Nya examensmål har nyligen utformats för samtliga förskollärarutbildningar i Sverige. Dessa trädde i kraft den första januari i år, 2021, efter att regeringen konstaterat att skolan måste möta barn i neuropsykiatriska svårigheter, som exempelvis ADHD, på ett bättre sätt genom utökad kompetens på området. Sådana socioemotionella svårigheter har visat sig ge upphov till stigmatisering och diskriminering av barn i olika skolkontexter. I läroplanen för förskolan finns riktlinjer som säger att förskolan löpande ska arbeta med åtgärder mot diskriminering. Bland sådana åtgärder har inkludering blivit ett väl etablerat, men omdebatterat begrepp. Kritik har riktats mot gränsdragningen mellan det normala och det avvikande hos barn i förskolan och det finns kunskapsluckor i litteraturen kring konstruktionen av det emotionellt avvikande i förskolan. Studien har utgått från ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv med kritisk diskursanalys som ansats. Syftet med studien var att beskriva och problematisera förskollärares tal om hur strategier, för inkludering av emotionellt avvikande barn, formuleras inom förskolan som diskursiv praktik. Kodningsscheman och markeringar i talet, enligt Goodwins (1994) beskrivning av hur den professionella blicken skapas, har legat till grund för utförandet av analysen. I de mest framträdande resultaten skiljer sig diskursen om det emotionellt avvikande barnet från diskursen om det inkluderade barnet. Ur ett normativt perspektiv blir det fysiska avståndet från barngruppen och leksituationer något avvikande. Ur ett inkluderande perspektiv blir barnets behov av lugn och ro istället viktigt att uppfylla. Även diskursen om interaktionen mellan pedagog och barn som ett slags maskineri utgör ett av fynden i studien. Diagnosen framställs i studien som något eftersträvansvärt för att få tillgång till en extra resurs i verksamheten. Samtidigt tyder resultatet på en ökad medvetenhet om relationella och miljömässiga faktorers påverkan på barns emotionella uttryck, jämfört med tidigare studier. Resultaten kan bidra till fortsatt forskning kring kategorisering av barn i förskolan och således till arbetet mot ökad barnhälsa. / New degree objectives have recently been formulated for all preschool teacher education programs in Sweden. These were applied on the first of January this year, 2021, after the government stated that schools must meet children with neuropsychiatric difficulties, such as ADHD, better through increased competence on the subject. Such socio-emotional difficulties have led to stigmatization and discrimination of children in various school contexts. The curriculum for the preschool contains guidelines that state that the preschool must continuously work with measures against discrimination. Among such measures, inclusion has become a well-established, but controversial concept. The determination of what counts as normal and deviant behaviour in pre- school children has been criticized from a social constructionist perspective and there are gaps in the literature on the construction of the emotionally deviant child in preschool. The study was based on a social constructionist perspective using critical discourse analysis as a theoretical framework. The purpose of the study was to describe and problematize preschool teachers' speech about how strategies, for the inclusion of emotionally deviant children, are formulated within preschool as a discursive practice. According to Goodwin's (1994) description of how the professional vision is created, Coding schemes and markings in the speech have been central for performing the analysis. In the most prominent results, the discourse on the emotionally deviant child differs from the discourse on the included child. From a normative perspective, the physical distance from children and play situations, is described as deviant. From an inclusive perspective, the child's need for peace and quiet becomes important to fulfill. The discourse on the interaction between educator and child as a kind of machinery is also one of the main findings. The diagnosis is presented in the study as something desirable to gain access to an extra resource. At the same time, the results indicate an increased awareness of the influence of relational and environmental factors on children's emotional expression, compared with previous studies These findings can contribute to continued research on the categorization of children in preschool and thus to work towards increased child health.

Bakgrund Psoriasis är en genetisk hudsjukdom som påverkar både den fysiska och psykiska hälsan. Sjukdomen ger röda och fjällande hudutslag, som uppstår på grund av en för snabb tillväxt av hudceller och en låggradig inflammation i kroppen. Det är vanligt att sjukdomen går i skov som kan utlösas av stress eller infektioner. En person med psoriasis kan bli symtomfri med rätt behandling, vilket är varför det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan besitter rätt kompetens för att ha möjlighet att ge stöd och vägledning till personer med psoriasis.  Syfte Syftet var att beskriva personers upplevelser av att leva med psoriasis. Metod Denna litteraturöversikt baserades på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar med både kvantitativ och kvalitativ design. Med hjälp av olika sökordskombinationer inhämtades de vetenskapliga artiklarna från databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Kvalitetsgranskning av de vetenskapliga artiklarna har gjorts utifrån Sophiahemmet Högskolas bedömningsinstrument. De vetenskapliga artiklarna sorterades vidare in i fyra huvudkategorier med tillhörande subkategorier. Resultat Resultatet visade att personer med psoriasis upplevde en försämrad livskvalitet, ångest, stigmatisering, sömnsvårigheter, smärta och ett försämrat självförtroende. Personer med psoriasis utvecklade ofta olika hanteringsstrategier, som att exempelvis täcka sina hudutslag med kläder, för att undvika situationer som uppfattades som obehagliga. Slutsats Upplevelser om försämrad livskvalitet, stigmatisering och depression var vanligt hos majoriteten av deltagarna i samtliga studier. Sjuksköterskan har ett ansvar om att ge en personcentrerad vård. Litteraturöversikten tyder på att personer med psoriasis är en utsatt grupp på grund av en förhöjd risk för både fysisk och psykisk ohälsa. Sjuksköterskan måste därför besitta tillräcklig kunskap och förståelse för att ha möjlighet att bemöta personer med psoriasis på ett individanpassat sätt där de får rätt verktyg till ökad livskvalitet. / Background Psoriasis is a genetic skin disease that affects both physical and mental health. The disease causes red and scaly skin rashes, which occur due to a too rapid growth of skin cells and a low-grade inflammation of the body. It is common for the disease to go into relapses that can be triggered by stress or infections. A person with psoriasis can become symptom-free with the right treatment, which is why it is important that the nurse possesses the right skills to be able to provide support and guidance to people with psoriasis. Aim  The aim was to describe people's experiences of living with psoriasis. Method  This literature review was based on 15 scientific articles with both quantitative and qualitative design. Using different keyword combinations, the scientific articles were obtained from the PubMed and CINAHL databases. Quality review of the scientific articles has been carried out based on Sophiahemmet University's assessment instrument. The scientific articles were further sorted into four main categories with associated subcategories. Results  The results showed that people with psoriasis experienced a reduced quality of life, anxiety, stigma, difficulty sleeping, pain and a loss of self-confidence. People with psoriasis often developed different coping strategies, such as covering their skin rashes with clothing, to avoid situations that were perceived as unpleasant. Conclusions  Experiences of impaired quality of life, stigma and depression were common in the majority of participants in all studies. The nurse has a responsibility to provide person-centered. The literature review suggests that people with psoriasis are a vulnerable group due to an increased risk of both physical and mental illness. The nurse must therefore have sufficient knowledge and understanding to have the opportunity to respond to people with psoriasis in an individualized way and get the right tools for increased quality of life.

No description available.

Recent developments have seen a rise in empirical attempts to challenge the persistently negative sociocultural attitudes toward menstruation. The thesis proposes a Foucauldian feminist conception, as well as the identification of the three elements stigmatization, medicalization and commercialization, to provide a comprehensive theoretical framework conceptualizing dominant menstrual discourse and its effects, based on which the empirical contemporary UN human rights agenda on the topic is approached. The findings, methodologically arrived at through the means of Directed Content Analysis, thereby generate both, an understanding of strengths and weaknesses in contemporary empirical attempts to challenge the effects of dominant menstrual discourse on women, and an exemplification of the utility of social science theory for human rights research in the realm of menstruation. Most importantly, the theoretical framework on dominant menstrual discourse indicates the need of holistically addressing all three formative elements, in order not to risk a perpetuation of its effects.

Depression is a severe mental illness estimated to affect around 300 million people worldwide and is currently the leading cause of disability in the world (WHO, 2017). It is classified as a disorder of affect and is diagnosed on the basis of specific criteria stipulated in manuals such as the DSM V and ICD 10. It has been repeatedly argued that psychiatric classification in its present form fails to offer the appropriate framework for understanding and explaining the subjective experience of depression resulting from its focus on operationalized criteria for diagnosis and assessment and the absence of appropriate theoretical and methodological framework for the study of consciousness and how changes in its essential aspects (such as embodiment, temporality, and intersubjectivity) are related to reflective manifestations and signs of mental illness (e.g. Parnas and Zahavi 2002; Fuchs 2010; Parnas et al. 2012). In line with these considerations, I engage in a phenomenologically inspired examination of the experience of depression in particular as it is described in two formats of first-person testimonies, namely published autobiographical accounts and anonymous responses to an online survey conducted in the United Kingdom and Bulgaria. The testimonies of depression consistently describe a radically different way of being, which, I propose can be explained and understood as originating from changes in three major structures of subjective experience – the pre-reflective experience of what it is possible to do, the pre-reflective experience of what one is able to do, and the pre-reflective experience of sharing a world with others, which encompass the essential aspects of subjectivity. I examine how the alterations in the main structures are related both to changes in embodiment, temporality, and intersubjectivity and to the various reflective manifestations in affective experience, thought, and action such as specific emotions, moods, bodily sensations and feeling, cognitive styles, and action patterns. The latter in particular can occur in various combinations and are shaped and coloured by the complex social and cultural context surrounding mental illness in general and depression in particular. With respect to the influence of the cultural and social meaning on the individual manifestations and variations in the experience of depression, I examine the impact of socially shared culturally specific conceptions of depression by contrasting such reported by participants in an anonymous survey from Great Britain and Bulgaria. While in both cultural groups depression is understood as either a pathological psychological reaction or an illness characterized by changes in brain function, in Bulgaria the former understanding is both more prevalent and associated with higher degrees of social stigmatization and subsequently less recognition of subjective suffering and attribution of responsibility. This can result in experiences akin to those commonly established by disturbances in the pre-reflective experience of intersubjective disconnectedness and accentuate already present feelings of shame and guilt. I draw attention to the fact that social stigmatization, in particular its structure and subjective experience, can also be studied within a broadly phenomenological framework on the basis of different first-person account in order to develop practical measures for the prevention of the social stigmatization of mental illness.

The main purpose of this thesis is to analyse the discourses of particularly vulnerable areas in Sweden, a categorization made by the police authority, as these areas appear within student theses, written between 2010 and 2018. The aim of using this material along with theoretical discourse analysis is to gain a deeper understanding of academic as well as non-academic perspectives of these areas, in relation to the ongoing discussion of territorial stigmatization. Three main discourses where identified, structuring the analysis: the suburban discourse, the Swedish society discourse, and the critical meta discourse. In addition, I found that these are also present within studies conducted by higher scholars, and thus conclude that student theses can successfully serve as a source through which wider academic discourses can be understood.  While parts of the discourses found has been identified by previous researchers as well, I argue that  the critical meta discourse, having been dismissed as marginal, is prominent as a discourse within student theses. However, although the critical meta discourse serves to nuance the predominantly gloomy discourse of the suburb, I argue that this narrative also functions to preserve this image, and therefore should be used with some caution. Due to the magnitude of studies set out to “challenge the bad reputation” of these areas, the solidity and importance of these reputation are seen as given and thus possibly enhanced.

Mental health issues present challenges to the mentally ill, and to the family members who are their caregivers. Among the challenges faced by caregivers are conflict and stress. This transcendental phenomenological study explored the experiences and perceptions of caregivers of conflict, stress, and the role of faith. In addition, this study sought to learn what lessons and strategies caregivers utilized and often created while caring for their family member with bipolar disorder. In this study ten caregivers were interviewed, telephonically or face-to-face, using a semi-structured interview format. Coming from four states, some were employed, some were retired, and one was currently unemployed, but seeking employment. The data analysis reflected four themes: stress, conflict, faith, and strategies learned or created from taking care of a family member with bipolar disorder. This study contributes to the field of conflict resolution, particularly in light of increased diagnoses and treatment of mental health illnesses, such as bipolar disorder. As diagnoses of mental health illness increase, more family members are becoming caregivers, thus prompting the need for enhanced conflict management and resolution skills and training.

No description available.

Bakgrund Patienter med alkoholmissbruk återfinns idag i alla vårdsammanhang. Inom akutsjukvården är 30 procent av inläggningar relaterade till alkohol. Trots att alkoholism idag ses som en folksjukdom finns det en stigmatiserande syn på personer med alkoholmissbruk. Denna stigmatisering av sjukdomen tros bidra till att många patienter inte söker vård för sina problem, men även att mängden konsumerad alkohol underskattas vid alkoholscreening. Nedsättande attityder och förutfattade meningar om en patientgrupp innebär en risk för att hälso- och sjukvårdslagen inte efterföljs, och i slutändan att patientsäkerheten äventyras. Syfte Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva sjuksköterskors attityder till alkoholmissbruk samt deras attityder till patienter med alkoholmissbruk. Metod En litteraturöversikt gjordes i förhoppning att se över och sammanfatta det aktuella kunskapsläget. Resultatet baserades på 15 vetenskapliga originalartiklar som analyserades enligt en integrerad trestegsanalys. De två huvudkategorier som uppstod i samband med analysen var Kunskap och Attityder. De underkategorier som uppstod var Utbildning & Kunskapsnivå, Sjuksköterskan i Jämförelse med Andra Professioner, Positiva & Negativa Attityder, Attityders Påverkan på Omvårdnaden, Synen på Alkoholister samt Känslor. Resultat Resultatet visar förekomst av nedsättande attityder hos sjuksköterskan när det gäller alkoholmissbruk och patienter med alkoholmissbruk. Även kunskapen som tillhandahålls under sjuksköterskeutbildningen är otillräcklig för att sjuksköterskan ska ha tillräckligt bra självförtroende för att ge god omvårdnad till dessa patienter. Däremot uttryckte sjuksköterskan en vilja att hjälpa och stötta dessa patienter. Sjuksköterskan uttryckte även en syn på patienter med alkoholmissbruk som personer i behov av vård. Slutsats Det finns nedlåtande attityder i hälso- och sjukvården mot patienter med alkoholmissbruk. Resultatet visade även på bristfällig kunskap bland sjuksköterskor gällande alkoholmissbruk och alkoholberoende, samt även vård och omvårdnad kring dessa patienter. / Background Patients with alcohol abuse are found in all care settings. In emergency care, 30 percent of admissions are related to alcohol. Although alcoholism is now viewed as a widespread disease, there is a stigmatizing view of people with alcohol abuse. This stigmatization of the disease is believed to be a major factor in the fact that many patients do not seek care for their problems, but also that as a patient in alcohol screening, you underestimate the amount of alcohol consumed. Diminishing attitudes and preconceived opinions about this patient group entails a risk that the Health Care Act will not be followed, and in the end that patient safety is compromised. Aim The aim of this literature review was to describe nurses' attitudes about alcohol abuse and their attitudes to patients with alcohol abuse. Method A literature review was made in the hope of reviewing and summarizing the current state of knowledge. The result was based on 15 scientific original articles that were analyzed according to an integrated three-step analysis. The two main categories that emerged in connection with the analysis were Knowledge and Attitudes. The subcategories that emerged were Education & Knowledge Level, Nurse in Comparison with Other Professionals, Positive & Negative Attitudes, Attitude's Impact on Nursing, Perspective on Alcoholics and Feelings. Results The result showed knowledge gaps in the nurse regarding alcohol abuse and patients with alcohol abuse. The knowledge provided during nursing education is not sufficient for the nurse to have sufficient self-confidence to provide good nursing care to these patients. However, the nurse expressed a willingness to help and support these patients. The nurse also expressed a view of patients with alcohol abuse as persons in need of care. Conclusion There are patronizing attitudes in health care towards patients suffering from alcohol abuse. The results also showed insufficient knowledge among nurses regarding alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, as well as care and nursing care for these patients.

Under en kort tid har brottsligheten i Sverige ökat och blivit ett allvarligt och omtalat samhällsproblem. Det är en komplex process att lämna en kriminell miljö som ofta kan innebära en rad olika utmaningar. Samhörighet och sociala band som formas i kriminella miljöer kan fördröja processen att lämna på grund av en stark identifikation till gruppen. Stöd och insatser av samhället är viktigt för att en individ ska kunna förändra sin identitet som kriminell. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att undersöka subjektiva upplevelser av hur stigmatisering, stämplingsprocesser och stödinsatser påverkat exitprocessen i utvecklingen till en icke-kriminell identitet. Utgångspunkten för studien var en socialpsykologisk ansats som studerades genom teorier om social identitet, stigmatisering, stämpling och exitprocess. Tio respondenter från avhopparverksamheten Kriminellas revansch i samhället (KRIS) deltog i studien och intervjuades med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visade att KRIS stödinsatser har en positiv påverkan på utvecklingen av en icke-kriminell identitet genom att bidra till en känsla av stöd och acceptans. De respondenter som inte hade gjort en geografisk separation upplevde stämpling och stigma i större bemärkelse. Stämplingsprocesser och stigmatisering visade sig ha en negativ inverkan på utvecklingen till en icke-kriminell identitet under exitprocessen. Medlemskapet hos KRIS har fungerat som en skyddad miljö från stämpling och stigmatiseringen som underlättat identitetsformande i exitprocessen. / Over a short period of time, crime in Sweden has increased and become a serious and publicized social problem. It is a complex process to leave a criminal environment that can often involve a number of different challenges. Cohesion and social ties formed in criminal environments can delay the process of leaving due to a strong identification with the group. Support and efforts by society are important for an individual to be able to change his identity as a criminal. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate subjective experiences of how stigmatization, labeling processes and support efforts affected the exit process in the development to a non-criminal identity. The starting point for studies was a social psychological approach that was studied through theories of social identity, stigmatization, labeling and exit process. Ten respondents from the dropout activity Criminal Revenge in Society (KRIS) participated in studies and interviews using semi-structured interviews. The results showed that KRIS's support efforts have a positive impact on the development of a non-criminal identity by contributing to a feeling of support and acceptance. The respondents who had not made a geographical separation experienced labeling and stigma in a larger sense. Stamping processes and stigmatization were found to have a negative impact on the development to a non-criminal identity in the exit process. The membership of KRIS has functioned as a protected environment from labeling and stigmatization that facilitates identity formation in the exit process.