化其中之一的概念－公務人員相對於民眾對本身知識的看法對於行為意圖有影響，另一概念－公務人員相對於民眾對本身主導與影響力的看法則無影響。第三、計畫行為理論預測行為意圖僅考量態度、主觀規範、認知行為控制，然而，本研究認為在檢視文官推展民意論壇行為意圖時，更需考量菁英文化對行為意圖的直接影響。 為了改善菁英文化對於文官推展民意論壇的影響，本研究對此提出的實務建議有三，第一、利用願景工作坊改善文官對於菁英文化的看法，第二、促使電子化參與制度化使得網路民意品質提升，第三、文官民意分析能力提升以及機關資源的有效利用，促使文官提高推展民意論壇的行為頻率。而本研究後續研究建議有五，第一、樣本代表性的改善，第二、檢驗電子化參與的不同個案，第三、應用結構方程模型及質化研究方法，第四、檢視菁英文化與主觀規範之間的中介變項，第五、檢視菁英文化與行為意圖之間的調節變項。 / The civil servants have set into e-participation due to the fast development of information communication technologies (ICTs). However, because the public can’t understand policy domain knowledge in decision making, they expect the civil servants to cope with these professional matters. This long-term dependence on the civil servants and their expertise may foster the elite culture in the public sector and the elite culture has also impact on the civil servants’ intention for e-participation. In my thesis, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) is used to design and survey the above-mentioned elite culture situation for the public servants dealing with e-participation. The survey focuses on the civil servants’ intention and behavior of handling e-forum. 250 copies of questionnaires (non-probability sampling) are distributed and 185 copies returned, with 179 valid responses. Through data analysis, there are three key research findings. First, the majority of the existing research includes the physical organizational factors such as organizational resources. However, many previous studies do not include the implicit organizational factors such as organizational climate, organizational culture. Second, elite culture has general impact on the civil servants’ intention of setting into e-forum. However, only the civil servants’ evaluation of citizens’ policy expertise has impact on the intention; the other concepts fail to affect their attitude. Third, the study proposes to add elite culture to the existing TPB framework when we study the civil servants’ intention of setting into e-forum. To change elite culture’s impact on the civil servants’ intention, my thesis addresses three pragmatic suggestions. First, the civil servants can change their perspectives of elite culture through the scenario workshop. Second, the institutionalization of e-participation can enhance the quality of public opinions. Third, the enhancement of the civil servants’ ability of public opinions analysis and efficiency of organization resources can contribute to their performance of e-participation. The following research suggestions are recommended, including improving the representative of samples, studying multiple cases of e-participation, applying structural equation modeling and qualitative methods, studying the potential mediating variables between elite culture and subjective norm, and studying the moderating variables between elite culture and intention.

近年來臺灣民眾的閱讀習慣開始改變，透過數位載具進行閱讀的人口逐漸增加。面對數位閱讀時代的來臨，圖書館為了推廣數位閱讀，陸續提供電子書閱讀器借閱服務。由於國內圖書館推動這項服務仍在起步階段，針對電子書閱讀器借閱服務之使用研究有其必要性。 因此，本研究以整合性科技接受模式為理論基礎，探討圖書館讀者對電子書閱讀器借閱服務之使用行為、行為意願及其影響因素，並分析讀者之性別、教育程度、學院別、數位閱讀載具使用經驗、電子書使用經驗等個人特徵，對影響因素與行為意願之調節效果。 本研究以交通大學的學生為研究對象，並以「交通大學圖書館電子書閱讀器借閱服務之使用調查」問卷為研究工具。問卷調查結果以描述統計、相關分析、多元迴歸分析與階層迴歸分析進行分析，研究結果如下： 1.讀者主要透過同儕分享得知電子書閱讀器借閱服務； 2.讀者使用電子書閱讀器借閱服務之主要動機為體驗使用iPad 2； 3.閱讀電子書是讀者使用電子書閱讀器借閱服務之主要用途； 4.網路免費電子書是讀者閱讀電子書的主要來源； 5.讀者主要利用Google或其他搜尋引擎查詢電子書； 6.讀者閱讀電子書時遭遇的困難以眼睛疲倦感與電子書內容不足佔最多數； 7.讀者對iPad 2閱讀電子書的整體經驗多數感到滿意； 8.讀者未借用iPad 2的最主要原因是不知有電子書閱讀器借閱服務，再者是iPad 2數量不足； 9.多數讀者願意使用電子書閱讀器借閱服務，也願意繼續使用該服務，並樂意推薦他人； 10.讀者使用電子書閱讀器借閱服務的行為意願之影響因素包括：績效期望、努力期望與社群影響，其中社群影響最具預測力； 11.讀者的性別、教育程度、學院別、數位閱讀載具使用經驗、電子書使用經驗等五項個人特徵對影響因素與行為意願之關係不具調節效果。 本研究針對上述結果加以討論，並提出相關建議，提供圖書館推行該服務，以及未來研究之參考。 / In recent years people's reading habits have begun to change, and the population of digital reading device users has been growing gradually. Face with the coming era of digital reading, libraries provide e-book reader lending services one after another in order to promote digital reading. Since the library services in Taiwan are still at the initial stage, it is necessary to examine the use of e-book reader lending service. Therefore this study was based on UTAUT（Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology）. The purpose of this study was to investigate reader's behavior, intention and determinants toward e-book reader lending service, and examine moderators of the relationships between determinants and intention, including gender, education, academy, digital reading device experience and e-book experience. In this research, students at National Chiao Tung University were chosen as the testing participants. The instruments used in the study was the National Chiao Tung University Library E-book Reader Lending Service Use Survey. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression analysis, and hierarchical regression. The findings of the study were as follows: 1.Most readers know about e-book reader lending service by peer sharing; 2.The motivation of most readers using e-book reader lending service is to try iPad 2; 3.Majority of readers use e-book reader lending service for reading e-books; 4.Most readers read e-books that are from internet and for free; 5.Majority of readers find e-books on Google or other search engines; 6.Most readers have difficulty with reading e-books because of eyestrain and lack of content; 7.Most readers feel satisfied with the e-book reading experience on the iPad 2; 8.Majority of readers have not borrowed the iPad 2 because of not knowing the service and lack of iPad 2; 9.Most readers willing to use e-book reader lending service and use the service continuously. They also willing to recommend others to use the service; 10.The determinants of intention to use e-book reader lending service among students at National Chiao Tung University include performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence. The predictive power of social influence is highest among all determinants. 11.Personal characteristics of the readers including gender, education, academy, digital reading device experience and e-book experience don't moderate the relationships between determinants and intention. According to the findings above, this study provided some suggestions for libraries to promote the service, and future research suggestions.

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隨著全球電子商務的蓬勃發展，為在資訊流通與資料保護之間取得平衡，跨境資訊流動議題在國際經貿整合中往往也成為各國談判的焦點之一。其中，TPP中各國更進一步地處理「當地設立伺服器」議題，並提案將以「必要性測試」作為各國施行該措施之前提，本文遂就該測試在相關措施下之運作進行探討，並針對我國未來制度上與國際接軌之方向提出建議。 本文透過文獻分析法，歸納出必要性測試的評估過程中有「替代性措施對政策目標之貢獻程度」、「政策目標或價值之重要性」、「對國際貿易之限制性」幾個重要因素，另外在針對澳洲措施的分析中，有司法管轄權、技術、國際間合作狀況與行政成本，需納入考量之因素。然而，我國法制中尚未有更具體的管制措施，而經貿協議中僅止於承認彼此之資訊流通管制規範。未來或可參考澳洲之做法，同時由前歸納之因素評估該作法之必要性。 / The issue of trans-border data flow has been treated as one of those significant trade liberalization topics while global electronic commerce continues to surge and countries are striving to build common ground on the balance between data flow as well as data protection. Among these efforts of trade integration, “necessity test” was proposed when the members within TPP go further to negotiate whether the regulation of “localization data center” should be banned or not. In this article, we will conduct analysis toward how will the test work with potentially disputing measures and provide suggestions for Taiwan’s legislation to be geared to international treaties and standards. Through documentary analysis, factors evaluated against possible alternative measures when exercising necessity tests are summed up as contribution made by the compliance measure to the enforcement of the law or regulation at issue, the importance of the common interests or values protected by that law or regulation, and the accompanying impact of the law or regulation on imports or exports. Furthermore, as what has been shown by analyzing the Australian measure, we concluded that jurisdiction, techniques, international cooperation and administrative costs should also be taken into account. However, due to the lack of more practical measures and the topic in Taiwan’s concluded trade agreements is still in its infancy, I suggested that related authority can take the Australia’s measure as an example on basis of the above-mentioned factors.