Au Maroc, lors de la première moitié du 20ème siècle, la transition à l’âge adulte des femmes et des hommes se caractérise par le franchissement précoce de trois étapes successives, différentes selon le sexe. Chez les femmes, le premier seuil correspond au départ du foyer parental, associé à l’entrée en union, suivie de la naissance du premier enfant. Tandis que chez les hommes, les trois événements sont l’exercice d’une activité économique, le mariage et la venue du premier enfant. Ces différences genrées s’expliquent par une distribution des rôles sexués dès l’enfance, c’est-à-dire par l’investissement des garçons dans la sphère publique (accès à la scolarité et à l’emploi) et des jeunes filles dans la sphère privée (tâches domestiques). Cependant, en l’espace de quelques décennies, ces rôles traditionnels vont être remis en question. La démocratisation de l’enseignement et l’entrée dans la vie active des femmes vont profondément modifier les modes d’entrée dans la vie adulte (fin d'études, premier emploi, décohabitation parentale, mariage, et naissance du premier enfant). Cette thèse révèle les mécanismes à l’œuvre lors de la construction des parcours de jeunesse, en prenant en compte le sexe, la génération et l’appartenance sociale des jeunes enquêtés. Elle repose sur une méthodologie quantitative et qualitative complémentaire, en se fondant sur une enquête biographique, réalisée dans la ville de Sidi Ifni (sud-ouest du Maroc), auprès des jeunes âgés de 15 à 35 ans (408 enquêtés), en 2009, et de 25 entretiens approfondis. / During the first half of the 20th century in Morocco, the transition of women and men to adulthood is characterized by the early crossing of three different successive steps, which differ according to the sex. Concerning women, the first step corresponds to leaving parental home, associated with the entry into union, followed by the first birth. While for men these steps have to do with the exercise of an economic activity, marriage and first birth. These gender differences are explained by a distribution of gender roles during childhood, which is to say by the investment of boys in public life (access to education and employment) and that of girls in the private sphere (domestic tasks). However, within a few decades, these traditional roles are going to be questioned. The democratization of schooling and the entrance of women into the labour force will deeply change the access modes to adult life (graduation, first job, leaving parental home, marriage, first birth). This thesis reveals the mechanisms interacting during the construction of the youth life course, taking into account sex, generation and social class of the youths who were investigated. It stands on a complementary quantitative and qualitative methodology, based on a biographical survey, conducted in the city of Sidi Ifni (south western Morocco), with young people aged 15 to 35 years (408 respondents), in 2009 and 25 in-depth interviews.

No presente trabalho, a conformabilidade do aço inoxinoxidável AISI 201 foi comparada com o aço inoxidável AISI 304. O aço inoxidável AISI 201 é uma liga baixo níquel ligado com manganês e nitrogênio. Nesse estudo a conformabilidade dos dois materiais foi examinada por meio de ensaios tecnológicos como ensaio de tração, determinação da curva de escoamento, determinação do índice de anisotropia, ensaio Erichsen, dureza, composição química, simulação computacional do processo de estampagem e estampagem dos blanks. O aço inoxidável AISI 201 possui propriedades como limite de escoamento e tensão de ruptura superior as do inoxidável AISI 304. Os dois aços possuem uma similaridade na anisotropia. A máxima altura alcançada no momento da fratura pelo ensaio Erichsen também é semelhante para os dois materiais. O aço inox AISI 201 apresenta uma dureza maior que o inoxidável AISI 304. Na composição química os dois aços apresentam elementos fora do especificado, caracterizando um problema de qualidade na fabricação desses aços. A simulação computacional do processo de estampagem apresentou uma redução de espessura na região mais critica, sem comprometer a estampagem do componente. Uma vez estampadas, obteve-se peças sem indícios de trincas, conforme previsto pela simulação computacional. Os resultados desse trabalho sugerem a possibilidade de utilização do aço inoxidável AISI 201 como opção para substituição ao inoxidável AISI 304, tendo uma observação a ser feita quanto aos cuidados na qualidade durante a fabricação do aço para que atenda os padrões exigidos. / In this study, the formability of stainless steel AISI 201 was compared to stainless steel AISI 304 stainless steel AISI 201 is a low alloy nickel alloyed with manganese and nitrogen. In this study, the formability of the two materials was examined by means of technological tests such as tensile test, determination of the flow curve, determining the anisotropy index, Erichsen test, hardness, chemical composition, computer simulation of the stamping process and stamping of the blanks. Stainless steel AISI 201 has properties such as yield strength and higher breakdown voltage of the stainless steel AISI 304. The two steels have a similarity in anisotropy. The maximum height reached at the time of fracture by Erichsen test is also similar for the two materials. Stainless steel AISI 201 has a hardness greater than the stainless steel AISI 304. In chemistry the two steels have elements outside the specified, featuring a quality problem in manufacturing these steels. A computer simulation of the printing process showed a reduction in thickness in the most critical region, without compromising the component stamping. Once stamped, gave no broken pieces of evidence as provided by the computer simulation. The findings suggest the possibility of use of stainless steel AISI 201 as an option to replace the stainless steel AISI 304, with a point to be made about the care as during the manufacture of steel that meets the required standards.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 11327.pdf: 8143325 bytes, checksum: 06d435f8c6f8c7de3f958dc6373bc9fa (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Les niveaux actuels de la fécondité africaine sont, pour la plupart des observateurs, l’expression d’un maintien des valeurs traditionnelles d’essence ancestrale. Celles-ci continueraient à déterminer les comportements reproductifs, en dépit des changements économiques, politiques et sociaux. En partant du cas de la République du Congo, l’analyse dynamique et contextuelle de ces comportements, révèle que ceux-ci sont plutôt en nette rupture par rapport au niveau actuel de la fécondité ; ils suggèrent d’importants besoins non satisfaits de limitation des naissances. Il est possible qu’un certain réflexe malthusien se développe progressivement, qui n’exclut nullement le besoin ou désir d’enfants, contrairement à certaines théories. Ces comportements sont caractérisés par de profonds changements se traduisant par une déconnexion entre sexualité, nuptialité et procréation ; un rajeunissement des âges au premier rapport sexuel et à la première naissance ; l’ajournement de l’âge d’entrée en union matrimoniale et par la baisse de la polygamie. Les comportements reproductifs actuels sont de nature à entraîner la fécondité à la baisse, s’ils étaient bien encadrés institutionnellement dans le contexte actuel. L’importance croissante de la fécondité des adolescentes invite à redéfinir les fondements de la fécondité africaine. Dans un contexte marqué également par d’importantes ruptures dans les mécanismes de transmission des valeurs traditionnelles, amplifiée par la scolarisation et l’urbanisation, il est souhaitable de restructurer la communication sur les choix en matière de contrôle de la fécondité. Autrement, la transition de la fécondité, irréversible, se fera à son rythme, non pas seulement au gré des crises, mais de façon durable par adaptation aux conditions de vie et au mode de production en développement. / Current levels of African fertility are, for most observers, the expression of a continuation of traditional values of ancestral essence. For those observers, the traditional values continue to determine reproductive behavior, despite the economic, political and social changes. Based on the case of the Republic of Congo, dynamic and contextual analysis of these behaviors, reveal that these are rather clear break from the current level of fertility; they suggest significant unmet need for birth control. It is possible that a Malthusian reflex develops gradually, which does not exclude the need for children, contrary to some theories. These behaviors are characterized by profound changes resulting in a disconnection between sexuality, marriage and reproduction; rejuvenation of the ages at first intercourse and first birth; postponing the age of entry into marital union and the decline of polygamy. Current reproductive behavior are likely to make fertility declining, if they were well supported institutionally in the current context. The growing importance of adolescent fertility calls for redefining the foundations of African fertility. In a context marked also by significant disruptions in the mechanisms of transmission of traditional values, enhanced by education and urbanization, it is desirable to restructure the communication on the choice of fertility control. Otherwise, the fertility transition, which is irreversible, will be at its own pace, not just at the mercy of crises, but in a sustainable way by adaptation to the conditions of life and way of production in process.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20703号 / 工博第4400号 / 新制||工||1684(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 辻 伸泰, 教授 乾 晴行, 教授 安田 秀幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

In the combustion zone of industrial- and aero- gas turbines, thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) is the dominant damage mechanism. Thermomechanical fatigue is a coupling of independent creep, fatigue, and oxidation damage mechanisms that interact and accelerate microstructural degradation. A mixture of intergranular cracking due to creep, transgranular cracking due to fatigue, and surface embrittlement due to oxidation is often observed in gas turbine components removed from service. The current maintenance scheme for gas turbines is to remove components from service when any criteria (elongation, stress-rupture, crack length, etc.) exceed the designed maximum allowable. Experimental, theoretical, and numerical analyses are performed to determine the state of the component as it relates to each criterion (a time consuming process). While calculating these metrics individually has been successful in the past, a better approach would be to develop a unified mechanical modeling that incorporates the constitutive response, microstructural degradation, and rupture of the subject material via a damage variable used to predict the cumulative “damage state” within a component. This would allow for a priori predictions of microstructural degradation, crack propagation/arrest, and component-level lifing. In this study, a unified mechanical model for creep-fatigue (deformation, cracking, and rupture) is proposed. It is hypothesized that damage quantification techniques can be used to develop accurate creep, fatigue, and plastic/ductile cumulative- nonlinear- damage laws within the continuum damage mechanics principle. These damage laws when coupled with appropriate constitutive equations and a degrading stiffness tensor can be used to predict the mechanical state of a component. A series of monotonic, creep, fatigue, and tensile-hold creepfatigue tests are obtained from literature for 304 stainless steel at 600°C (1112°F) in an air. iv Cumulative- nonlinear- creep, fatigue, and a coupled creep-fatigue damage laws are developed. The individual damage variables are incorporated as an internal state variable within a novel unified viscoplasticity constitutive model (zero yield surface) and degrading stiffness tensor. These equations are implemented as a custom material model within a custom FORTRAN onedimensional finite element code. The radial return mapping technique is used with the updated stress vector solved by Newton-Raphson iteration. A consistent tangent stiffness matrix is derived based on the inelastic strain increment. All available experimental data is compared to finite element results to determine the ability of the unified mechanical model to predict deformation, damage evolution, crack growth, and rupture under a creep-fatigue environment.

Study of the metastable phases obtained by non-equilibrium processing techniques has come a long way during the past five decades. New metastable phases have often given new perspectives to the research on synthesis of novel materials systems. Metastable materials produced by two non-equilibrium processing methods were studied for this dissertation- 304-type austenitic stainless steel (SS304 or Fe-18Cr-8Ni)+aluminum coatings produced by plasma enhanced magnetron sputter-deposition (PEMS) and nanocrystalline Ti, Zr and Hf powders processed by mechanical milling (MM). The objective of the study was to understand the crystallographic and microstructural aspects of these materials. Four SS304+Al coatings with a nominal Al percentages of 0, 4, 7 and 10 wt.% in the coatings were deposited on an SS304 substrate by PEMS using SS304 and Al targets. The as-deposited coatings were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and three-dimensional atom probe microscopy (3DAP). Surface morphology and chemical analysis were studied by SEM. Phase identification was carried out by XRD and TEM. The microstructural features of all the coatings, as observed in the TEM, consisted of columnar grains with the columnar grain width (a measure of grain size) increasing with an increase in the Al content. The coatings had grains with average grain sizes of about 100, 290, 320 and 980 nm, respectively for 0, 4, 7 and 10 wt.% Al. The observed grain structures and increase in grain size were related to substrate temperature during deposition. XRD results indicated that the Al-free coating consisted of the non-equilibrium ferrite and sigma phases. In the 4Al, 7Al and 10Al coatings, equilibrium ferrite and B2 phases were observed but no sigma phase was found. In 10Al coating, we were able to demonstrate experimentally using 3DAP studies that NiAl phase formation is preferred over the FeAl phase at nano scale. During mechanical milling of the hexagonal close packed (HCP) metals Hf, Ti and Zr powders, unknown nanocrystalline phases with face centered cubic (FCC) structure were found. The FCC phases could be either allotropes of the respective metals or impurity stabilized phases. However, upon MM under high purity conditions, it was revealed that the FCC phases were impurity stabilized. The decrease in crystallite size down to nanometer levels, an increase in atomic volume, lattice strain, and possible contamination were the factors responsible for the transformation.

No description available.

Latente Gauß-Prozess-Modelle (latent Gaussian process models) werden von Wissenschaftlern benutzt, um verborgenen Muster in Daten zu er- kennen, Expertenwissen in probabilistische Modelle einfließen zu lassen und um Vorhersagen über die Zukunft zu treffen. Diese Modelle wurden erfolgreich in vielen Gebieten wie Robotik, Geologie, Genetik und Medizin angewendet. Gauß-Prozesse definieren Verteilungen über Funktionen und können als flexible Bausteine verwendet werden, um aussagekräftige probabilistische Modelle zu entwickeln. Dabei ist die größte Herausforderung, eine geeignete Inferenzmethode zu implementieren. Inferenz in probabilistischen Modellen bedeutet die A-Posteriori-Verteilung der latenten Variablen, gegeben der Daten, zu berechnen. Die meisten interessanten latenten Gauß-Prozess-Modelle haben zurzeit nur begrenzte Anwendungsmöglichkeiten auf großen Datensätzen. In dieser Doktorarbeit stellen wir eine neue effiziente Inferenzmethode für latente Gauß-Prozess-Modelle vor. Unser neuer Ansatz, den wir augmented variational inference nennen, basiert auf der Idee, eine erweiterte (augmented) Version des Gauß-Prozess-Modells zu betrachten, welche bedingt konjugiert (conditionally conjugate) ist. Wir zeigen, dass Inferenz in dem erweiterten Modell effektiver ist und dass alle Schritte des variational inference Algorithmus in geschlossener Form berechnet werden können, was mit früheren Ansätzen nicht möglich war. Unser neues Inferenzkonzept ermöglicht es, neue latente Gauß-Prozess- Modelle zu studieren, die zu innovativen Ergebnissen im Bereich der Sprachmodellierung, genetischen Assoziationsstudien und Quantifizierung der Unsicherheit in Klassifikationsproblemen führen. / Latent Gaussian process (GP) models help scientists to uncover hidden structure in data, express domain knowledge and form predictions about the future. These models have been successfully applied in many domains including robotics, geology, genetics and medicine. A GP defines a distribution over functions and can be used as a flexible building block to develop expressive probabilistic models. The main computational challenge of these models is to make inference about the unobserved latent random variables, that is, computing the posterior distribution given the data. Currently, most interesting Gaussian process models have limited applicability to big data. This thesis develops a new efficient inference approach for latent GP models. Our new inference framework, which we call augmented variational inference, is based on the idea of considering an augmented version of the intractable GP model that renders the model conditionally conjugate. We show that inference in the augmented model is more efficient and, unlike in previous approaches, all updates can be computed in closed form. The ideas around our inference framework facilitate novel latent GP models that lead to new results in language modeling, genetic association studies and uncertainty quantification in classification tasks.

Landtagswahlergebnisse in der BRD werden von empirischen Wahlforschern häufig als aktuelle Stimmungsbarometer für die Bundespolitik interpretiert. Bei dieser Interpretation von Landtagswahlen als \"Bundestestwahlen\" wird jedoch häufig vernachlässigt, dass Landtagswahlen überwiegend auch Regionalwahlen sind und landestypischen Dynamiken folgen. Empirische Untersuchungen zu Bestimmungsfaktoren von Landtagswahlverhalten wurden in Deutschland bis dato entweder in Form von qualitativen Einzelfallanalysen oder als Aggregatdatenanalysen der amtlichen Wahlstatistiken durchgeführt. Eine direkte und vergleichende Quantifizierung der Effektstärken mit Survey-Daten wurde allerdings bislang nicht vorgenommen. Die vorliegende Studie wertet deshalb im Rahmen eines replikativen Surveys 17 Landtagswahlstudien aus. So können die Effektstärken der individuellen Bewertung der Bundes- versus der Landesparteien auf die Landtagswahlentscheidungen direkt verglichen werden. Als Fazit zeigt sich, dass in Westdeutschland die Beurteilung der Landesparteien einen stärkeren Einfluss auf die individuelle Landtagswahlentscheidung ausübt als die Beurteilung der Bundesparteien. In Ostdeutschland prägt dagegen bei Landtagswahlen die bundespolitische Dimension das Abstimmungsverhalten der Wähler stärker. Die Parteipolitikverflechtung zwischen Landes- und Bundesebene ist somit bei Landtagswahlen in Ostdeutschland erheblich stärker ausgeprägt als in den alten Bundesländern.:Einleitung; Theoretische Grundlagen der bundespolitischen Parteipolitikverflechtung bei Landtagswahlen; Empirischer Test der Parteipolitikverflechtung bei Landtagswahlen; Diskussion und Ausblick / Electoral studies often interpret German regional election results ("Landtagswahlen") as barometers of public opinion on federal governmental parties'' performance. However, while interpreting German regional elections as "test-elections" for the national parliament, it is often underemphasised that subnational elections often follow a unique regional dynamics. So far, empirical investigations on the determinants of German regional elections consist either in qualitative case studies or aggregate analyses of official statistics. A quantitative study of individual-level survey data, comparing directly the explanatory power of the federal versus the subnational level, is still lacking. Conducting a repeated survey design, we analyse data from 17 German regional election surveys. Thus, the effects of individual assessments of federal parties versus their subnational counterparts on subnational voting preferences can be directly compared. The conclusion of our analyses can be summarized as follows: In Western Germany, the valuation of subnational parties has a stronger impact on individual voting preferences in subnational elections than the valuation of the federal parties has. However, in Eastern Germany, the federal dimension has a comparatively stronger effect. Hence, the federal – regional ("Länder") party system linkage is clearly stronger in Eastern than in Western Germany.:Einleitung; Theoretische Grundlagen der bundespolitischen Parteipolitikverflechtung bei Landtagswahlen; Empirischer Test der Parteipolitikverflechtung bei Landtagswahlen; Diskussion und Ausblick