IntroduktionSME:s är en stor bidragande roll för den svenska välfärden genom stora skatteintäkter och arbetstillfällen. Det nya Baselregelverket har de senaste åren lett till en större svårighet för SME:s att få finansiering av bankerna. Bankerna är mer restriktiva vid finansiell utlåning eftersom dem själva behöver uppfylla kraven om kapital och likviditetshantering. Samtidigt har pandemin drabbat SME:s ekonomiska ställning negativt och finansiering i form av krediter kan vara en avgörande roll för företagens överlevnad. SyfteSyftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur covid-19 påverkat kreditbedömningen hos kreditgivare till SME:s. MetodStudien utgår ifrån en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi med en deduktiv ansats där empirin har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. SlutsatsStudien visar på att pandemin har kommit att påverka kreditbedömningen genom att majoriteten av bankerna har större acceptans för försämrade siffror. Större vikt läggs på SME:s framtida affärsmöjligheter genom att studera branschen i stort. Vidare har långvariga kundrelationer underlättat bankernas kreditbedömning. Statliga åtgärder och regleringar har inte haft någon väsentlig påverkan på kreditbedömningen under pandemin. KunskapsbidragStudien är ett empiriskt baserat kunskapsbidrag ämnad för att öka förståelse och kunskap om pandemins effekter på kreditbedömningen till SME:s. Denna studie har även kommit att bidra till ett nytt perspektiv på forskningsområdet och att fylla det forskningsgap om brist på forskning kring kreditbedömning i svensk kontext under pandemin. Hur kreditgivarens kreditbedömning går till under pandemin är ett kunskapsbidrag för många aktörer. / Introduction SME's play a major contributing role to Swedish welfare through large tax revenues and jobs. The new Basel regulations have in recent years led to a greater difficulty for SMEs in obtaining financing from the banks. Banks are more restrictive in financial lending  because  they  need  to  meet  the  requirements  for  capital  and  liquidity management. At the same time, the pandemic has negatively affected SME's financial position and financing in the form of credit can play a crucial role in corporate survival.  Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate how covid-19 affected the credit rating of creditors to SMEs.  Method The study is based on a qualitative research strategy with a deductive approach where the empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews.  Conclusion The study shows that the pandemic has affected credit ratings by the majority of banks having  greater acceptance of deteriorating figures. Greater emphasis is placed on SME's future business opportunities by studying the industry as a whole. Furthermore, long-term customer relationships have facilitated the banks' credit assessment. Government measures and regulations have not had any significant impact on the credit assessment during the pandemic.  Contribution The study is an empirically based knowledge contribution intended to increase understanding and knowledge about the pandemic's effects on the credit assessment to SME's. This study has also contributed to a new perspective in the field of research and to fill the research gap on lack of research on credit assessment in the Swedish context during the pandemic. How the creditor's credit assessment is done during the pandemic is a knowledge contribution for many actors.

Idag finns det cirka 1,2 miljoner företag i Sverige varav 96% av dessa är små företag. Svenska banker lånade ut cirka 3 000 miljarder kronor till företag 2021. Små företag har svårt för att finansiera sin verksamhet och vänder sig därför till finansiärer som banker för lån. Kreditgivaren gör en kreditbedömning av företaget som ansöker om ett lån. Små företag saknar ofta tillräcklig information, vilket kan vara utmanande vid kreditbedömning. Syftet med denna studie är att få en förståelse för de bedömningsfaktorer som är av vikt för kreditgivare vid kreditbedömning. Vidare vill vi undersöka hur informationsunderlag säkerställs av kreditgivare för att göra denna bedömning av små aktiebolag. Detta görs genom att ta hänsyn till den funktion som kreditupplysningsföretag och revisorer har i kreditbedömning. För att undersöka forskningsfrågorna genomförs en kvalitativ studie genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med banker, kreditupplysningsföretag och revisorer. Resultatet visar att återbetalningsförmåga, säkerhet och kundkännedom är de viktigaste bedömningsfaktorerna för en kreditgivare att analysera. Dessa bedömningsfaktorer kan kopplas till 5C-modellen. Bankerna använder sig av både finansiell- och icke-finansiell information i kreditbedömningar som till största del samlas in från kreditupplysningsföretag, men även från småföretagen för att komplettera den bristande informationen. Enligt undersökningsresultatet i denna studie ser respondenterna på avskaffandet av revisionsplikten som en nackdel för kreditbedömning. Det går därför att dra slutsatsen att kreditupplysningsföretag har en relativt stor funktion i de tre viktigaste bedömningsfaktorerna, medan revisorer har en mindre viktig funktion i dem. Kreditupplysningsföretag är kreditgivarens huvudsakliga källa för att samla in information. Trots det kan kreditgivarna fortfarande uppleva brist på information. Bankerna har anpassat sina modeller för kreditbedömning efter avskaffandet av revisionsplikten, vilket visar att revisorernas funktion är betydligt mindre i bedömningen. Trots detta skulle kreditgivaren uppskatta företag med reviderad finansiell information. / There are approximately 1.2 million companies in Sweden today, from which 96% of these are small companies. Swedish banks lent out SEK 3,000 billion to companies in 2021. Small companies face difficulties in financing their operations and therefore turn to financiers such as banks for lending. The lender performs a credit assessment of the company applying for a loan. Small companies often lack sufficient information which can be challenging in credit assessment. The aim of this study is to get an understanding of the assessment factors that are of importance to lenders in credit assessment. Furthermore, we want to investigate how the information base is secured by creditors in order to make this assessment of small joint stock companies. This is accomplished by taking the function that credit reporting companies and auditors have in credit assessment into account. To investigate the research questions, a qualitative study is conducted through semi-structured interviews with banks, credit reporting companies and auditors. The results show that repayment capacity, collateral and customer knowledge are the key assessment factors for the lenders to analyze. These assessment factors can be linked to the 5C model. The banks use both financial and non-financial information in credit assessments which are mostly collected from credit reporting companies, but also from the small companies to supplement the lacking information. The results also show that auditing in a company leads to the lender gaining increased trust for the company. According to the survey results, the respondents in this study see the abolition of the audit obligation as a disadvantage for credit assessment. The conclusion can thus be drawn that credit reporting companies have a relatively large function in the three most important assessment factors, whereas auditors have a less important function in it. Credit reporting companies are lenders’ main source for collecting information, yet the lenders may still experience a lack of information. Banks have adapted their models in credit assessment after the abolition of the audit obligation, which shows that the auditors’ function is significantly smaller in the assessment. Despite this, the lender would appreciate companies with audited financial information.

Bakgrund: SME (små och medelstora företag) spelar en avgörande roll för ekonomisk tillväxt och sysselsättning. Trots deras betydelse möter dessa företag ofta utmaningar när de försöker få tillgång till finansiering från banker. Kreditgivningsprocessen för SME är komplex och kräver noggrann bedömning av kreditvärdighet och återbetalningsförmåga. Banker behöver ta hänsyn till företagens finansiella ställning, branschspecifika risker, karaktär och marknadstrender för att fatta informerade beslut. Förståelsen för dessa utmaningar och faktorer är avgörande för att utveckla effektiva strategier och metoder för kreditgivning till SME företag. Tidigare forskning visar att SME inte har en lika omfattande redovisningsinformation som större företag, det är därför viktigt att undersöka och förstå de specifika utmaningarna i kreditgivningsprocessen för SME-företag, så att lämpliga åtgärder kan vidtas för att underlätta tillgången till finansiering och stödja deras tillväxt.                  Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka förståelsen kring vilken redovisningsinformation som används i kreditgivningsprocess, samt de utmaningar som banker kan stöta på i förhållande till SME redovisningsinformation när de ansöker om kredit. Studien kommer dessutom undersöka hur banker kan använda sig av alternativa metoder vid kreditbedömningsprocessen. Genom att identifiera vilka redovisningsinformationer som är mest relevanta för kreditbedömning. Detta indikerar att forskningen försöker hitta de viktigaste faktorerna som påverkar bedömningen av kreditvärdighet, vilket är avgörande för företag som söker finansiering. Studiens resultat kan bidra till en mer rättvis och effektiv kreditbedömningsprocess, vilket i sin tur underlättar tillgång till finansiering för SME företag och främjar deras tillväxt.                                                                                               Metod: Studien har genomförts med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod för att samla in det empiriska materialet och för att öka förståelse kring ämnet. Respondenterna valdes ut baserat på deras kompetenser inom kreditgivning till företag, särskilt de som innehar befattningar som kreditgivningschefer. Fyra respondenter intervjuades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer.                                                                                          Slutsats: Resultaten från studien visar att redovisningsinformationen som rapporteras i årsredovisningen i form av kassaflöde, nyckeltal, balans och resultaträkning inte är det enda som är betydelsefullt för bankerna under kreditgivningsprocessen. Bankerna är även intresserade av icke-finansiella information såsom företagets affärsplan, karaktär, marknadsföringsstrategier, produktdifferentiering, kundrelationer, konkurrenssituation och ledningens kompetens etc. Denna form av icke-finansiell information finns inte alltid i den inrapporterade årsredovisningen och därför måste bankerna samarbeta med andra aktörer för att minska den eventuella informationsasymmetrin som kan uppstå. / Background: SME:s (small and medium-sized enterprises) play a crucial role in economic growth and employment. Despite their significance, these companies often face challenges when seeking financing from banks. The credit assessment process for SMEs is complex and requires careful evaluation of creditworthiness and repayment capacity. Banks need to consider the companies' financial position, industry-specific risks, character, and market trends to make informed decisions. Understanding these challenges and factors is essential for developing effective strategies and methods for lending to SMEs. Previous research shows that SMEs do not have as extensive financial reporting information as larger companies. Therefore, it is important to investigate and understand the specific challenges in the credit assessment process for SMEs so that appropriate measures can be taken to facilitate access to financing and support their growth.                                                       Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to enhance understanding of the accounting information used in the credit evaluation process and the challenges that banks may encounter regarding SME accounting information when applying for credit. Additionally, the study will explore how banks can utilize alternative methods in the credit assessment process. By investigating these areas, the research aims to improve the relationship between SMEs and banks by identifying the most relevant accounting information for credit evaluation and reducing information asymmetries. The findings of the study can contribute to a fairer and more efficient credit assessment process, thereby facilitating access to financing for SMEs and fostering their growth.                                                                 Method: The study has been conducted using a qualitative method to gather empirical data and enhance understanding of the subject. Respondents were selected based on their expertise in corporate lending, particularly those holding positions such as credit managers. Four respondents were interviewed through semi-structured interviews.                              Conclusion: The results of the study show that the financial information reported in the annual financial statements, such as cash flow, key ratios, balance sheet, and income statement, are not the only significant factors for banks during the credit assessment process. Banks are more interested in other non-financial information, such as the company's business plan, character, marketing strategies, product differentiation, customer relationships, competitive situation, and management competence, among others. These non-financial information may not always be available in the annual financial statements, and therefore, banks need to collaborate with other stakeholders to reduce potential information asymmetries.

Yes / Mammalian genomes contain several dozens of large (>0.5 Mbp) lineage-specific gene loci harbouring functionally related genes. However, spatial chromatin folding, organization of the enhancer-promoter networks and their relevance to Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) in these loci remain poorly understood. TADs are principle units of the genome folding and represents the DNA regions within which DNA interacts more frequently and less frequently across the TAD boundary. Here, we used Chromatin Conformation Capture Carbon Copy (5C) technology to characterize spatial chromatin interaction network in the 3.1 Mb Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC) locus harbouring 61 functionally related genes that show lineage-specific activation during terminal keratinocyte differentiation in the epidermis. 5C data validated by 3D-FISH demonstrate that the EDC locus is organized into several TADs showing distinct lineage-specific chromatin interaction networks based on their transcription activity and the gene-rich or gene-poor status. Correlation of the 5C results with genome-wide studies for enhancer-specific histone modifications (H3K4me1 and H3K27ac) revealed that the majority of spatial chromatin interactions that involves the gene-rich TADs at the EDC locus in keratinocytes include both intra- and inter-TAD interaction networks, connecting gene promoters and enhancers. Compared to thymocytes in which the EDC locus is mostly transcriptionally inactive, these interactions were found to be keratinocyte-specific. In keratinocytes, the promoter-enhancer anchoring regions in the gene-rich transcriptionally active TADs are enriched for the binding of chromatin architectural proteins CTCF, Rad21 and chromatin remodeler Brg1. In contrast to gene-rich TADs, gene-poor TADs show preferential spatial contacts with each other, do not contain active enhancers and show decreased binding of CTCF, Rad21 and Brg1 in keratinocytes. Thus, spatial interactions between gene promoters and enhancers at the multi-TAD EDC locus in skin epithelial cells are cell type-specific and involve extensive contacts within TADs as well as between different gene-rich TADs, forming the framework for lineage-specific transcription. / This study was supported by the grants 5R01AR064580 and 1RO1AR071727 to VAB, TKS and AAS, as well as by the grants from MRC (MR/ M010015/1) and BBSRC (BB/K010050/1) to VAB.

This thesis consisted of experiments designed to explore the construct of attention and investigate the disruptive effects of psychotomimetics, with a specific focus on NMDA antagonists. Phencyclidine (PCP) was administered through a variety of treatment regimens in order to to determine the ability of inducing cognitive-specific disruptions in attentional functioning. The hypothesis that sub-chronic exposure to PCP would result in persistent attentional impairment was tested, using the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT). The 5-CSRTT assesses not only visuospatial attention, but also components of impulsivity, compulsivity, speed of processing and motivation. It was determined that an additional task-related intervention that increased the attentional load was required to elucidate attentional impairment following sub-chronic PCP treatment. The ability of rats to perform the modified version of the 5-CSRTT, known as the 5-choice continuous performance test (5C-CPT), was investigated. The 5C-CPT was implemented to provide a task that may have greater analogy to the human CPT, than the original 5-CSRTT. The consequence of dopaminergic D1 system activation was investigated. It was revealed that D1 partial agonism improved attentional performance in a baseline-dependent manner. Following successful acquisition of the task, it was shown that repeated PCP treatment induced cognitive disruption that was cognitive-specific, and not confounded by generalised response disruption. Furthermore, a partial attenuation of the PCP-induced performance disruption was achieved following administration of the D1 partial agonist, SKF 38393. Moreover, sub-chronic PCP treatment was shown to impair 5C-CPT performance in the drug-free state. However, an additional challenge that further increased the attentional load was needed to elucidate a performance deficit. This highlighted that sustained attention/vigilance is sensitive to persistent impairment following sub-chronic PCP administration in a manner consistent with deficits observed in schizophrenia patients. This prompted the investigation that tested the hypothesis that sub-chronic PCP treatment could induce enduring structural deficits in regions associated with attentional performance. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was conducted, in conjunction with 5-CSRTT and pre-pulse inhibition (PPI). It was revealed that sub-chronic PCP treatment resulted in morphological brain abnormalities in brain regions associated with 5-CSRTT performance. This was coupled with deficits in sustained attentional performance following an increase in attentional load, yet PPI was unaffected. Taken together, these findings suggested sub-chronic PCP treatment impairs attentional functionality, an effect that dissociates between effortful and passive attentional processes.

The transcription in the eukaryotic cells involves epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that control local and higher-order chromatin remodelling. In the skin, keratinocyte-specific genes are organized into distinct loci including Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC) and Keratin type I/II loci. This thesis introduces bioinformatics approaches to analyze multi-level regulatory mechanisms that control skin development and keratinocyte-specific differentiation. Firstly, integration of gene expression data with analyses of linear genome organization showed dramatic downregulation of the genes that comprise large genomic domains in the sweat glands including EDC locus, compared to ii hair follicles, suggesting substantial differences in global genome rearrangement during development of these two distinct skin appendages. Secondly, comparative analysis of the genetic programmes regulated in keratinocytes by Lhx2 transcription factor and chromatin remodeler Satb1 revealed that significant number of their target genes is clustered in the genome. Furthermore, it was shown in this study that Satb1 target genes are lineage-specific. Thirdly, analysis of the topological interactomes of Loricrin and Keratin 5 in hair follicle steam cells revealed presence of the cis- and trans-interactions and lineage specific genes (Wnt, TGF-beta/activin, Notch, etc.). Expression levels of the genes that comprise interactomes show correlation with their histone modification status. This study demonstrates the crucial role for integration of transcription factormediated and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in establishing a proper balance of gene expression in keratinocytes during development and differentiation into distinct cell lineages and provides an integrated bioinformatics platform for further analyses of the changes in global organization of keratinocyte-specific genomic loci in normal and diseased skin.

由於社會與經濟結構的變遷，讓城市的環境結構隨之面臨重大改變，於是形成「創意城市」研究熱潮。在這股「創意城市」的研究浪潮當中，台灣城市的產業結構、空間規畫以及城市氛圍，都有了不同以往風貌。在這波改變中，連都市化、都市更新速度在五都中相對較慢的文化古都-台南市，也發生了改變，因此，本研究歸納台南市中西區近十年產生的變化，希望循著台南市中西區改變的軌跡，發現改變的原因，尤其不同因素間是如何交互影響，讓老府城有了新風景。 本研究整理、歸納「創意城市」理論發展的背景與主流理論後，考量文化、社會環境及經濟型態對城市發展的影響，選擇Desmond Hui以香港為研究背景所提出的「創意5C模型」做為本研究理論架構的基礎，以創意城市的理論觀點探討台南市中西區近十年城市的變化。因此本研究期盼藉由研究成果回答三點研究問題：(1) 近十年台南市中西區城市變化中，創意5C的四項資本有何改變？對此區所造成的變化又是什麼？ (2)創意5C模型四項資本在台南市中西區城市變化的歷程中如何互動？ (3) 在台南市中西區改變的歷程中，隨著時期演進四項資本有什麼消長？ 本研究所得到的初步結論：(1) 不以經濟發展為目的的城市改變策略，才能真正找到屬於城市發展的方向，而形成復甦經濟發展的外溢效果。 (2) 人力資本是城市發展歷程中最主要的關鍵因素，台南市中西區的成功來自建構足以吸引人才的環境，同時藉由資本間的互動形成正向循環。 (3) 在由下而上的城市改變案例中，政府最適切的角色是「放手讓孩子去闖的父母」。 / The tide of researching creative cities blooms after heavily changes of the environment as society and economic structure evolves. Due to these changes, even the city with usually slowest urban renewal pace, Tainan, has altered in its industry structure, spatial planning and atmosphere. Therefore, this thesis generalizes the changing of the Middle-East District of Tainan City for past decade and tries to discover how it happened and how the factors interacted. The thesis discusses the evolving of the Middle-East District of Tainan City for the past decade based on the “5Cs of Creativity Index”, which comes from Desmond Hui’s study taking Hong Kong as the researching target. This thesis aims at answering three research questions: (1) In the process of the urban evolution during 1999-2010 in the Middle-East District of Tainan City, what are the changes of 4 capitals of “5Cs of Creativity Index”? And what kind of impact do these changes have on this district? (2) In the process of the urban evolution during 1999-2010 in the Middle-East District of Tainan City, what are the interactions among 4 capitals of “5Cs of Creativity Index”? (3) In different phases of the urban evolution during 1999-2010 in the Middle-East District of Tainan City, how does the priority of 4 capitals of “5Cs of Creativity Index” changes? The conclusions of this thesis are as following: (1) Strategies of city development should build on their own history, resource, and territory asset, instead of focusing on the rise of economic immediately. (2) Human capital is the key element to the urban evolution in the Middle-East District of Tainan City. The Middle-East District of Tainan City attracts creative class and arouses positive cycle due to interactions of 4 capitals. (3) This case study demonstrates that in bottom-up urban evolution, the most proper character of government is to build up an environment with sufficient support and without unnecessary constraints.

This thesis consisted of experiments designed to explore the construct of attention and investigate the disruptive effects of psychotomimetics, with a specific focus on NMDA antagonists. Phencyclidine (PCP) was administered through a variety of treatment regimens in order to to determine the ability of inducing cognitive-specific disruptions in attentional functioning. The hypothesis that sub-chronic exposure to PCP would result in persistent attentional impairment was tested, using the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT). The 5-CSRTT assesses not only visuospatial attention, but also components of impulsivity, compulsivity, speed of processing and motivation. It was determined that an additional task-related intervention that increased the attentional load was required to elucidate attentional impairment following sub-chronic PCP treatment. The ability of rats to perform the modified version of the 5-CSRTT, known as the 5-choice continuous performance test (5C-CPT), was investigated. The 5C-CPT was implemented to provide a task that may have greater analogy to the human CPT, than the original 5-CSRTT. The consequence of dopaminergic D1 system activation was investigated. It was revealed that D1 partial agonism improved attentional performance in a baseline-dependent manner. Following successful acquisition of the task, it was shown that repeated PCP treatment induced cognitive disruption that was cognitive-specific, and not confounded by generalised response disruption. Furthermore, a partial attenuation of the PCP-induced performance disruption was achieved following administration of the D1 partial agonist, SKF 38393. Moreover, sub-chronic PCP treatment was shown to impair 5C-CPT performance in the drug-free state. However, an additional challenge that further increased the attentional load was needed to elucidate a performance deficit. This highlighted that sustained attention/vigilance is sensitive to persistent impairment following sub-chronic PCP administration in a manner consistent with deficits observed in schizophrenia patients. This prompted the investigation that tested the hypothesis that sub-chronic PCP treatment could induce enduring structural deficits in regions associated with attentional performance. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was conducted, in conjunction with 5-CSRTT and pre-pulse inhibition (PPI). It was revealed that sub-chronic PCP treatment resulted in morphological brain abnormalities in brain regions associated with 5-CSRTT performance. This was coupled with deficits in sustained attentional performance following an increase in attentional load, yet PPI was unaffected. Taken together, these findings suggested sub-chronic PCP treatment impairs attentional functionality, an effect that dissociates between effortful and passive attentional processes.

The transcription in the eukaryotic cells involves epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that control local and higher-order chromatin remodelling. In the skin, keratinocyte-specific genes are organized into distinct loci including Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC) and Keratin type I/II loci. This thesis introduces bioinformatics approaches to analyze multi-level regulatory mechanisms that control skin development and keratinocyte-specific differentiation. Firstly, integration of gene expression data with analyses of linear genome organization showed dramatic downregulation of the genes that comprise large genomic domains in the sweat glands including EDC locus, compared to ii hair follicles, suggesting substantial differences in global genome rearrangement during development of these two distinct skin appendages. Secondly, comparative analysis of the genetic programmes regulated in keratinocytes by Lhx2 transcription factor and chromatin remodeler Satb1 revealed that significant number of their target genes is clustered in the genome. Furthermore, it was shown in this study that Satb1 target genes are lineage-specific. Thirdly, analysis of the topological interactomes of Loricrin and Keratin 5 in hair follicle steam cells revealed presence of the cis- and trans-interactions and lineage specific genes (Wnt, TGF-beta/activin, Notch, etc.). Expression levels of the genes that comprise interactomes show correlation with their histone modification status. This study demonstrates the crucial role for integration of transcription factormediated and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in establishing a proper balance of gene expression in keratinocytes during development and differentiation into distinct cell lineages and provides an integrated bioinformatics platform for further analyses of the changes in global organization of keratinocyte-specific genomic loci in normal and diseased skin.

<p>Internationella infrastrukturprojekt är globala och offentliga processer. Globala kan de anses vara för att flera länder är involverade, och offentliga är de för att allmänheten måste vara deltagande part under processens gång.</p><p>Bosnien och Hercegovina är det enda landet i Europa som inte byggt en motorväg. Landet är ett efterkrigsland som har haft svårigheter med uppbyggnaden av infrastrukturen. Det största problemet var bristen på statliga finanser. 1997 blev BiH medlem i PETrN (Pan European</p><p>Transport Net), varefter planerna för ett motorvägsbygge återinfördes och denna gång blev allvarligt studerade. Projektet fick namnet “5c”, ett vägnät som skulle integrera landet med resten av Europa.</p><p>Under de senaste 5 åren har motorvägen varit aktuell. Problemen uppstod när finansieringsfrågan framträdde. Staten hade svårigheter med budgeten och privata investerare söktes. Ett stort bolag ställde upp på att finansiera hela projektet men motstånd fanns hos de politiska partierna.</p><p>I samband med det här projektet har jag beskrivit ett annat, lyckat projekt, nämligen Öresundsbron. Öresundsprojektet har blivit lyckat eftersom resultaten visat sig positiva och framgångsrika. Frågan blir, vilka svårigheter måste BiH bemöta för att lyckas lika bra som Sverige gjorde.</p><p>Infrastrukturprojekt har alltid haft anhängare och motståndare. Orsaken har att göra med projektets betydelse och vad det kommer att medföra. Allteftersom projektet är allmänt och berör alla så medför det eventuell kritik. De olika deltagande strävar efter olika mål och kräver olika lösningar. En beslutsprocess tar tid. Deltagare träffas vid särskilda sammanträden och förhandlar. Fördröjningar blir vanliga pga. deltagarnas olika intressen. Målet blir att åstadkomma kompromiss och finna lösningar på problemen. Men blir alla parter verkligen nöjda i slutändan?</p>