The study aims to investigate an appropriate wastewater treatment process to treat domestic wastewater in Hanoi City which contain low-strength for COD (120-200 mg/L) but high in nitrogen content (10-40 mg/L). A lab scale anoxic-oxic system with a hollow fiber-Membrane Separation Bioreactor was operated at a flow rate of 5-10 L/h over a period of 150 days. The reactor was operated at different sludge recirculation rates. The MBR maintained relatively constant transmembrane pressure. During 150 days of reactor operation, treated water quality have COD of around 20 mg/L, NH4-N of less than 1 mg/L, NO3-N of less than 5 mg/L. The system shows good and stable efficiency for organic matter and nitrogen removal without adding an external carbon source and coagulants. The results based on the study indicated that the proposed process configuration has potential to treat the low-strength wastewater in Hanoi. / Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu là đề xuất được một công nghệ hiệu quả và phù hợp để xử lý nước thải sinh họat ở các đô thị của Việt nam, là loại nước thải được thu gom từ hệ thống thoát nước chung có nồng độ chất hữu cơ thấp (COD 120-200 mg/l) nhưng hàm lượng chất dinh dưỡng như Nitơ, Phốt pho khá cao (T-N: 10-40 mg/L). Chúng tôi đã nghiên cứu và vận hành chạy thử mô hình xử lý sinh học yếm khí - kỵ khí (AO) kết hợp với màng vi lọc ở quy mô mô hình phòng thí nghiệm (công suất 5-10 L/h) ở các chế độ công suất bùn tuần hoàn khác nhau. Kết quả xử lý trong thời gian 5 tháng vận hành mô hình cho thấy chất lượng nước thải sau xử lý có hàm lượng COD nhỏ hơn 20 mg/L, NH4-N nhỏ hơn 1 mg/L, NO3-N nhỏ hơn 5 mg/L. Hiệu suất xử lý chất hữu cơ và chất dinh dưỡng rất ổn định và hệ thống không phải sử dụng các nguồn bổ sung chất hữu cơ hay các hóa chất trợ lắng như các công nghệ đang áp dụng. Kết quả cho thấy công nghệ AO kết hợp màng vi lọc có khả năng áp dụng thực tế, phù hợp với những nơi có quỹ đất nhỏ, chất lượng nước sau xử lý rất cao có thể phục vụ cho mục đích tái sử dụng.

Der Bericht beschreibt Methoden und Ergebnisse von Fütterungsversuchen mit Trockenschlempe und Rapsextraktionsschrot. Im Lehr- und Versuchsgut Köllitsch wurden über Futterabrufstationen Sauentragefutter und Schweinemastfutter ohne Sojaextraktionsschrot eingesetzt. Das Tragefutter enthielt 6 oder 10 Prozent Weizentrockenschlempe bzw. 10 Prozent Rapsextraktionsschrot. Die Reproduktionsleistungen der Sauen wurden dadurch nicht nachteilig beeinflusst. Durch den Einsatz von 10 Prozent Weizentrockenschlempe wurden je Sau etwa 1 Euro und durch den Einsatz von Rapsextraktionsschrot etwa 2 Euro je Sau eingespart. In der Anfangsmast wurden 20 Prozent Weizentrockenschlempe bzw. 20 Prozent Rapsextraktionsschrot eingesetzt, in der Endmast jeweils 16 Prozent dieser Nebenprodukte. Trockenschlempe war im Gegensatz zu Rapsextraktionsschrot als alleiniges Eiweißfuttermittel in der Schweinemast geeignet. Dadurch konnten die Futterkosten je Schwein um 4 Euro gesenkt werden.

Rubber tree is one of the main plants which play an important role in the economy of Southeastern region, Vietnam. Approximately 90% of Vietnamese natural rubber latex is exported as raw products. The preliminary process of natural rubber latex discharges a large amount of wastewater to the environment. In Vietnam, there are many available technologies set up and operated for treatment wastewater of rubber latex processing. However, the effluent quality is still poor and the concentration of pollutants is higher than the required national technical regulation on the effluent of the natural rubber processing industry (QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT). Thus, this paper summarizes various technologies and methods currently applied for the treatment of latex processing wastewater in Vietnam. Additionally, the new effective methods being researched and applied in Thailand and Malaysia are also mentioned (countries with the highest production of natural rubber in the world). This paper also provides a screening of treatment technologies for reducing environmental pollution and contributing to high-quality effluent for meeting the required standard. / Cao su là một trong những cây trồng chính và đóng vai trò quan trọng trong nền kinh tế của miền Đông Nam Bộ, Việt Nam. Sản phẩm từ cây cao su thiên nhiên tại Việt Nam chủ yếu là xuất khẩu (khoảng 90%), tuy nhiên chỉ mới là dạng cao su thiên nhiên sơ chế. Quá trình sơ chế mủ cao su thiên nhiên thải bỏ một lượng lớn nước thải vào môi trường. Ở Việt Nam, hiện tại có rất nhiều công nghệ xử lý nước thải sơ chế mủ cao su đã được thiết lập và vận hành. Tuy nhiên, nồng độ ô nhiễm trong nước thải sau quá trình xử lý còn cao so với tiêu chuẩn yêu cầu (QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT). Vì vậy, bài báo này tóm tắt những công nghệ và phương pháp khác nhau được sử dụng để xử lý nước thải sơ chế mủ cao su tại Việt Nam gần đây. Thêm vào đó, những phương pháp mới và hiệu quả đang được nghiên cứu và áp dụng tại Malaysia và Thái Lan, những quốc gia có sản lượng sản xuất mủ cao su cao nhất trên thế giới cũng được giới thiệu. Bài báo này cũng cung cấp sự đa dạng của những phương pháp xử lý nhằm giảm thiểu ô nhiễm môi trường và góp phần đảm bảo chất lượng nước đầu ra đạt tiêu chuẩn cho phép.

Sewage exfiltration from a sanitary and combined sewer systems and its percolation into porous medium results in a clogged or colmation layer in the nearby soil. In order to develop a comprehensive understanding of raw sewage transport mechanisms in porous media, investigations were carried out on the micro-scale properties of the multiphase system. In our laboratory experiments, the role of surfactants as a major organic chemical compound in wastewater was evaluated by using a surfactant solution as an artificial wastewater percolating into a porous media, represented by using columns and Plexiglas model. We studied flows of water and surfactants solution in saturated porous medium to detect the dynamic effects by means of measuring pressure and permeability as well as by visualization of flow regions and consequence for porosity along interfaces between water and surfactants solution. The tests revealed that mechanisms at interfaces between fluids and solids as well as between water and surfactants solution (i.e. wastewater) are significantly influencing the flow behavior. At the interfaces surfactant molecules are adsorbed or accumulate, respectively, and subsequently inducing electrical charges to those layers, altering the properties of fluids and these interfaces. Depending on the conditions, channels might be narrowed and thus decreasing the flow rate with a later erosion and increase of flow rates, or the flow and thus the erosive capacity might become intensified along the interface between surfactants solution and neighbouring water. In conclusion, the results of tests proved the surfactants to be an important controlling factor in the hydraulic properties of wastewater percolating into soil.

The primary objective of wastewater treatment is the removal of pollutants to meet given legal effluent standards. To further reduce operators costs additional recovery of resources and energy is desired by industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. Hence the objective in early stage of planning of treatment facilities lies in the identification and evaluation of promising configurations of treatment units. Obviously this early stage of planning may best be supported by software tools to be able to deal with a variety of different treatment configurations. In chemical process engineering various design tools are available that automatically identify feasible process configurations for the purpose to obtain desired products from given educts. In contrast, the adaptation of these design tools for the automatic generation of treatment unit configurations (process chains) to achieve preset effluent standards is hampered by the following three reasons. First, pollutants in wastewater are usually not defined as chemical substances but by compound parameters according to equal properties (e.g. all particulate matter). Consequently the variation of a single compound parameter leads to a change of related parameters (e.g. relation between Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Suspended Solids). Furthermore, mathematical process models of treatment processes are tailored towards fractions of compound parameters. This hampers the generic representation of these process models which in turn is essential for automatic identification of treatment configurations. Second, treatment technologies for wastewater treatment rely on a variety of chemical, biological, and physical phenomena. Approaches to mathematically describe these phenomena cover a wide range of modeling techniques including stochastic, conceptual or deterministic approaches. Even more the consideration of temporal and spatial resolutions differ. This again hampers a generic representation of process models. Third, the automatic identification of treatment configurations may either be achieved by the use of design rules or by permutation of all possible combinations of units stored within a database of treatment units. The first approach depends on past experience translated into design rules. Hence, no innovative new treatment configurations can be identified. The second approach to identify all possible configurations collapses by extremely high numbers of treatment configurations that cannot be mastered. This is due to the phenomena of combinatorial explosion. It follows therefrom that an appropriate planning algorithm should function without the need of additional design rules and should be able to identify directly feasible configurations while discarding those impractical. This work presents a planning tool for the identification and evaluation of treatment configurations that tackles the before addressed problems. The planning tool comprises two major parts. An external declarative knowledge base and the actual planning tool that includes a goal oriented planning algorithm. The knowledge base describes parameters for wastewater characterization (i.e. material model) and a set of treatment units represented by process models (i.e. process model). The formalization of the knowledge base is achieved by the Web Ontology Language (OWL). The developed data model being the organization structure of the knowledge base describes relations between wastewater parameters and process models to enable for generic representation of process models. Through these parameters for wastewater characterization as well as treatment units can be altered or added to the knowledge base without the requirement to synchronize already included parameter representations or process models. Furthermore the knowledge base describes relations between parameters and properties of water constituents. This allows to track changes of all wastewater parameters which result from modeling of removal efficiency of applied treatment units. So far two generic treatment units have been represented within the knowledge base. These are separation and conversion units. These two raw types have been applied to represent different types of clarifiers and biological treatment units. The developed planning algorithm is based on a Means-Ends Analysis (MEA). This is a goal oriented search algorithm that posts goals from wastewater state and limit value restrictions to select those treatment units only that are likely to solve the treatment problem. Regarding this, all treatment units are qualified according to postconditions that describe the effect of each unit. In addition, units are also characterized by preconditions that state the application range of each unit. The developed planning algorithm furthermore allows for the identification of simple cycles to account for moving bed reactor systems (e.g. functional unit of aeration tank and clarifier). The evaluation of identified treatment configurations is achieved by total estimated cost of each configuration. The planning tool has been tested on five use cases. Some use cases contained multiple sources and sinks. This showed the possibility to identify water reuse capabilities as well as to identify solutions that go beyond end of pipe solutions. Beyond the originated area of application, the planning tool may be used for advanced interrogations. Thereby the knowledge base and planning algorithm may be further developed to address the objectives to identify configurations for any type of material and energy recovery.

The concomitant occurrence and reported discrepant behavior of uranium and arsenic in water bodies is a major health and environmental concern. This study combined batch and column experiments, hydrogeochemical simulations and XAFS spectroscopy to uncover the exchange mechanisms governing uranium fate between water and scrap metallic iron, minerals and Shewanella putrefaciens surfaces in the presence of arsenic. The main results suggest that both water chemistry and the solid phase composition influence uranium fate in the presence of arsenic. The importance of uranyl-arsenate species as a major control of uranium behavior in the presence of arsenic is shown. The toxicity of arsenic and the presence of nitrate are interpreted as limiting factors of the enzymatic reduction of both toxins. Besides, XANES fingerprinting and EXAFS modeling have confirmed precipitation/co-precipitation of uranyl-arsenates as a major mechanism controlling uranium behavior in the presence of arsenic.

A new technology for biotechnological treatment of mine waters with both high concentrations of heavy metals and sulphate was developed. The technology is based on the technical coupling of microbially mediated hydrolysis, fermentation and microbial sulphate reduction in a self-stabilising process. Electron donor for sulphate reduction is supplied by degradation of a solid substrate (silage). Elimination of metals is primarily achieved by sulphide precipitation within the sulphate reduction zone. The organic compounds are either supplied by elution or by hydrolysis of polymeric compounds which was named active elution. The concept was realised as a two-phase process with (active) elution in the first phase (R1) and sulphate reduction and metal elimination in the second phase (R2). With this process setup the supply of sufficient amounts of electron donor in R1, a stable and effective sulphate reduction yield as the basis of metal elimination in R2 and a stable separation of microbial processes in R1 and R2 was achieved at hydraulic retention times of 69 h in R1 and 40 h in R2. Almost complete elimination of heavy metals was achieved from wastewaters with 0.2 mM Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and Mn2. A structurised mathematical model describing the two-phase process was developed on the basis of literature values and tested with data from continuous experiments. Microbial processes were significantly influenced in the presence of precipitated heavy metal sulfides. The effect was dependent on both the bound metal (Ni2+ or Fe2+) and the relative distance between sediment and biomass. / Es wurde eine neuartige Technologie zur biotechnologischen Reinigung von schwermetallbelasteten, sulfathaltigen Bergbauwässern entwickelt. Die Technologie basiert auf der technischen Kopplung von mikrobiell vermittelter Hydrolyse, Fermentation und mikrobieller Sulfatreduktion in einem selbststabilisierenden Prozess, wobei aus Abbau eines festen Substanzgemisches (Silage) Elektronendonor zur Sulfatreduktion bereitgestellt wird. Die Schwermetallelimination erfolgt vorrangig durch sulfidische Fällung, die technisch einstufig mit der mikrobiellen Sulfatreduktion realisiert wurde. Die organischen Verbindungen wurden durch Elution bereitgestellt bzw. durch hydrolytischen Abbau von polymeren Verbindungen. Hierfür wurde der Begriff der ?Aktiven Elution? geprägt. Die Konzeption wurde technisch zweistufig umgesetzt. In der ersten Stufe (R1) erfolgt die (Aktive) Elution, in der zweiten Stufe (R2) erfolgen Sulfatreduktion und Schwermetallelimination. Mit der verfahrenstechnischen Umsetzung wurde die Bereitstellung einer ausreichenden Menge an Elektronendonor in R1, eine effektive und stabile Sulfatreduktionsausbeute als Bedingung der Schwermetallelimination in R2 und eine weitgehende Trennung der mikrobiellen Prozesse in R1 und R2 bei Verweilzeiten von 69 h in R1 und 40 h in R2 erreicht. Bei Behandlung von wässrigen Lösungen mit 0,2 mM Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ und Mn2+ konnte eine nahezu vollständige Elimination der Schwermetalle aus der Lösung erreicht werden. Es wurde ein strukturiertes mathematisches Modell für den zweistufigen Prozess auf der Basis von Literaturangaben entwickelt und anhand der kontinuierlichen Laborversuche überprüft. Es wurde ein erheblicher Einfluss schwermetallsulfidischer Präzipitate auf die mikrobiellen Prozesse festgestellt. Dabei wurde dieser Einfluss in Abhängigkeit von der Art der gebundenen Metallionen (Ni2+ oder/und Fe2+) und in Abhängigkeit der relativen räumlichen Anordnung von Sediment und Biomasse festgestellt.

The Distrito Federal in Western Central Brazil is characterized by a high share of urban population and a predicted growth of population. The corresponding increasing water consumption is associated with a falling groundwater table. The existing wastewater treatment plants could reach their capacity limits due to further increasing amounts of urban wastewater in conjunction with heavy precipitation events. During these events, untreated wastewater can become a contamination source for protected resources such as soil and water. This problem can be solved by soil aquifer recharge. This is a unique technique to take the load off the treatment plants, to store the water in the aquifer, and to improve the water quality during the soil passage. The controlled infiltration of pretreated municipal wastewater in the tropical soils can ensure the regional groundwater balance and backup high quality water as a suitable drinking water resource. The objective of the present thesis was to define suitable soils and areas for a soil aquifer treatment in the Distrito Federal to support the decentralized wastewater treatment management. For the identification of suitable soils, representative samples were taken. The soil samples were examined with respect to their pedological and geochemical properties. For the characterization of the unsaturated hydraulic conditions, in situ infiltration tests and a 3D infiltration monitoring were performed. Additionally, the retention potentials for sewage ingredients were determined for each soil with unsaturated, hydrochemical and geoelectrical column tests. Thus, it was possible to calculate the retention potentials of each soil against the wastewater content of an artificial wastewater. The artificial wastewater with known composition was infiltrated through the soil columns. The retention potentials of the soils were calculated by balancing the hydrochemical data. Afterwards, for the implementation of the hydraulic data and the data from the column tests, a utility analysis was performed to merge all parameters. Finally, the field and laboratory studies were combined within a GIS-based usability analysis to blend the determined parameter with geo-data to identify suitable areas for a soil aquifer treatment. Parameters as slope, land use and land cover were included in this analysis. After the evaluation of the hydrochemical balances, predominantly the younger soils turn out as suitable for an artificial recharge with water of impaired quality because of their high retention potential for TOC. The Gleissolo featured a retention potential of almost 100 % for TOC. However, a high hydraulic conductivity in the soils is necessary to ensure an effective artificial recharge. The Gleissolo featured the lowest measured hydraulic conductivity in the field test with 1,12 x 10-8 m/s. Due to the consideration of the determined hydraulic and hydrochemical data in the utility analysis, each parameter was weighted to embrace the requirement of an effective artificial recharge. The results of the laboratory and field tests have shown that the soil group of Latossolos is suitable for a soil aquifer treatment. These soils offer the best infiltration characteristics and a good retention potential against sewage ingredients for an effective artificial groundwater recharge with pretreated wastewater. Additional to that, slope, land use/land cover, depth of soil, and a defined distance to conservation area were considered in a GIS-based usability analysis. Additionally, the categorized soils from the utility analysis were included to identify suitable regions. The outcome of the thesis is a GIS-based usability analysis map which shows suitable areas for a soil aquifer treatment ranked by their category of suitability. Additionally, the thesis provides crucial evidences for soil parameters which have positive effects on wastewater infiltration. In addition, the 3D infiltration monitoring and the measured resistivity distribution showed that the gravitatively controlled infiltration influences only the soil zone immediately beneath the irrigation. Furthermore, it was found that the proxy of the geoelectrical resistivity is not (sufficiently) conclusive for the sorption potential of conductive wastewater ingredients. / O Distrito Federal, localizado no Centro-Oeste Brasileiro, é caracterizado por um intenso processo de urbanização o qual deve aumentar ainda mais nas próximas décadas. O correspondente crescimento no consumo de água está, também, associado ao rebaixamento dos níveis das águas subterrâneas. O atual sistema de tratamento de efluentes pode atingir seu limite de operação diante do crescimento demográfico e aumento de eventos extremos de chuva. Durante esses eventos, efluentes não tratados podem tornar-se uma fonte de contaminação aos recursos hídricos e solos. Uma solução é recarga artificial de águas subterrâneas. A mesma armazena o efluente pré-tratado nas águas subterrâneas e melhora a qualidade do mesmo durante o processo de percolação no solo. A infiltração controlada em solos tropicais pode contribuir para a qualidade das águas subterrâneas e balanço hídrico, servindo assim como fonte para o abastecimento de água. Essa tese tem como objetivo a identificação de áreas e solos propícios à recarga artificial de águas subterrâneas no Distrito Federal a fim de dar suporte à gestão decentralizada de tratamento de efluentes. Para a identificação dessas áreas, amostras representativas à diferentes tipos de solos foram obtidas. As amostras foram examinadas de acordo com suas propriedades pedológicas e geoquímicas. Para a caracterização das condições hidráulicas não saturadas, realizaram-se diversos testes de infiltração in situ, bem como o monitoramento 3D. Ainda, determinou-se para cada solo o potencial de retenção de poluentes através de testes de coluna insaturados, hidroquímico e geoelétricos. Dessa forma foi possível calcular os potenciais de retenção para cada solo quando utilizados efluentes sintéticos. Com base na contabilização de todos os dados hidroquímicos, calculou-se os potenciais de retenção de poluentes para o determinado efluente de composição conhecida. Mais a frente, para a implementação de dados hidráulicos e dados dos testes de coluna, utilizou-se uma análise de utilidade considerando todos os parâmetros. Finalmente, estudos de laboratório e campo foram combinados em uma análise baseada em sistema de informação geográfica (SIG). O mesmo permite o cruzamento de um determinado parâmetro obtido com uma base de dados georeferenciados (p. ex. classes de solos) a fim de identificar as áreas mais propícias. Parâmetros tais como declividade, uso e cobertura de solo foram incluídos nessa análise. Após a avaliação dos balanços hidroquímicos, identificou-se que os solos jovens possuem um alto potencial de retenção de carbono orgânico total (COT). Os mesmos mostraram-se adequados para recarga de águas subterrâneas com efluente residuário pré-tratado. Como exemplo, o Gleisolo apresentou um potencial de retenção de aproximadamente 100% de COT. No entanto, é importante lembrar que, a fim de garantir uma retenção efetiva, a condutividade hidráulica do solo deve ser alta. Nesse caso, o Gleisolo apresentou baixos valores no teste de campo com uma condutividade hidráulica de 1,12 x 10-8 m/s. Ainda, os dados hidráulicos e hidroquímicos medidos foram integrados à uma análise de uso-benefício. No caso, cada parâmetro recebe um peso de modo a atender às demandas de uma recarga efetiva de águas subterrâneas. Resultados mostram que o grupo de solo classificado com Latossolo é propício para a recarga de águas subterrâneas. O mesmo oferece a melhor característica de infiltração e potencial de retenção de contaminantes para uma recarga artificial com efluentes pré-tratados. Declividade, uso e ocupação de solo, profundidade do solo e uma distância devida de áreas de conservação foram contemplados na análise de utilidade baseada em SIG. Além disso, os colos caracterizados pela análise de uso-benefício foram incluídos com o intuito de identificar as regiões mais propícias para a prática. O resultado da tese é uma representação gráfica georeferenciada das áreas propícias para a aplicação de recarga artificial de águas subterrâneas. Ainda, a tese fornece evidências cruciais de parâmetros do solo que tem efeitos positivos na infiltração de efluentes pré-tratados. O monitoramento 3D de infiltração e a distribuição de resistividade medida mostram que infiltração controlada por gravidade influencia apenas a zona do solo imediata à superfície de irrigação. Mas a frente, foi determinado que o proxy da resistividade geoelétrica não é válido para o potencial de retenção de contaminantes condutores. / Der Distrito Federal ist durch eine starke Urbanisierung geprägt. Das ohnehin bereits starke Bevölkerungswachstum wird Prognosen zufolge weiter zunehmen. Der damit verbundene Anstieg des Wasserverbrauchs wird auch in absinkenden Grundwasserständen widergespiegelt. Weiterhin ist das westliche Zentralbrasilien aufgrund seiner Lage in den wechselfeuchten Tropen durch eine starke Saisonalität der Niederschläge geprägt. Das erhöhte Abwasseraufkommen in Verbindung mit extremen Niederschlagsereignissen kann zu einer deutlichen Überbelastung der vorhandenen Kläranlagen führen. In Extremsituationen kann ungeklärtes Abwasser in die Bodenzone gelangen und somit Schutzgüter wie Boden und Wasser kontaminieren. Eine effiziente Maßnahme gegenüber der unkontrollierten Versickerung von ungeklärtem Abwasser sowie zur Vorbeugung absinkender Grundwasserspiegel ist die gezielte Infiltration von vorbehandeltem Abwasser in Verbindung mit einer Grundwasseranreicherung. Diese Maßnahme umfasst einen zusätzlichen Reinigungsschritt des vorgereinigten Abwassers und dient zur Vorbeugung gegenüber absinkenden Grundwasserspiegeln. Ziel der Arbeit war es, geeignete Böden und Flächen für eine Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser im Distrito Federal auszuweisen. Zur Identifizierung geeigneter Böden wurden repräsentative Bodenproben auf ihre pedologischen und geochemischen Eigenschaften hin untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden in situ Durchlässigkeitstests und ein Versickerungsmonitoring aufgebaut, um zur Klärung der Infiltrationseigenschaften beizutragen. Für die Laboruntersuchungen wurden die Bodenproben im Hinblick auf ihre Schadstoffrückhaltepotentiale untersucht. Dazu wurden kombinierte hydrochemische und geoelektrische sowie ungesättigte Säulenversuche durchgeführt. Dadurch war es möglich, Rückschlüsse auf die Sorptionsleistung der Böden gegenüber den Abwasserinhaltsstoffen einer künstlichen Abwasserlösung schließen zu können. Die Bodensäulen wurden mit einem künstlichen Abwasser mit bekannter Schadstoffzusammensetzung überstaut. Auf der Grundlage der Bilanzierung aller hydrochemischen Daten wurden die Schadstoffrückhaltepotentiale für die Abwasserinhaltsstoffe berechnet. Anschließend wurden die experimentell ermittelten Parameter in einer Nutzwertanalyse zusammengefasst, um so geeignete Böden für eine effiziente Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser zu identifizieren. Abschließend wurden die Feld- und Laboruntersuchungen mit einer GIS-basierten Nutzbarkeitsanalyse komplettiert, um die gemessenen Parameter mit weiteren vorliegenden, räumlich aufgelösten Daten verschneiden zu können. In diese Analyse wurden Parameter wie Gefälle, Landnutzung und Landbedeckung einbezogen. Bei der Auswertung der hydrochemischen Bilanzen kristallisierten sich vorwiegend die jungen Böden aufgrund ihrer hohen Schadstoffrückhaltepotentiale als geeignete Böden für eine Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser heraus. Exemplarisch wies der Gleissolo ein Sorptionspotential von fast 100 % für den Parameter TOC auf. Allerdings müssen Böden für eine effektive Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser zusätzlich zu den hohen Sorptionsleistungen auch hohe hydraulische Durchlässigkeiten aufweisen. Für den Gleissolo wurde im Feldversuch die niedrigste hydraulische Durchlässigkeit von 1,12 x 10-8 m/s bestimmt. Durch die Einbindung der gemessenen hydraulischen und hydrochemischen Daten in eine Nutzwertanalyse konnten diese Parameter gewichtet werden, um so den Ansprüchen einer effektiven Grundwasseranreicherung gerecht zu werden. Im Ergebnis der durchgeführten Untersuchungen hat sich gezeigt, dass sich die Bodengruppe der Latossole besonders gut für eine Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser eignet. Diese Böden weisen die besten Infiltrationsbedingungen sowie gute Sorptionseigenschaften für eine effizient gestaltete Grundwasseranreicherung auf. Mit Hilfe der GIS-basierten Nutzbarkeitsanalyse geografischer Parameter wurden Flächen ausgezeichnet, die sich in Bezug auf Gefälle, Landnutzung/Landbedeckung, Bodentiefe und einer adäquaten Distanz zu Schutzgebieten für eine Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser eignen. Zusätzlich wurden die mit Hilfe der Nutzwertanalyse kategorisierten Böden in die Flächenidentifizierung einbezogen. Das Resultat dieser Arbeit liegt in Form einer Karte vor, in der die Gebiete, die für eine Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser geeignet sind, nach Kategorien geordnet, verzeichnet sind. Zusätzlich dazu liefert die Arbeit entscheidende Hinweise auf Bodeneigenschaften, die sich positiv auf eine Abwasserinfiltration auswirken. Darüber hinaus konnte durch das geoelektrische 3D-Monitoring und der dabei gemessenen Verteilung des spezifischen elektrischen Widerstandes gezeigt werden, dass die Infiltration gravitativ gesteuert nur die Bodenzone direkt unterhalb der Verrieselung beeinflusste. Weiterhin wurde festgestellt, dass das Proxy des geoelektrischen Widerstandes im Labormaßstab nicht aussagekräftig genug ist, um Rückschlüsse auf die Sorption leitfähigkeitsrelevanter Abwasserinhaltsstoffe geben zu können.

In Deutschland nimmt der Anbau von Bleichspargel (Asparagus officinalis L.) sechzehn Prozent der Gesamtgemüseanbaufläche ein. Die Qualitätssicherung von Spargel, insbesondere aber von geschältem (Convenience-) Spargel stellt wegen der hohen Stoffwechselaktivität nach der Ernte eine Herausforderung dar. Insbesondere gilt es, die Textur und die Inhaltsstoffe vor qualitätsmindernden Veränderungen und verderbsförderndem Pilzbefall zu bewahren. Als Verpackung dienen in der Regel Folienverpackungen, die aber oft für das empfindliche Gemüseprodukt nicht geeignet sind. Daher wurde der Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Folienverpackungen (vier Polypropylenfolien, zwei biologisch abbaubare Folien und ein Oberflächencoating) mit unterschiedlicher Permeabilität für Sauerstoff und Kohlendioxid auf die Veränderungen der Qualitätsparameter ( Farbe, Textur, Frischmasse, Trockensubstanz, Gerüstkohlenhydrate ( Pectine, Lignin, Hemicellulose, Cellulose, Saccharose, Fructose, Glucose) von nicht geschälten und geschälten Spargel unmittelbar nach der Ernte und nochmals nach drei (bzw. vier) Lagertagen (2°C, 10°C, 20°C Lagertemperatur) ermittelt. Direkt nach der Ernte und nach drei Lagertagen wurde bei 10°C und 20°C Lagertemperatur die Kontamination mit Pilzen und der eventuell damit verbundene Gehalt an Fumonisin B1 geprüft. Die Lagertemperatur von 10°C (2 d Lagerdauer) erwies sich als geeignet zur Qualitätserhaltung von Convenience – Spargel. Bei 2°C und 20°C geschältem Spargel waren die Pectinfraktionen, bei nicht geschältem Spargel war der Hemicellulosegehalt Veränderungen unterworfen. Die Veränderungen dieser Qualitätsparameter waren mit den Veränderungen der Textur korreliert. Die Spargelspitze ist bei der Lagerung (2°C und 20°C) stoffwechselaktiver, als die restliche Spargelstange. Es zeigte sich, dass das Verhältnis von O2 zu CO2 (RQ) in der Verpackungsfolie signifikanten Einfluss auf die Qualitätsparameter von geschältem Spargel ausübte. Die geringsten stoffwechselphysiologischen Veränderungen wurden bei einem RQ von 0,65 festgestellt. Folienverpackungen mit RQ von 0,03-0,65 hatten sich für das endophytische Pilzwachstum als hemmend erwiesen. Das Mykotoxin Fumonisin B1 wurden in gesundheitlich unbedenklichen Mengen (< 1,67 mg * kg TS-1) in nicht gelagerten und in gelagerten Spargelstangen nachgewiesen. / The production area of white asparagus comprises 16 % of all vegetable crops in Germany. The economic important asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is known for its high quality loss in postharvest. In order to protect convenience asparagus, i.e. fresh-cut peeled white asparagus from rapid deterioration in respect to phytopathological fungi, nutritive and sensory compounds the commercial use of film packaging might be an important tool. However, the film packaging materials used commercially do often not fulfil product physiological concerns. Therefore, the influence of different film packaging materials (four polypropylene-films, two biological degradable films and one coating) with different permeabilities for CO2 and O2 was investigated for unpeeled and peeled white asparagus during storage (2, 3, and 4 days) at temperatures of 2°C, 10°C, 20°C. Changes in the following quality attributes were studied: colour, texture, fresh weight, dry weight, structural carbohydrates (pectic substances, lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose), mono- and disaccharides (fructose, glucose, sucrose). Moreover, at harvest and after three days of storage the contamination with fungi and the content of the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 was observed. The tests for contamination of fungi were conducted with slight nutrient agar (SNA) for seven days at 20°C under 14 h UV light and 10 h darkness (Nirenberg, 1976) Quality changes were most inhibited at a storage temperature of 10°C for two days. The ratio of O2 to CO2 (RQ) within the film packaging had a pronounced effect on the quality attributes of peeled asparagus. Changes in dry weight, fresh weight, lignin content were low at a RQ of 0,65 (P-Plus 2 film), whereas the water-soluble/insoluble pectin ratio (1 : 0,8) remained constant during the entire storage period. A low correlation was found between texture and hemicellulose, glucose, sucrose and the ratio of water-soluble to insoluble pectin. The meristematic zone of the asparagus tip revealed a higher metabolic activity than other morphological parts of the spear. Endophytic fungi, e.g. Fusarium spp., a precursor of mycotoxin, was found in control asparagus spears. During storage, the development of Fusarium spp. could be inhibited by all film packaging revealing a RQ of 0,003 - 0,65. The mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 occurred in all asparagus spears (control and stored spears), however the content (< 1,67 mg * kg TS -1) did not reach health risk threshold values.

In dieser Dissertation wird der Einfluss von Transaktionen zur Wiederverwendung von Nährstoffen und gereinigtem kommunalen Abwasser auf die Wertschöpfungsketten der Abwasserbehandlung und Pflanzenproduktion untersucht. Ziel ist es, Kosten und Nutzen sowie die Wertschöpfung von Transaktionen in verknüpften Wertschöpfungsketten der Abwasserbehandlung und Pflanzenproduktion zu analysieren. Darüber hinaus wird untersucht, wie Transaktionen und Interdependenzen zwischen Akteuren in verknüpften Wertschöpfungsketten die lokalen Governance-Strukturen für die Wiederverwendung von Abwasser beeinflussen. Die Analyse wird hauptsächlich durch das Wertschöpfungskettenkonzept, das Konzept der Kreislaufwirtschaft und die Theorie der Transaktionskostenökonomie geleitet. Mit verschiedenen Methoden, wie der Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse, der Wertschöpfungskettenanalyse und der Transaktionskostenanalyse, werden zwei Fallstudien in Deutschland untersucht: (1) die Fällung von Struvit (Magnesium-Ammonium-Phosphat) und dessen Verwendung als Dünger in Berlin-Brandenburg und (2) das Modell der landwirtschaftlichen Abwasserwiederverwendung in Braunschweig. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Wiederverwendung von Nährstoffen und Abwasser zu geringeren Kosten für die Abwasserbehandlung, höherer Rentabilität und Wertschöpfung in der Pflanzenproduktion und zu einem hohen Anteil an regionaler Wertschöpfung führen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen aber auch, dass die Wiederverwendung von Abwasser zu Einschränkungen, Verdrängungseffekten und Veränderungen in der Verteilung der Wertschöpfung führen kann. Des Weiteren zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass differenzierte Governance-Strukturen erforderlich sind, um den unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften der Transaktionen zwischen Abwasserbehandlung und der Pflanzenproduktion gerecht zu werden. Interdependenzen zwischen Abwasseranbietern und Landwirten erhöhen den Bedarf an hybriden und hierarchischen Elementen in den Governance-Strukuren für die Wiederverwendung von Abwasser. / This dissertation explores the impact of transactions for reusing nutrients and treated municipal wastewater on the value chains of wastewater treatment and crop production. It aims to analyze what costs and benefits and what added-value can result from transactions in linked value chains of wastewater treatment and crop production. Furthermore, it aims to analyze how transactions and interdependences between actors in linked value chains shape the governance structures for reusing wastewater at the local level. The analysis is mainly guided by the value chain concept, the concept of the circular economy and the theory of transaction costs economics. Different methods including cost-benefit analysis, value chain analysis and transaction cost analysis are used to investigate two case studies located in Germany: (1) the precipitation of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) in the wastewater treatment plant in Waßmannsdorf and its application as fertilizer in Berlin-Brandenburg, and (2) the agricultural wastewater reuse scheme of the Wastewater Association Braunschweig. The results show that transactions for reusing nutrients and wastewater result in the development of linked regional value chains with lower costs of wastewater treatment, higher profitability and added-value in crop production, and a high share of regional added-value. However, the results also highlight that the reuse of wastewater can lead to restrictions (e.g., cultivation bans on certain crops), crowding out effects and changes in the distribution of the added-value. Furthermore, the findings suggest that different governance structures are needed to match the different properties of the transactions between wastewater treatment and crop production. Interdependences resulting from transactions between wastewater providers and farmers increase the need for hybrid and hierarchical elements in the governance structures for reusing wastewater.