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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
341

Comercialização de energia elétrica no ambiente de contratação livre: Uma análise regulatório-institucional a partir dos contratos de compra e venda de energia elétrica / Electricity Sale in Free Contracting Ambiance: A Regulatory and Institutional Analysis based on the Contract of Purchase and Sale of Electricity

Magalhães, Gerusa de Souza Cortes 17 December 2009 (has links)
O presente trabalho apresenta a análise dos Contratos de Compra e Venda de Energia Elétrica (CCVEE), principal instrumento que materializa a comercialização de energia elétrica no Ambiente de Contratação Livre (ACL), a partir das lições da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI), notadamente a abordagem da Economia dos Custos de Transação e dos Contratos Incompletos. Desde a abertura da Indústria de Energia Elétrica Brasileira (IEEB) à livre comercialização na década de 1990, as transações e os agentes que atuam neste mercado vêm crescendo significativamente, consolidando suas transações de compra e venda de energia elétrica prioritariamente por meio de CCVEE. Ocorre que tais instrumentos sofrem os reflexos da evolução da regulação da IEEB e também estão sujeitos à ocorrência de eventos não previstos à época de sua formatação. No processo de renegociação, adaptação ou discussão de tais CCVEE, os agentes incorrem em diversos custos de transação. Assim, a partir desta abordagem, este trabalho visa avaliar a qualidade dos CCVEE, considerando seus atributos, contradições e perspectivas de evolução. / This paper presents the analysis of Contracts for Purchase and Sale of Electricity (Contratos de Compra e Venda de Energia Elétrica CCVEE), the main instrument that embodies the sale of electricity in the Free Contracting Ambiance (FCA). Such analysis was based on lessons extracted from the New Institutional Economics (NIS), mainly the approach focused on the Economy of Transaction Costs and Incomplete Contracts. Since the opening of the Brazilian Electric Power Industry (Indústria de Energia Elétrica Brasileira IEEB) to free trade in the 1990s, transactions and agents operating in this market have grown significantly, consolidating their business of purchasing and sale of electricity primarily through CCVEE. However, these instruments suffer the consequences of the evolution of IEEB regulation and are also subject to the occurrence of unanticipated events at the time of their formatting. In the process of renegotiation, adaptation or discussion of such CCVEE, agents deal with various transaction costs. Thus, from this approach, this study aims to evaluate the quality of the CCVEE, considering their attributes, contradictions and perspectives of evolution.
342

As normas de defesa do consumidor brasileiras e seus impactos nas redes de eletrodomésticos gaúchas

Baccin, Dirceu 19 May 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-20T14:40:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dirceu Baccin.pdf: 2171261 bytes, checksum: a40f5d6814fa1b064eb85b2e99dd578b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-20T14:40:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dirceu Baccin.pdf: 2171261 bytes, checksum: a40f5d6814fa1b064eb85b2e99dd578b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-19 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo examina os impactos das normas de defesa do consumidor brasileiras, com base na Análise Econômica do Direito, perante as redes varejistas de eletrodomésticos, fornecedores e consumidores. O estudo visa aproximar o enfoque econômico com as políticas públicas e analisa a necessidade das constantes intervenções do Estado no direito consumidor brasileiro. A abordagem do trabalho teve um enfoque qualitativo de natureza exploratória, que dará suporte para uma pesquisa mais aprofundada do tema, para aproximar ainda mais a Análise Econômica do Direito com o Direito do Consumidor brasileiro. Os principais resultados da pesquisa indicam que as normas de defesa do consumidor brasileiras trouxeram como impactos econômicos o aumento das vendas, conseqüentes da regulamentação do mercado e da segurança jurídica vislumbrada, juntamente com o aumento de burocracia interna e dos custos das empresas, que em parte são repassados aos consumidores e aos fabricantes. / This study examines the impacts of Brazilian consumer protection standards, based on Economic Analysis of Law, before the home appliance retailers, suppliers and consumers. The study aims to bring economic approach to public policies and examines the need for constant government intervention in the Brazilian consumer law. The labor approach had a qualitative focus exploratory in nature, which will provide support for further research theme, to further approach the Economic Analysis of Law with the Law of the Brazilian consumer. The main results of the research indicate that the Brazilian consumer protection standards brought as economic impacts increased sales, consequent regulation of the market and the envisaged legal certainty and increased internal bureaucracy and business costs, which in part are passed on to consumers and manufacturers.
343

Influências institucionais, culturais e de custos de transação na escolha do modo de entrada: uma proposta para meta-análise

Novais, Ana Lúcia Moura 12 June 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Lucia Moura Novais.pdf: 1994366 bytes, checksum: 707c3919d6da09df41fa9a012905ad62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research work adopts as reference the article by Brouthers awarded as the best of the decade by Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS). One of the aspects to be outlined in such text is the way Brouthers articulate a debate on institutional, cultural and transaction costs on entry mode choice by firms aiming the best performance in market. This thesis aims to investigate the actual research art involving the relationship among institutional, cultural and transaction costs aspects in international business. The discussion proposed here is justified as relevant in both academic and business environments, due to the way different authors have approached transaction costs subjects along the time. As methodological procedures, the articles were obtained in electronic databases, such as, ISI Web of Science and UMI-ProQuest. The key words were transaction cost , entry mode , cultural aspects , institutional . The selected articles were published in the period from 2002 to 2012. Articles structured in meta-analysis procedures were also selected in the referred database. All selected articles are quantitative approach, since it is an essential condition to adopt in the future meta-analytical procedures / Esta pesquisa tem por referência o artigo de Brouthers que recebeu em 2012 o prêmio de melhor da década pelo periódico Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS). Um dos motivos que chama a atenção neste texto premiado de Brouthers é a articulação de influências institucionais, culturais e de custos de transação no processo de escolha do modo de entrada e meios para obter o melhor desempenho das empresas. Estabelece-se como objetivo geral desta dissertação investigar o estado atual da pesquisa acadêmica envolvendo a relação entre aspectos institucionais, culturais e custos de transação no modo de entrada em negócios internacionais. Como justificativa para a relevância da discussão do tema em meios acadêmicos e empresariais, pode-se destacar a ênfase que diferentes autores têm atribuído à teoria de custos de transação no decorrer do tempo. Como procedimento metodológico, obteve-se a seleção de artigos pela consulta às bases eletrônicas do ISI Web of Science e UMI-ProQuest. Escolheram-se as palavras-chave em inglês transaction cost , entry mode , cultural aspects , institutional . Optou-se por artigos publicados no período de 2002 a 2012. A partir daí, selecionaram-se alguns artigos já estruturados na metodologia de meta-análise com temas relacionados à teoria de custos de transação. Procedimento semelhante foi adotado com os demais artigos, com o intuito de averiguar como são analisados aspectos institucionais, culturais e/ou de custos de transação na escolha do modo de entrada em negócios internacionais. Os estudos selecionados constituem abordagens quantitativas sobre os assuntos propostos, condição essencial para se adotar futuramente a metodologia de meta-análise
344

Analyse économique du développement des nouveaux marchés biologiques : le cas des marchés biologiques domestiques au Kenya

Tankam, Chloé 10 July 2015 (has links)
L’agriculture biologique sort aujourd’hui des frontières des pays du Nord en se développant dans de nombreux pays dits du Sud. Cette dynamique a tout d’abord été celle d’un positionnement sur des filières d’export de produits à haute valeur ajoutée. Parallèlement à l’export, émergent dans un nombre croissant de pays en développement, et notamment au Kenya, des marchés domestiques. La thèse pose la question des dynamiques permettant l’émergence et le développement de ces nouveaux marchés. La recherche est structurée autour de quatre questions. La première porte sur les formes d’organisation des échanges de produits biologiques à Nairobi. À partir du cadre de l’économie néo-institutionnelle, nous expliquons comment, en l’absence de systèmes de certification crédibles, ces produits parviennent à être vendus avec premiums. La seconde question porte sur les conditions d’accès des producteurs à ces marchés. Il est fréquent de mettre en avant leur caractère plus rémunérateur. Or, une partie des producteurs qui pourraient effectivement vendre sur ces marchés privilégient les marchés conventionnels. À partir du concept de coûts de transaction, nous montrons le rôle de coûts de négociation et de suivi. Dans notre troisième chapitre, nous posons la question des effets de l’accès à ces marchés sur la diversification des cultures des producteurs, et par là sur la durabilité économique et environnementale de leurs exploitations. À partir des apports de la micro-économie, nos résultats confirment l’effet positif de l’accès aux marchés biologiques.Enfin, notre quatrième et dernier chapitre consiste en une analyse de l’efficacité de ces marchés et des conditions de leur pérennité. Nous proposons une grille d’analyse associant économie de l’information et analyse de la construction de la qualité. Elle nous permet de comparer les différents dispositifs de certification existant au Kenya. L’analyse montre que le dispositif le moins efficace est celui qui est amené à se développer, posant ainsi la question de la pérennité des marchés biologiques domestiques kenyans. / Over the past two decades the organic agro-food system has been transformed, extending beyond Northern countries and expanding in many so-called developing countries.This dynamic was first a positioning on high added value products’ export markets. Since several years, domestic markets have emerged in a growing number of developing countries, including Kenya. This thesis attempts to shed light on the dynamics explaining these new markets’ emergence and development. The research is based on four questions. The first one concerns the way organic transactions have been organized in Nairobi. Based on neo institutional economics, we explain how, in the absence of credible certification systems, these products are able to be sold with premium. The second question deals with the conditions of producers’ access to these markets. It is common to highlight that organic domestic Kenyan markets are more profitable than conventional ones. However, some producers, who could actually sell in these markets, prefer conventionalones. Thanks to the concept of transaction costs, we show the role of negotiation and monitoring transaction costs. Chapter 3 analyses the effects of selling on organic market on crops’ diversification, as a proxy of economic and environmental sustainability .Based on microeconomics’ contributions our results confirm the positive effect of organic markets. Finally, our fourth and final chapter provides an analysis of the conditions of these markets sustainability. We propose an analysis grid combining economy of information and quality construction approach, based on Hirschman (1970) works.This grid helps us comparing different certification and verification schemes existing in Kenya. Analysis shows that the least effective scheme is the one that is bound to grow,raising the question of the sustainability of Kenyan domestic organic markets.
345

Organisational and Workforce Restructuring in a Deregulated Environment: A Comparative Study of The Telecom Corporation of New Zealand (TCNZ) and Telstra

Ross, Peter, n/a January 2003 (has links)
In the late 1980s, governments in New Zealand and Australia began to deregulate their telecommunications markets. This process included the corporatisation and privatisation of former state owned telecommunications monopolies and the introduction of competition. The Telecom Corporation of New Zealand (TCNZ) was corporatised in 1987 and privatised in 1990. Its Australian counterpart, Telstra, was corporatised in 1989 and partially privatised in 1997. This thesis examines and compares TCNZ and Telstra's changing organisational and workforce restructuring strategies, as they responded to these changes. It further examines how these strategies influenced the firms' employment relations (ER) policies. Strategic human resource management (SHRM) and transaction costs economics (TCE) theories assist in this analyse. TCE links organisational restructuring to the make/buy decisions of firms and the asset-specificity of their employees. It suggests that firms will retain workers that have developed a high degree of firm-specific skills, and outsource more generic and semi-skilled work. Firm strategies are also influenced by national, contextual, factors. From a TCE perspective, these external factors alter relative transaction costs. Hence, different ownership structures, ER legislation and union power help to explain differences in TCNZ and Telstra's organisational restructuring and ER strategies. During the decade from 1990 to 2000, TCNZ and Telstra cut labour costs through large-scale downsizing programs. Job cuts were supported by outsourcing, work intensification and the introduction of new technologies. These initial downsizing programs were carried out through voluntary redundancies, across most sections of the firms. In many instances workers simply self-selected themselves for redundancies. TCNZ and Telstra's downsizing strategies then became more strategic, as they targeted generic and semi-skilled work for outsourcing. These strategies accorded with a TCE analysis. But TCNZ and Telstra engaged in other practices that did not accord with a TCE analysis. For example, both firms outsourced higher skilled technical work. TCNZ and Telstra's continued market domination and the emphasis that modern markets place on short term profits, provided possible reasons for these latter strategies. This thesis suggests, therefore, that while TCE may help to predict broad trends in 'rational organisations', it may be less effective in predicting the behaviour of more politically and ideologically driven organisations aiming for short term profit maximisation. Some TCNZ and Telstra workers were shifted to subsidiaries and strategic alliances, which now assumed responsibility for work that had previously been performed in-house. Many of these external firms re-employed these workers under more 'flexible' employment conditions. TCNZ and Telstra shifted to more unitarist ER strategies with their core workers and reduced union influence in the workplace. Unions at Telstra were relatively more successful in retaining members than their counterparts at TCNZ. By 2002, TCNZ and Telstra had changed from stand-alone public sector organisations, into 'leaner' commercially driven firms, linked to subsidiaries, subcontractors and strategic alliances.
346

公共設施保留地容積移轉市場交易機制之研究 / Study on the market transaction mechanism of the transferable development rights of land reservations for public facilities

劉厚連 Unknown Date (has links)
公共設施保留地容積移轉在於藉由市場交易機制,使公共設施保留地地主在等待政府徵收之前,得透過容積出售給開發業者獲致價金補償之機會,並免除政府直接辦理徵收之財政壓力。容積移轉制度基本精神是以市場效率解決土地分區使用之公平問題,然現行制度下,不同地區之公共設施保留地移出容積可得價金懸殊缺乏公平性,且容積交易集中於特定地區,造成當地生活環境品質之惡化。故本研究在制度建立之政策層面,尋求達到「受損補償,受益付費」公平原則,使容積購買者付出合理的價金購買公共設施保留地地主持有容積並透過制度設計控管容積移轉對生活環境品質衝擊之問題。在容積交易市場層面,則透過市場機制設計,塑造有助於市場形成與價格維繫之環境及降低容積買賣雙方之交易成本,以促進市場交易之效率並實現前述對地主之公平為目標。 本研究首先從市場供需之角度,分析容積供需失衡,對公共設施保留地容積移轉市場中容積價格之影響,並檢視影響TDR方案成功之市場運作因素與供需條件。其次,就買賣雙方交易盈餘分配進行探討,運用賽局理論中那許均衡之概念,分析討價還價之均衡解,以闡明信息不對稱下,如何解決地主在容積交易中議價資訊不足之問題,提高容積移轉價格,增進該制度在保障公共設施保留地地主財產權之貢獻。第三,引用中間層理論探討TDR銀行在解決交易成本問題之優勢,並闡明非營利性質因減少中介費用支出,增加交易雙方之交易剩餘,較能使TDR方案成功。第四,藉由前述理論之探討,本研究研擬改善現行公共設施保留地容積移轉的市場機制之相關議題,透過學者專家問卷及權利關係人的問卷調查之設計,汲取市場機制改善之建議。 本研究認為我國容積移轉市場存在容積總量超出環境容受力、市場所能提供之交易資訊不足、容積價格落差過大、中介者所提供的服務仍待加強及交易成本偏高等問題,需透過政府介入加以解決。因此,提出以容積銀行為容積移轉政策執行核心之市場交易機制,由各直轄市、縣市政府成立一個非營利性質的容積銀行,作為容積移轉交易平台,並成立專款專用之容積銀行運作基金,作為政策性購買容積取得所需公共設施保留地之用,賦予容積銀行資訊提供、中介媒合、價格引導、確保交易等功能,降低容積移轉交易成本,創造有利之交易環境,確保公共設施保留地地主,能以合理價格出售變現、政府財政可以負荷及都市居住環境品質得到掌控與維護的政策目標。根據研究結果提出建立公共設施保留容積移轉政策之決策與實踐機制及以容積銀行交易平台為主之交易市場機制等制度建議,作為政府未來改善公共設施容積移轉制度之參考。 / The transferable development rights (TDR) of land reservations for public facilities are a unique transferring method of development rights in Taiwan. This system allows the owners of land reservations for public facilities to sell the land, through market transaction mechanism and before the acquisition by the government, to developers through TDR in order to earn land transferring compensation. This system can also reduce the financial burden on the government on land acquisition. However, TDR has been questioned for deteriorating the urban living environment due to overdevelopment, and the transaction mechanism may reduce the market function and efficiency due to high transaction costs. Therefore, this study aims to design a market mechanism that can control the impact of TDR on the living environment, create an environment that is conducive to market formulation and price maintenance, and reduce the transaction costs of sellers and buyers, in order to facilitate the efficiency of market transaction and realize the fairness on the land owners. This paper first analyzes the imbalance between the TDR supply and demand from the market supply and demand perspective, and examines the effect of TDR of land reservations for public facilities on volume price in the market, as well as the market operational factors and supply/demand conditions that affect the success of TDR plans. Then, it discusses the surplus distribution of buyers and sellers, and applies the concept of Nash Equilibrium in the Game Theory to analyze the equilibrium solution of price bargaining. It aims to expound on how land owners could raise the TDR price under insufficient information due to information asymmetry during the bargaining process, and enhance the contribution of this system on the proprietorship of the land owners on land reservations for public facilities. Third, this paper applies the intermediation theory to discuss the advantages of TDR banks in solving the problem of transaction costs, and explains the reason that non-profit characteristics are more likely to guarantee the success of TDR plans. Fourth, based on the above discussions, this paper aims to improve the market mechanism of the TDR of land reservations for public facilities, and conduct questionnaire survey on experts and interest parties in order to collect opinions on the improvement schemes. Lastly, this paper proposes the market mechanism of using TDR bank as the policy executor of TDR, and establishing a non-profit TDR bank in each city/county by the local government as a transaction platform for TDR transaction. TDR bank operational fund should be established for exclusive use on the policy-oriented purchase of TDR of land reservations for public facilities. Thus, the TDR bank has the functions of providing information, mediating, price guiding, and transaction guaranteeing, in order to reduce the TDR transaction costs, create a favorable transaction environment, ensure the land owners of land reservations for public facilities to sell their lands at reasonable prices, reduce the financial burden of the government, and maintain a fair urban living environment. Suggestions are provided based on the research findings as a reference to the government on improving the TDR system of land reservations for public facilities.
347

突圍 – 軟體代理商的競爭模式 / Software distributor competition strategy

洪志輝 Unknown Date (has links)
電腦軟體這個伴隨著電腦科技,成為今後人類最具影響力的產品,隨著網際網路的發展已經進入了一個新的世代。在網際網路普及之前,軟體的發展除了要靠軟體開發廠商的創造力,最重要的就是代理商的傳播力、行銷力、及銷售力,把這樣無形性、智慧性的商品,提供給所需要的顧客。網際網路普及後則發生了本質性的轉變,尤其是數位影像及多媒體這類比較偏向一般使用者的套裝軟體。 本文將以數位影像及多媒體的代理商,在台灣的通路發展為主軸,探討這樣通路商所面臨的問題及策略決策模式。其中我們將以該產業最著名代理商為個案研究標的,以該個案為主軸探討此類通路商的如何應用五力分析在市場處於發展階段,用以發展自身的競爭優勢及其策略,在市場面臨成熟時如何應用技術採用生命週期的觀點,面對網際網路普及其對通路的衝擊,並提出可行的對應策略及建議。 / Computer softwear had been the most powerful and imfluenced tool to humannity for the then and now on, which drived by Internet and hardware popularity. Before the Internet age, software’s diffusion would depend on the orginial developer’s creativity and local Distributor’s marketing, sales force to deliver this kind of intelligent and intangible products to the customer. However as the Internet age comes, some of these connection had been changed. Image and Multi-media products could be on of the the most dramatice impact groups. In this thesis we would focus on Image and Multi-media software Distributor’s. With the most famous Distributor’s case study, we could further understand how they to build core competition and long term strategy to compet the competition and fulfill the consumer and orginal developer’s needs. Especially after the Internet age, what’s the key strategy make it survive and stronger. In this case we would learn how to use Five Fore Analysis to build core competetion in the market growing age, and how to fit in Technology Adoption LifeCycle theory in the realy world and wha’s the solution for the coming age.
348

半導體測試委外服務品質及滿意度因素之探討 / A study of the relationships between service quality and Satisfactions in semiconductor test outsourcing

王建昌, Wang, Chein Chang Unknown Date (has links)
半導體製造活動價值鏈中,半導體測試是重要的一環。半導體整合元件製造大廠為各種策略考量,於是漸提高向專業測試廠商尋求代工的比例,加上Design House產業蓬勃發展,也因此造就全球測試產業快速成長,甚至表現比整體半導體產業還優異。台灣半導體測試業為全球專業委外測試產業龍頭寶座。然而全球外在競爭環境威脅,而且在產業進入障礙低、競爭對手不斷增加、競爭日益強烈的情況下,終將直接衝擊台灣半導體產業在全球的地位。本研究欲從交易成本理論對測試委外服務品質和委外滿意度加以探討,以提供業界持續發展參考。 回顧過去委外相關研究發現,主要集中在:(1)企業是否應該委外或自製;(2)如何在統御結構下進行委外管理;(3) 採用討論或提出觀點說明的方式,少數真正採用實徵性研究驗證理論架構。因此,本研究專注於半導體測試委外的範疇,對委外進行探討,本研究架構乃為探討交易成本對服務品質和委外滿意度之影響,針對半導體測試產業型態及測試委外的需求建立研究架構與假設,並據以定義研究變數及制定問卷,經調查回收後做資料整理與統計分析。 經過資料分析,本研究在半導體測試委外產業的主要研究結果有三:一、在半導體測試外包產業中「交易成本」對於「服務品質」有顯著影響;二、「交易成本」對於「委外滿意度」未有顯著影響;三、「服務品質」不但對「委外滿意度」有正向的影響,同時亦扮演「交易成本」對於「委外滿意度」正向影響的「媒介變數」(mediator)。 根據上述的研究結果,本研究提出三點建議給予實務界參考。包括:一、以產能外包模式轉為整合模式外包,以降低不確定成本,提升服務品質;二、對於資產獨特性與不確定性質越高的委外案,承包商應提升對服務品質各方面的重視; 三、企業往後應慎重考量交易成本的影響。 / IC testing is a critical part of the semiconductor manufacturing value chain. In response to a variety of strategic considerations, large-scale IDM semiconductor manufacturers have increasingly sought the service from the professional testing firms. This, plus the rapid development of external IC design houses has created conditions for a global testing industry growing even more rapidly than the semiconductor industry as a whole. Taiwan’s specialized IC testing firms lead the global testing industry, but this dominance is increasingly threatened by external competition and low barriers to entry, and may eventually have a direct impact on the outlook of Taiwan’s IC industry. This study investigates transaction costs in terms of quality and customer satisfaction for external IC testing operations, and aims to provide the industry with a reference for sustainable development. Previous research in outsourcing has primarily focused on whether a company should outsource or keep operations in-house, or how to manage outsourcing within existing command structures, while a small number of empirical studies have used theoretical or case study methods to validate the use of theoretical frameworks. Therefore, this study focuses on the outsourcing of semiconductor testing operations to investigate how the structure and characteristics of transaction costs affect outsource service quality and satisfaction, with an aim to establish a research framework for investigating the semiconductor testing industry and outsourcing requirements. Towards this end, relevant variables have been defined and incorporated into a questionnaire which was used to source data for statistical analysis. Through statistical analysis, this study arrives at three primary conclusions regarding the outsourcing of semiconductor testing: (1) in the outsourcing of semiconductor testing, transaction costs have a significant impact on service quality; (2) transaction costs do not have a significant impact on outsourcing satisfaction; and (3) service quality is positively correlated with outsourcing satisfaction, and also plays transaction cost property in the positive correlation of outsourcing satisfaction and mediator. Based on these findings, this study raises three suggestions as a reference to practitioners: (1) move from a production outsourcing model to an integrated outsourcing model to reduce uncertainty costs and improve service quality; (2) for outsourcing cases with a higher degree of asset specialization and uncertainty, the contractor should focus especially on raising all aspects of service quality; and (3) enterprises should carefully consider the impact of transaction costs.
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Marknanden för professionell golf : en institutionell analys av Europatouren för herrar / The Market for Professional Golf : an Institutional Analysis of the European Tour for Men

Hjälm, Mattias January 2003 (has links)
<p>Studiens första syfte är att med institutionell teori kartlägga det kontraktsnät som konstituerar den europeiska marknaden för professionella herrgolfare. Det andra syftet är att analysera och diskutera vissa utvalda aspekter av detta kontraktsnät som utmärker Europatouren från traditionella vinstmaximerande företag. </p><p>Den europeiska marknaden för proffsgolfare har organiserats i ett företag för att det är ekonomiskt fördelaktigt. Med Europatouren som en sammanhållande länk begränsas transaktionskostnaderna bl.a. genom att antalet kontraktsvägar reduceras och genom att utrymme för långsiktiga relationer med viktiga parter skapas. </p><p>Europatourens prissummemaximerande huvudmål förenar och tjänar de flesta, om inte samtliga,intressenters delmål i kontraktsnätet. I ambitionen att tillfredsställa alla intressenter har en gigantisk institutionsapparat formats på Europatouren. Institutionernas uppgift är att hålla tillbaka transaktionskostnaderna, motverka ett opportunistiskt beteende hos spelarna och bevara sportens konformitet och gentlemannaapproach. </p><p>Stjärnspelarna är de som gör Europatouren attraktiv och för att lyckas behålla dem i den konkurrens man möter från USA-touren har ett favoriseringssystem skapats som innebär att de erhåller appearance money och bättre service. Förekomsten av appearance money berättigas av deras viktiga funktioner i kontraktsnätet. </p><p>Flera faktorer pekar på att ett icke traditionellt riskförhållande råder på en proffstour för golf, d.v.s. att spelaren (agenten) är riskbenägen och att Europatouren (principalen) är riskneutral. Med föreliggande riskförhållande skapas drivkrafter hos spelarna att alltid göra sitt yttersta på träning och tävling, och begränsas utrymmet för opportunistiskt beteende. Dessa faktorer ger en högkvalitativ tour, vilket är nödvändigt för att alla involverade intressenters mål ska bli uppfyllda.</p> / <p>The first object of this study is to, with institutional theory, map out the nexus of contracts which constitutes the European market for professional male golfers. The second object is to analyze and discuss some chosen aspects of this nexus of contracts which characterize the European Tour in comparison with traditional profit-maximizing firms. </p><p>The European market for professional golfers has been organized as a firm because of more economically favourable reasons. With the European Tour as a connecting link the transaction costs are lowered among other things, by the fact that the number of contract ways is reduced and that room for long-term relationships with important parties is created. </p><p>The price money maximizing purpose of the European Tour unite and serve most, if not all, intermediate aims of the parties included in the nexus of contracts. In the ambition to satisfy all parties a huge formal and informal apparatus of institutions has been formedon the European Tour. The task of the institutions is to reduce transaction costs, to counteract opportunistic behaviour from the players and to preserve the conformity and the gentlemanlike approach of the sport. </p><p>The star players are what makes the European Tour attractive and to be able to keep them in the competition with the USA Tour a favouring system has been created, which implies that they receive appearance money and better service. The occurrence of appearance money is justified by the players’ importance in the nexus of contracts. </p><p>Many factors indicate that there is no traditional risk relationship on a professional tour for golf. That is, the player (the agent) is risk loving while the European Tour (the principal) is risk neutral. With the existing risk relationship driving forces are created in the players to always perform their utmost during training and competition, and opportunistic behaviour is thereby restricted. These factors give a high-quality tour, which is necessary for the goals of all involved parties will be reached.</p>
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Vad kan medborgarna göra? : Fyra fallstudier av samarbetsformer för frivilliga insatser i äldreomsorg och väghållning / What Can the Citizens Do? : Four Case Studies of Voluntary Contributions in Public Elderly Care and Road Maintenance

Lindberg, Elisabet January 2005 (has links)
The aim of the study is twofold. First, to provide a picture of what happens when groups of citizens cooperate with municipalities and administrations to produce services essential to the community, i.e., elderly care or road maintenance. Second, to compare this picture with the picture of citizens’ involvement that the civil society theories describe. This is done by comparing four different cooperation projects. The empirical material has been gathered through four qualitative case studies – two elderly care cases and two road maintenance cases – and the analytical frame has been drawn mostly from organization theory, especially the resource dependence and the institutional perspectives. In the dissertation it is shown that in the projects with less complications the processes developed in a way that balanced, to some extent, the asymmetry in the dependence relation, i.e., the resources controlled by the groups became more interesting for the administrations and municipalities. These processes did also develop in a way that made it possible for the actors to come to an agreement of what problem the project was supposed to solve. These findings covariates with how interested the municipalities and the Road Administration organizations were to participate in the cooperation projects. It also covariates with the use of institutionalized cooperation forms. The short cut of an already defined and legitimated cooperation form implied that less transaction resources had to be invested in the cooperation itself – but as a result the actors did not communicate sufficiently and therefore did not develop a mutual understanding and trust. Another finding is that both the groups and the municipalities and administrations had pragmatic motives for their involvement in the cooperation projects, which led to an organizational form that was effective for the purpose of solving the identified problem with the elderly care/road maintenance, but not for the unintended consequences described by the civil society theories. As the group of citizens really involved was small, the consequences – greater solidarity and responsibility, and a decentralized democratic process, only comprised a few, mostly resourceful, citizens. Finally, the study shows that the groups’ contributions to the democratic process were limited by their involvement in actually solving the problem in question, i.e., to build and run an elderly home or to work with the improvement of the roads. The findings suggests that the picture of citizens’ involvement often put forward in the political debate in Sweden – as both a complement to the service provided by the public sector and a way to improve the democratic process – ought to be the subject of further research.

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