本研究旨在瞭解基隆市國民小學校長願景領導與教師工作投入之現況，並分析不同背景變項之教師在知覺校長願景領導與教師工作投入之差異情形，以及探討兩者之相關情形，最後藉由校長願景領導對教師工作投入進行預測。 本研究採問卷調查法，研究對象為基隆市34所公立國民小學，共計513位教師，有效問卷502份，可用率達97.86％，問卷回收後分別以描述性統計分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、Pearson積差相關、多元迴歸等統計方法進行統計分析。本研究獲致結論如下： 一、基隆市國民小學教師知覺校長願景領導為中高程度，以「願景的共識與轉化」知覺程度最高，其次由高至低依序為「願景的建構與發展」、「願景實踐與推廣」、「願景的回饋與修正」。 二、基隆市國民小學教師知覺教師工作投入為中高程度，以「工作樂趣」知覺程度最高，其次由高至低依序為「工作評價」、「工作專注」、「工作認同」、「工作參與」。 三、基隆市國民小學以男性、31-40歲、擔任主任職務與學校規模在12班（含）以下及13-23班之教師知覺「校長願景領導」的程度較高。 四、基隆市國民小學以服務年資11-20年、擔任主任職務與學校規模在12班（含）以下及24班（含）以上之教師知覺「教師工作投入」的程度較高。 五、校長願景領導與教師工作投入有顯著正相關，校長願景領導行為愈高，教師工作投入情形也愈高。 六、校長願景領導對教師工作投入具有預測力，以「願景的共識與轉化」對教師工作投入最有預測力。 最後，本研究根據研究結果提出具體建議，以供學校及未來研究之參考。 / This study aimed to investigate the status of principles’ visionary leadership and teachers’ job involvement in elementary schools in Keelung City, to analyze the differences of perceptions from different background teachers about principles’ visionary leadership and teachers’ job involvement, and to explore the relationship among these two variables. At last, predict teachers’ job involvement by principles’ visionary leadership. Questionnaire survey method was adopted in this study. The samples are teachers of public elementary schools in Keelung City, including 513 teachers from 34 elementary schools. There were 502 valid questionnaires finally used in the statistic analysis, and effective response rate is 97.86%. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. The conclusions are as follows: 1. Perceptions about principles’ visionary leadership from elementary school teachers in Keelung City is mid-high level.Among all, the sense to the “consensus and internalization of vision” is relatively the highest, and then the orders from high to low are “construction and development of vision”, “practice and promotion of vision” and “feedback and correction of vision”. 2. Perceptions about teachers’ job involvement from elementary school teachers in Keelung City is mid-high level. Among all, the sense to the “job enjoyment” is relatively the highest, and then the orders from high to low are “job self-evaluation”, “job concentration”, “job identification” and “job participation”. 3. Teachers of elementary schools in Keelung City are male, 41 to 50 years old, the chief of department, and from school which has 12 or 13-23 classes show higher perception about principles’ visionary leadership. 4. Teachers of elementary schools in Keelung City serve 11-20 years in school, work as the chief of department, and from school which has less than 12 or more than 24 classes school show higher perception about teachers’ job involvement. 5. There is significant positive correlation between principles’ visionary leadership and teachers’ job involvement in elementary schools in Keelung City. The higher the behaviors of principals’ visionary leadership are, the scores of teachers’ job involvement are also higher. 6. Principles’ visionary leadership has predictability on teachers’ job involvement, and “consensus and internalization of vision”has the highest predictive effect. Finally, based on the results of the research, suggestions for school administration, and future related research are provided.

本研究旨在探討竹苗區國民中學教師知覺校長願景領導、學校組織氣氛與學校效能之關係。為達研究目的，首先蒐集相關文獻資料加以探討分析，瞭解校長願景領導、學校組織氣氛與學校效能之內涵，以建立本研究架構之理論基礎，及問卷編製的依據。在實證研究上採調查研究法，以竹苗區公立國民中學教師為樣本對象，採「分層隨機抽樣」方式，進行研究資料的蒐集，共發出600份問卷，有效問卷582份，回收可用率達97.0%。問卷回收後，分別以描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關及逐步多元迴歸等進行統計分析。 綜合文獻探討及調查研究結果，本研究獲致研究結論如下： 一、竹苗區國中教師知覺校長願景領導屬於中高程度，其中以「願景的發展與宣導」層面最佳。 二、竹苗區國中教師知覺學校組織氣氛屬於中高程度，其中以「教師承諾行為」層面最佳。 三、竹苗區國中教師知覺學校效能屬中高程度，其中以「有效的教學品質」層面最佳。 四、在「校長願景領導」方面，不同「學校位置」背景變項之國中教師，知覺校長願景領導有顯著差異。 五、在「學校組織氣氛」方面，不同「性別」、「現任職務」、任職學校「校長性別」及「學校位置」背景變項之教師，知覺學校組織氣氛有顯著差異。 六、在「學校效能」方面，不同「學校規模」及「學校位置」背景變項之教師，知覺學校效能有顯著差異。 七、竹苗區國中校長願景領導與學校組織氣氛具有顯著相關。 八、竹苗區國中校長願景領導與學校效能具有顯著相關。 九、竹苗區國中學校組織氣氛與學校效能具有顯著相關。 十、竹苗區國中校長願景領導與學校組織氣氛對學校效能具有顯著預測作用。 根據以上研究結果，提出具體建議，提供教育行政機關、學校行政及教師未來相關研究之參考。 / The overall objective of this study is to estimate the associations among the principal’s visionary leadership, school organization climate, and school effectiveness in Hsinchu and Miaoli junior high schools. To achieve the research purposes, a literature review was conducted to understand the principal’s visionary leadership, school organization climate and school effectiveness, and then to establish the fundamental theory of this study and develop questionnaires. This is a cross-sectional survey study using stratified random sampling design. The study recruited teachers in Hsinchu and Miaoli areas public junior high schools. A sample of junior high school teachers in Hsinchu and Miaoli areas, stratified random sampling, issued a total of 600 parts, 582 valid questionnaires, the effective rate of 97.0% questionnaires. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive analyses, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple stepwise regression analysis. The main findings of the study include： 1.Moderate-high teacher’s perceptions of the principal’s visionary leadership were shown, and “development and propaganda of the vision” had the highest level. 2.Moderate-high teacher’s perceptions of the school organization climate were shown, and “teacher’s commitment behaviors” had the highest level. 3.Moderate-high teacher’s perceptions of the school effectiveness were shown, and “effective teaching quality” had the highest level. 4.School location showed significant effect on teacher’s perceptions of the principal’s visionary leadership. 5.Teacher’s gender, current position, principal’s gender, and school location showed significant effects on teacher’s perceptions of the school organization climate. 6.School scale and location showed significant effects on teacher’s perceptions of the school effectiveness. 7.Principal’s visionary leadership and school organization climate were positively correlated. 8.Principal’s visionary leadership and school effectiveness were positively correlated. 9.School organization climate and school effectiveness were positively correlated. 10.Principal’s visionary leadership and school organization climate were significant predictors of school effectiveness. According to the above research conclusions, the suggestions are proposed to be used as reference by educational institutions, school administrative units, and teachers in the future.

本研究旨在探究學習型組織理論在地方政府實施的各項問題，包括地方政府的特質對於發展學習型組織的影響、障礙與啟示，地方政府發展學習型組織的策略與評估、學習型組織相關理論對於地方政府發展學習型組織的啟示等。研究者透過親自參與協助個案發展學習型組織，並以本身職務之便採用文獻探討、問卷調查、訪談及觀察等四種研究方法，針對個案在縣長的親自參與與領導發展學習型組織的過程與階段性成果，做質性與量化並用的研究。 本研究發現領導者的重視與親自參與否是地方政府發展學習型組織的關鍵，而對於學習型組織的意義、策略與評量之了解與妥適靈活運用，更是發展學習型組織的重點。同時本研究亦發現地方政府必須具備必要之基本條件才能實施發展學習型組織；並輔以充分條件，始能讓發展學習型組織發揮得更加完美。而為一般組織成員所最感困擾的發展學習型組織之障礙「沒有時間」，其實是可以克服的，關鍵在於組織的團隊行動學習是否能夠落實施行。 至於地方政府發展學習型組織的另一個難處「成效評估」，本研究發現採用觀察與訪談結果交互比對的方式，其效果遠比問卷調查的結果來得真實可靠。 地方政府發展學習型組織的藝術在於與施政策略的融合，透過學習型組織理論與其他妥適之領導與管理理論的靈活應用，讓地方政府發展學習型組織形成一種自然的組織運作方式，則是成熟的學習型組織。 / The purpose of this study was to explore the problems were faced by the local government when it adopted and implemented learning organization theory. These problems included the influences, obstacles and inspirations of the characteristics of the local government when it developed learning organization; the strategies and assessments of developing learning organization by the local government; the inspirations of related leaning organization theories for local government to develop learning organization. There were four research methods were adopted in this study: document analysis, questionnaire, interview and observation. Both of quantitative and qualitative data were collected by this study. The researcher was through his participation and helping the governor to develop learning organization in Pingtung County government to collect the data. The focus of this study were the processes of participation and leadership of the governor in developing learning organization and results of the first stage of developing learning organization. The study found that both of emphasis and participation by the local government leader was the critical point of the success of developing learning organization. The understanding of the meaning, strategies, and assessments of learning organization and implemented them appropriately with good flexibility were the key point of developing learning organization. In the mean time, the study found that the local government must owned some fundamental conditions in order to develop learning organization. A perfect operation of learning organization was assisted by full conditions of the local government. “There was no time” was the main obstacle perceived by the members of the organization when developing learning organization. Actually, it could be overcome if the implementation of the team action learning of the organization was put into effect. Another difficulty for the local government to develop learning organization was ” the assessment of the effect.” This study found if we adopted the results from observation and interview and checked them mutually. It could be obtained a more reliable result than the questionnaire. The art of the local government to develop a successful learning organization was to integrate with the strategies of administration. A mature leaning organization was the learning organization operated naturally in a daily-based. The local government must combined the theories of leaning organization, leadership and management and implemented them appropriately with good flexibility to develop a successful learning organization.

在審議式民主逐漸由實驗性操作邁入政策實務落實之際，政府部門人員和審議式公民參與活動研究團隊間的互動關係，乃成為影響審議式民主在政府政策實務落實的關鍵要素。本文以「中港河廊通學步道願景工作坊」為例，併採深度訪談法、參與觀察法及次級資料分析法，從官僚的工具理性與審議式民主的溝通理性之捍格切入，探究委託機關人員和研究團隊的互動對審議式民主在地方政府政策規劃過程落實之影響。研究結果顯示，政府部門人員對審議式民主的認知偏向實務、工具及結果面向，而研究團隊則是著重溝通理性和審議式民主精神的體現，二者間的衝突將可能為審議式民主於政策實務的落實帶來困境；另於過程中亦發現，審議式公民參與活動之進行可能因各種突發狀況的產生，導致活動進行無法完全實踐審議式民主精神，更顯現出活動進行和理論論述間確實存在著落差。基於研究發現，本文建議可加強政府部門人員教育與培訓，使其熟習審議式民主之意涵；另也需因應討論議題與在地系絡彈性運用公共討論模式，以有助公民參與討論的進行。此外，也建議學界未來可著力於審議式公民參與活動評估機制的建構，或從政府機關首長、內部結構及過程等角度切入深究，以對審議式民主在政府政策實務上之推行有所裨益。 / As deliberative democracy theory has gradually changed from academic experiments into practical application in policy arena, the interaction between the administrators and the research team in conducting deliberative civic engagement activities has become the critical factor that influences whether the deliberative mechanism can be adopted in policy arena. The article uses the trails for the Chung Kang Drainage to walk to and from school scenario workshop as the empirical setting. From the perspective of incomparability between instrumental rationality and communicative rationality, this article explores how the interaction between the administrators and the research team influences the practice of deliberative democracy in local governmental policy planning through in-depth interviews, participant observation and secondary data analysis. The research discovers that the administrators tend to regard deliberative democracy as practical, instrumental, and result-oriented. In contrast, the research team puts more emphasis on communicative rationality and the materialization of deliberative democracy. Such conflict may cause problems in the practice of deliberative democracy in policy arena. Besides, this article also finds that deliberative democracy is difficult to practice because of some unexpected incidents in the process of the deliberative civic engagement activities. This situation also does reveal the gap between the practice and the theory. Based on the findings, this thesis suggests that the government should reinforce the education and training of the administrators to understand the core values of deliberative democracy. Besides, due to the difference of the issue and the context, we should adopt different public discourse modes with flexibility to facilitate the process of civic engagement. In addition, in order to promote the application of deliberative democracy in the policy arena, this article also suggests scholars devote themselves to designing criteria for assessing deliberative civic engagement and to examine other factors, such as the chief executive of the agency, internal structure, and the process within public agencies.

面對劇烈變遷與複雜不確定性高的大環境，人們有可能感到茫然無助不知何去何從，此時需要領導者提供方向帶領追隨者前進。 　　領導者的主要功能之一，便是提供方向，指導追隨者前進，然而在此種動態複雜大環境之下，對未來的變遷無法預測的情境下，領導者不免也同樣感到無所適從，不知正確的方向為何，甚至本來就沒有所謂正確的方向可言。 　　領導者過去為提供方向所仰賴的知識，在今日有可能無法繼續適用，甚至某些知識會造成領導者思維上的障礙，必須予以揚棄；此外，領導者可能必須為當下的情境立即產生所需的知識。因此領導者知識創造的能力也日益受到重視。 　　領導者除了要有創造力，能提出不同的解決方式之外，更必須要有開放的心胸，因應環境的變化，不拘泥於過去既有的方式，進而必須要有兼顧知情意的智慧與通情達理的默會知識，對於衝突的知識知道如何判斷，對於人際的互動也能處置得宜，在適當的場合做出適當的回應。 　　本論文首先針對領導者在領導過程中所進行的知識創造活動進行討論，進而對於如何提升領導者知識創造能力提出建議，進而對不同情境下領導者如何運用知識創造能力作探討。在提升領導者知識創造能力上，除了強調技術能力的學習之外，更強調必須「由技入道」，進一步從領導者思維能力的修練與智慧的精進著手，促使領導者有足夠的智慧產生合適的知識，以因應變遷，進而駕馭變遷。

【摘 要】 警察機關由於其特殊的任務性質，非常重視團隊精神，但層級節制的組織結構、權威的領導方式、嚴整的內部紀律，使其呈現出典型的官僚組織特性。此外，制式僵化的管理監控作法與封閉保守的組織文化，已逐漸無法應付快速變化的社會環境與組織內外顧客的需求，為適時有效地因應環境變遷及提昇組織效能，必須學習新的觀念與作法，以充分發揮團隊綜效。 組織發展是組織為適應環境變遷的需要，運用行為科學的理論與技術，有計畫的促進組織自我更新的活動。團隊建立法是組織發展的途徑之一，目前已廣泛的應用於各企業組織之中，且已發揮很大的效果。對於一向講求團隊紀律與精神的警察機關，在權威領導下，往往只是以迎合長官的意圖為馬首是瞻，能夠真正瞭解團隊建立的內涵與作法，並將之運用於實務工作中者，屈指可數。因此，本研究乃以此為重點，將團隊建立相關的理論與作法，有系統的整理分析，結合警察機關的運作特性，探討其應用的途徑，並透過實證調查，瞭解同仁對團隊建立法應用於警察機關之可能性及是否能提昇組織效能之看法。 本研究擬以團隊建立之相關文獻、領導與管理、組織文化、組織效能等相關理論為基礎，探討警察機關運用團隊建立法的策略，茲將各章內容摘要如下： 一、 緒論：將本研究之動機與目的、研究範圍、方法與限制、研究架構與流程、重要名詞界定等，分別加以說明。 二、 相關文獻探討：參考近代團隊建立、領導與管理、警察組織文化、組織效能等相關文獻，將團隊建立的理論與作法，有系統的整理分析，結合警察機關的運作特性，以作為本研究的理論依據。 三、 團隊建立法之應用：根據文獻探討所得結果，將團隊建立的理念與作法融入警察機關的實務運作之中，包括建立共同願景、目標與組織承諾、參與管理的運用、團隊溝通與領導、團隊授能與品質管理等部分。 四、 個案分析與深度訪談：前者選擇四個與本研究相關之案例來探討；後者以警政學者及警政署本部現職人員為對象，選擇具有代表性者，實施深度訪談。再根據前述個案與深度訪談紀錄內容進行分析與討論。 五、 結論與建議：綜合上述研究結果，歸納出結論，並提出具體可行之建議。另外，再就本研究不及之處，勾勒未來後續研究之方向。 【關鍵字】 團隊 Team 團隊建立 Team building 警察機關 Police agency 組織效能 Organization effectiveness 願景與目標 Vision & goal 參與管理 Participative management 溝通與領導 Communication & leadership 授能與品質管理 Empowerment & quality management

創業已成為今日台灣的潮流顯學。無論規模大小，品牌就像一個當代的時髦名詞，是創業者的流行穿搭，顯現出對於人生態度的品味。品牌經營理論眾聲喧嘩，哪一盞才是照耀夜行中錦衣的明燈？溫馨小品或是夢幻逸品，恰如其分的定位，就能與擁護者對味。 本研究透過大苑子與綠藤生機兩家個案，來探討品牌經營的方式。在巨人們的肩膀上，將品牌經營整理成：「品牌願景、品牌定位、品牌傳播、品牌粉絲」四大方向來建立品牌的內涵，傳遞給消費者。再用策略行銷4C架構分析，以客觀的角度來審視品牌經營之強勢與弱勢之處，並給予行銷建議作為參考。希冀「先以品牌經營方程式建立品牌，再到策略行銷4C分析謀略縝密度」是一把讓未來有志創業者，或是期待打造出偉大抱負的品牌者，可以經營品牌不求人的關鍵之鑰。 經過個案的探討，發現兩家品牌都著墨許多在與顧客信任感的耕耘，如同Peter F. Drucker所說的：「企業的目的與使命只有一個重心、一個出發點，那就是顧客。」品牌經營如何獲得更多的品牌粉絲支持，是經營者與企業內部需同心協力達成的共同目標。 / Nowadays, entrepreneurship is the mainstream in Taiwan. In spite of the size of a company, the brand represents its image. A company’s brand is like the outfit of the entrepreneur, and it represents his/her attitude towards life. There are many theories on brand management, but which is the one that can help brands target the right customers? Through applying the right positioning strategies for different products, brands can attract target customers successfully. This research aims to analyze brand management through the case studies of “Dayungs” and “Greenvines.” Brand management includes brand vision, brand positioning, brand communication, and brand communities. These four items help establish the content and image of a company’s brand, and pass them on to the customers. Based on the 4C marketing framework, this research examines the strengths and the weaknesses of brand management, and provides a marketing proposal for future reference. The process of building branding with brand management, and then analyzing the strategies with the 4C marketing framework, is a key for future entrepreneurs that hope to establish a successful brand. Through the analysis of these case studies, the research found that both brands put emphasis on the customer trust. As Peter F. Drucker said, “The purpose of business is to create and keep a customer.” How to gain the loyalty of more customers is the goal that managers and employees need to achieve with cooperation.

公益性非營利組織在國家社會整體的運作中承擔重要的責任，在國外它早已成為社會的主流，在台灣社會於解嚴以後，它的蓬勃發展亦成為一股莫之能擋的社會力；在公共行政的研究中，它更是當今的趨勢議題之一。而將現代經營管理的理念，運用於各類非營利機構中，已愈來愈受到重視，其實那是因為非營利組織之「非營利」性質使然，使得它比任何組織都需要管理的概念；然而在這方面相關的研究卻十分不足。因此，本文主要在探究與非營利組織價值理念相容的團隊建立法的理論與技術，提供非營利組織運作上一個可資應用的管理途徑。 透過探究團隊建立與非營利組織的理論基礎、緣起與發展、運作的內涵等，發現二者在許多特質上非常相似，包括對人性尊嚴與個人價值的重視、使命的確立與履行的重要性、強調人員的參與及承諾、具有彈性與開放等精神、創新的作法與思考方向、充分的溝通與對話模式、共同合作與授權賦能、重視品質管理與顧客的感受等；這是團隊建立對於非營利組織運作適用性的論證基礎。 從理論的演進與發展、內涵的分析、歸納中，界定團隊建立的步驟或要素是：尋找適當的成員、進行團體活動與相關訓練、召開團隊會議；透過這些要項在各方面細節的掌握，可以使團體逐步形成團隊。而在團隊的發展過程中有各個必經的階段—定位或組建、衝突或動盪、協作或規範、生產力或實施、變化或轉變。 非營利組織的「運作」所包含的面向十分廣泛，本文僅針對願景與目標建立、溝通與領導、激勵與授權賦能、決策與品質管理等議題進行探究，從組織狀況的說明及相關運作的困境切入，以前述理論與原則為基礎，提出團隊建立在各方面適用的原因，以及應用的技術與方法。 在實務方面，除了就國外實際個案作說明與分析外，並就團隊建立的過程要素及「運作」的研究焦點面向，擬定題綱，以「理論」及「立意」抽樣法，對所選取的四個以婦女議題為主軸之非營利組織的重要幹部進行訪談，以瞭解非營利組織的實際運作狀況；訪談資料顯示這些非營利組織的運作與團隊建立方式的應用十分相似，而所有受訪者根據他們的經驗及其組織實際的運作狀況，皆對團隊建立的運作方式表示肯定與支持。 總而言之，本研究從理論與實務的探究中發現在非營利組織的運作中，團隊是自然產生而存在的事實，是故，團隊建立法是實務運作者一個價值極高的參考途徑，裨益非營利組織永續經營，提供國家、社會更多、更好的服務。 隊建立法應用於非營利組織運作之研究 目 錄 第一章 緒論 …………………………………………………………. 1 第一節 研究動機與研究目的 …………………………………… 1 第二節 研究範圍、途徑、方法 ………………………………… 8 第三節 研究架構、流程、限制 ………………………………… 13 第四節 重要文獻檢閱 …………………………………………… 17 第五節 相關名詞界定 …………………………………………… 28 第二章 團隊建立理論與技術的探析 ……………………………… 45 第一節 團隊理論的演進與應用 ………………………………… 45 第二節 團隊的內涵 …………………………………………….. 67 第三節 團隊建立的過程 ………………………………………… 79 第四節 團隊運作的限制與成功的要件 ……………………….. 101 小結 ……………………………………………………………….. 111 第三章 非營利組織理論與內涵的探析 ………………………….. 113 第一節 非營利組織的緣起 …………………………………….. 114 第二節 我國非營利組織的發展情形 ………………………….. 125 第三節 非營利組織的基本內涵 ……………………………….. 132 小結 ……………………………………………………………….. 144 第四章 非營利組織的運作：團隊建立途徑 ……………………. 149 第一節 建立共同願景與目標 …………………………………. 149 第二節 溝通與領導 ……………………………………………. 159 第三節 激勵與授權賦能 ………………………………………. 175 第四節 決策與品質管理 ………………………………………. 186 小結 ………………………………………………………………. 198 第五章 個案研究 …………………………………………………. 201 第一節 國外個案探討 …………………………………………. 201 第二節 訪談設計與訪談對象 …………………………………. 209 第三節 國內個案訪談資料分析 ………………………………. 219 小結 ………………………………………………………………. 253 第六章 結論 ………………………………………………………. 257 第一節 研究發現 ………………………………………………. 257 第二節 研究檢討、貢獻與建議 ………………………………. 270 結語 ………………………………………………………………. 279 參考書目 ……………………………………………………………. 281 附錄 附錄一 訪談聯絡信函 …………………………………………...312 附錄二 訪談綱要 ………………………………………………...315 附錄三 訪談紀錄(一) …………………………………………… 318 附錄四 訪談紀錄(二) …………………………………………… 333 附錄五 訪談紀錄(三) …………………………………………… 353 附錄六 訪談紀錄(四) …………………………………………… 373 圖、表目次 壹、圖目次 圖1-1 研究途徑示意圖………………………………………………. 10 圖1-2 研究架構 ……………………………………………………… 14 圖1-3 研究流程 ……………………………………………………… 15 圖1-4 團體與團隊的比較 …………………………………………… 34 圖2-1 全面品質管理模式 ………………………………………….. 62 圖2-2 學習的層次 ………………………………………………….. 64 圖2-3 學習型組織的運作核心 …………………………………….. 65 圖2-4 團隊運作過程 ……………………………………………….. 68 圖2-5 團隊績效曲線圖 …………………………………………….. 78 圖2-6 團體活動與訓練的進行 …………………………………….. 87 圖2-7 團隊型態發展模型圖 ……………………………………….. 94 圖2-8 群體發展階段 ……………………………………………….. 97 圖3-1 我國非營利組織的種類 …………………………………….. 128 圖3-2 非營利組織有效管理的流程 ……………………………….. 135 圖3-3 非營利組織的人力資源發展模式 ………………………….. 137 圖4-1 建立共同願景的意涵與方法 ………………………………. 152 圖4-2 六步溝通模式 ………………………………………………. 161 圖4-3 人際溝通三部曲 ……………………………………………. 163 圖4-4 逐步邁向團隊領導 …………………………………………. 169 圖4-5 團隊領袖角色 ………………………………………………. 170 圖4-6 今日組織環境下的授權賦能 ………………………………. 185 圖5-1 個案實證之五性分析法 ……………………………………. 220 貳、表目次 表1-1 深度訪談對象一覽表 ………………………………………… 12 表1-2 國內團隊組織相關研究論文摘要表 ………………………… 19 表1-3 國外團隊相關研究書籍摘要表 ……………………………… 21 表1-4 國內非營利組織相關研究論文與報告摘要表 ……………… 24 表1-5 美國的非營利組織相關研究摘要整理 ……………………… 26 表1-6 非營利機構與公部門、私人部門之差異 …………………… 43 表2-1 團隊研究的歷史發展與應用 ……………………………….. 67 表2-2 由團隊導向劃分的團隊種類 ………………………………...77 表2-3 團隊會議形式範例 …………………………………………...91 表2-4 團隊發展的階段性特徵 ……………………………………...96 表2-5 團隊失敗的原因 ……………………………………………. 102 表3-1 我國人民團體性質分類 ……………………………………. 129 表3-2 我國各類人民團體統計表 …………………………………. 130 表3-3 我國各類基金會統計表 ……………………………………. 131 表4-1 馬郡社會服務部門價值的聲明 ……………………………. 158 表4-2 單向溝通與雙向溝通之比較 ………………………………. 164 表4-3 當代的激勵研究 ……………………………………………. 176 表4-4 品質的面向 …………………………………………………. 196 表4-5 成功品質團隊的特質 ………………………………………..197 / The non-profit organizations focusing on public interest bear important responsibility in the operations of the whole nation and society. In other countries, the operations of the non-profit organizations have been become the main stream of the society. In Taiwan’s society, after abolishing the martial law, its exuberant development has become a non-blocking social power, too. In the study of public administration, it is also one of the modern trend issues. Applying business management to non-profit organizations has been more and more emphasized. In fact, it is the “non-profit” nature making that. It needs the concept of management more urgent than any other organization, but the relative studies in this area are insufficient so for. This thesis mainly investigates the theories and interventions of team building, because they are matching with the values and ideas of non-profit organizations and provide a useful management approach for the non-profit organizations’ operation. Through the investigation of basic theories, origins, developments, and the content of operation for both team building interventions and non-profit organizations, the author finds that they have many resembling characters, including emphasizing of human dignity and individual values, establishing and fulfilling missions, stressing the individual participation and commitment, possessing the spirit of flexibility and openness, creative conducts and thinking direction, adequate communication and discourse, using cooperation and empowerment, emphasizing quality management and the feeling of customers. Those all are argument bases for supporting the fitness of team building interventions being applied to the operation of non-profit organizations. From analyzing and inducing the development of theories, the author defines the steps or essential factors of team building interventions are as follows: to select the right persons, to proceed group activities and relative trainings, and to hold team meetings. By mastering the details of these key elements, it can make groups become teams progressively. In the developing process of a team, it contains some requisite stages – forming, storming, norming, performing, and transforming. The aspects of the non-profit organizations’ operation are quite extensive, and this thesis focuses only on such issues as vision and goal establishment, communication and leadership, motivation and empowerment, decision making and quality management and so on for investigation. By explaining the conditions of the organization and the difficulties of relative operations, the author brings up the reasons of team building interventions being suitable for every aspect, and the applied techniques and methods. In the aspect of practice, in addition to illustrating and analyzing the actual cases of other countries, the author draws up two categories questions (the key elements of the team building process and the organizations’ operation) to interview the important cadre members of four selected non-profit organizations, which focusing on women’ issues. These interviewed organizations are selected by purposive and theoretical sampling method. These interviews conform that the actual operational conditions of non-profit organizations are very similar to the applying ways of team building interventions. According to their experiences and organizations’ actual operating conditions, all interviewed persons expressed their approving and supporting for the usefulness of the operational ways of team building interventions. In sum, the findings of this study indicate that team building is a natural product in the operations of non-profit organizations basically. Therefore, the author suggests that team-building can be an valuably alternative approach in running organizations for the practitioners. It can benefit non-profit organizations in sustaining operation, and provide better services for the country and society.