This essay examines Dirie’s and Miller’s Desert Flower and its depiction of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and the effect that this violation has had on the narrator. The analysis has been conducted through the critical lens of trauma studies with emphasis on how bearing witness of traumatic events can serve as healing and empowerment in the struggle to end FGM. As the multicultural classroom has grown extensively over the past years, the demand for an intercultural awareness is placed on the schools, where the pupils are to be given the chance to develop an understanding and acceptance of people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. This essay argues that, in spite of the dilemmas that often occur when teaching trauma as a sensitive and controversial issue, Desert Flower can in fact be used in the EFL classroom to engender intercultural awareness as well as offering the pupils a chance to develop self-actualization and social consciousness.

Cette thèse présente sur un plan sémantique la notion de lʼintime en tentant de circonscrire son champ dʼaction. Elle explique comment les acceptions du mot « intime » fluctuent historiquement, déplaçant les limites et les enjeux de lʼopposition entre sphère publique et sphère privée, entre lʼindividuel et le collectif, entre le personnel et lʼuniversel.Cette mise au point théorique a pour but dʼenvisager ensuite comment lʼintime devient lʼorigine et lʼobjet dʼun art. Les oeuvres dʼAnnie Ernaux et de Chloé Delaume ici analysées permettent de comprendre comment lʼintime modélise un texte littéraire ; les travaux de Sophie Calle et de Nan Goldin font apparaître la relation particulière entre lʼintime, le texte parfois et la photographie. Le langage verbal et le langage iconique sont interrogés afin de déterminer comment le style de lʼoeuvre sʼimprègne de la dimension intime. Au-delà du risque ou de la provocation, lʼon voit comment lʼoeuvre intime sʼancre profondément dans le temps, dans un rapport privilégié à la mémoire. Il est aussi question de montrer combien lʼart intime relève dʼune lutte pour exister, se faire reconnaître en tant quʼart. Les notions de valeur et dʼeffet, dans le cadre dʼune théorie de la réception, éclairent cette dimension polémique. Enfin, cette thèse sʼintéresse àdécouvrir dans quelle mesure lʼart de lʼintime sʼinscrit contre une ancienne éthique et en faveur dʼune nouvelle. Il sʼagit également de définir les grandes lignes dʼune esthétique de lʼintime, ravivant les questions du réalisme, de la beauté,du sublime. / This thesis presents a semantic notion of the intimate attempting to limit its scope. It explains how the meanings of theword "intimate" fluctuate throughout history, thereby moving the boundaries and challenging the opposition between thepublic and private spheres, between the individual and the collective, and between the personal and the universal. Thistheoretical development is intended to consider how the intimate is both the source and purpose of art. The works ofAnnie Ernaux and Chloe Delaume analyzed here can illustrate how the intimate shapes a literary text ; the works ofSophie Calle and Nan Goldin show the special relationship between the intimate, sometimes the text, and photography.The verbal and the iconic languages are examined to determine how the style of the work is imbued with the intimatesphere. Beyond the risk or provocation it entails, we see how the work intimate is deeply rooted in time with a specialrelationship with memory. It is also about showing how the intimate art is a struggle for existence, for being recognizedas art. The concepts of value and effect as part of a theory of reception, illuminate this debate. Finally, this thesis isinterested in discovering how the art of the intimate severs from former ethics to build a new one. The purpose of thisstudy is also to define the outline of an aesthetics of intimacy, rekindling issues of realism, beauty, and the sublime.

L’étude proposée dans cette thèse concerne l’œuvre du poète italien Sandro Penna (1906-1977) et a pour but d’élaborer une lecture critique et chronologique. Penna, dont on peut dire qu’il est une figure isolée des courants poétiques de son époque, présente en effet dans ses poésies et ses récits en prose, pour la majorité extrêmement courts, une vision atemporelle de l’existence et essentiellement centrée sur l’amour des jeunes garçons – thème récurrent et obsessionnel dès ses premières compositions. Il est ainsi difficile de certifier que son œuvre est un « roman autobiographique écrit en vers ». Aussi les recueils Poesie, Confuso sogno, Peccato di gola. (Poesie al fermo posta) et Un po’ di febbre seront-ils analysés afin de retracer l’itinéraire singulier de Penna et de confirmer que l’amour pour les jeunes garçons est l’expression d’un amour plus universel pour la vie ; cette vie « sans dates » dans laquelle nous entendons en écho la voix de certains de ses contemporains, comme Saba, Montale, Ungaretti et Pasolini ou bien encore celle de certains de ses prédécesseurs, tels que Leopardi et Pascoli. Il apparaît que la quête poétique et existentielle de Penna vise finalement à retrouver un dialogue harmonieux avec l’Origine – ce mythe de l’enfance primordiale dont les souvenirs sont immédiatement absorbés par le mal de vivre propre à la Modernité – et à envisager l’existence humaine comme un cycle infini. Dans cette perspective, les œuvres de Platon et de Nietzsche, bien connues de Penna, nous permettent d’approfondir ce questionnement, grâce auquel le poète parvient finalement à sublimer le vécu. / This thesis deals with the work of the Italian poet Sandro Penna and intends to be a critical and chronological reading and analysis. Penna stands apart from the poetical movements of his time; therefore most of his poems and prose narration works are very short and present a timeless view of Life mainly focused on love for young men (from 13 to 16 y.o). From his very first writings this topic is recurrent and obsessional. This is the reason why it is difficult to establish his work as “an autobiographical novel in verse”. Consequently the collections Poesie, Confuso sogno, Peccato di gola. (Poesie al fermo posta) and Un po’ di febbre are analysed in order to relate the uncommon Penna’s personal path and to confirm that love for young men expresses a more universal love for Life. In this “out of time” life an echo of voices of his coevals, such as Saba, Montale, Ungaretti and Pasolini and of his predecessors like Leopardi and Pascoli can be heard. Two aims appear in the poetical and existential quest by Penna: - restoring a harmonious dialog with the Beginning (which is considered as the myth of the original childhood from which memories are immediately absorbed by the spleen of Modernity); - seeing human life as an infinite cycle. From this viewpoint, Platon and Nietzsche’s works, which were well known by Penna, allow us to go further into this questioning through which the poet succeeds in sublimating Real Life.

Marguerite Duras place la répétition, en tant que principe d’écriture, au cœur de la plupart de ses œuvres et cette répétition se situe à différents niveaux : celui de la diégèse, du style et des thématiques choisies. Cette étude se fixe donc pour objectif de comparer les écarts qui s’insinuent entre les nombreuses redites dans les récits de l’enfance et d’analyser les procédés narratifs selon trois axes : la restitution des connaissances objectives d’un narrateur omniscient, ses commentaires subjectifs, et enfin l’introduction dans le récit des voix des personnages et de l’auteur elle-même. C’est dans la confrontation de ces points de vue, mis en lumière par des procédés relevant de la syntaxe, de la sémantique ou de la pragmatique, que sont étudiés les enjeux et les effets de ce processus de réécriture d’un livre à l’autre ou même de certains passages à l’intérieur d’un même ouvrage. Ces variations prennent également leurs racines dans le maniement de conventions littéraires et cinématographiques en raison de la diversité de l’œuvre de Marguerite Duras qui propose des réécritures dans des genres littéraires variés et induit une véritable réflexion sur l’écriture elle-même. Enfin, si ces variations répondent à des besoins esthétiques et stylistiques, elles prennent également racine dans la vie réelle de l’auteur puisque la dimension biographique est essentielle dans l’œuvre de Marguerite Duras. Cette recherche est segmentée en fonction des épisodes les plus fréquemment repris d’un ouvrage à l’autre et les procédés sont analysés dans la confrontation des fragments qui se font écho. / Marguerite Duras uses repetition, as a principle of writing, at the heart of most of her works and this repetition takes place at different levels: the diegesis, the style and themes chosen. Therefore, this study compares the differences between the many repetitions in the childhood narratives and analyzes narrative processes along three axes: the return of objective knowledge of an omniscient narrator, her subjective comments, and finally the introduction of different voices of the characters or of the author herself. It is in the comparison of these views, highlighted by processes within the syntax, semantics or pragmatics that are studied, as well as issues and effects of this process of rewriting from a book to another or even between passages within the same work. These changes also take their roots in the use of literary and cinematic conventions due to the diversity of the work of Marguerite Duras, offering rewritings in various literary genres, and creating a true reflection on the writing itself. Finally, if these variations meet aesthetic needs and style, they also take root in the real life of the author as the biographical dimension is essential in the work of Marguerite Duras. This research is segmented according to the most frequently repeated episodes from one book to another. Processes are analyzed in the confrontation of fragments that écho one another.

Cinq thèmes vont servir de support aux exposés. « Le projet autobiographique», « pratique du genre », «La vie « filtrée»» suivra « L'invention de Soi» et pour finir « Ecriture et fiction ». Mes travaux d'études artistiques et intellectuelles ont été pressentis afin de libérer ma mémoire et pouvoir revisiter cette dernière il n'importe quels moments. De la sorte, cette mémoire mise en défaut. Par moment pour des raisons thérapeutiques, s'est trouvé stimulée par mes recherches. En revisitant les travaux que j'ai réalisés, je me suis rendu compte du peu de souvenance de certains faits alors que d'autres sont apparus complètement différents. Réalité proposée ou mensonge avéré lors des photomontages sont dans ma croyance d'une réalité plus réelle que la mienne. L’individualisme sort vainqueur d'un épisode de contradictions générales dans une société en proie à des connivences communautaristes ou des volontés fédératrices. Ma démonstration a apporté la signification que la société est univoque et que l'individu est unique. De ce point de vue, ma sensation d'appartenir à un modèle sociétal disparaît et mon travail fait le sens inverse en m'intégrant dans mon quotidien au mouvement de la société. J'ai conscience que les étapes actuelles peuvent m'être étrangères, que mes préoccupations peuvent m'être tout à fait lointaines, revenant avec l'aide de mes travaux à la perception de mes images construites : l'individuel et le global Ce qui m'intéresse au plus près ressemble plus aux dialogues entre les cultures et aux actions humaines immédiatement comprises. Ces deux éléments comportementaux, apparemment barbares comme deux matières à l'alliance impossible (fer et argile), rendent la situation des consciences contemporaines hétérogènes. Il me faut montrer, exemplifier par mes instincts de photographe que les éléments du quotidien, hétérogènes eux aussi et présents autour de moi, sont la nourriture de mon langage artistique. / Five themes will be used to support presentations. "The autobiographical project," "practice of gender", "Life" filtered "" will be followed by "The Invention of Self' and finally writing and fiction. My work artistic and intellectual studies were contacted to release my memory and be able to revisit it in any time. In this way, the memory at fault, at times for therapeutic reasons, has been stimulated by my research. By revisiting the work I have done, I realized how little recollection of facts or other appeared completely different. Proposed or actually lie in the photomontages are proved in mv belief a reality more real than mine. Individualism emerged victorious from an episode of general contradictions in a society plagued by collusion or communitarian federative intentions. My demonstration brought meaning that the company is unique and that the individual is unique. From this point of view, my sense of belonging to a social model disappears and my work is the opposite of me in my daily life including the movement of society. I am aware that I may be the current steps abroad, that my concerns I may be quite distant, returning with the help of my work to my perception of images constructed : the individual and the global, the I'm interested in closer, more like the dialogue between cultures and human actions immediately understood. Both behavioral elements, as two seemingly barbaric materials alliance impossible (iron and clay), make the situation of contemporary consciousness heterogeneous. I must show my instincts exemplify by photographer items daily, heterogeneous also present around me arc the food of my artistic language.

Cette thèse porte sur la représentation du Liban dans l’œuvre de Richard Millet, à travers deux processus différents et complémentaires : la mémoire et l’imagination. Partant du constat que l’œuvre de cet écrivain s’avère étroitement liée à son expérience personnelle, nous travaillons sur une matière littéraire combinant le réel et le fictionnel, l’écriture de soi et le roman. Pour accompagner fidèlement cette expérience du sujet, il est d’abord question de l’espace libanais, dans une perspective qui dépasse la simple description pour atteindre les interactions entre l’individu et son environnement. De même est évoqué le rapport entre l’écriture et l’espace, dans la mesure où ce dernier participe au développement de la trame narrative. Le sujet et l’espace, ainsi que la majorité des éléments qui composent l’œuvre de Millet, sont soumis à un ordre commun, celui du Temps. Le retour obsédant du passé, et tout particulièrement de l’enfance libanaise, engendre un mouvement de ressassement général. Tous ces éléments participent à un projet harmonieux, celui d’une quête identitaire qui part d’une expérience personnelle pour atteindre une dimension universelle. / This thesis focuses on the representation of Lebanon in the work of Richard Millet, through two different and complementary processes: memory and imagination. Noting that the work of this writer has been closely linked to personal experience, we are working on a literary material combining the real and the fictional, the writing itself and the novel. To faithfully accompany the experience of the subject, it is first issue of the Lebanese space in a perspective that goes beyond description to achieve the interactions between the individual and his environment. Also discussed is the relationship between writing and space, to the extent that it contributes to the development of the narrative. The subject and space, and most of the elements that make up the work of Millet, are subject to a common order, the Time. The haunting return of the past, especially of Lebanese children, causes a movement of general rehashing. All these elements contribute to a harmonious project, that of a search for identity that share a personal experience to achieve universal dimension.

Este trabalho consiste em uma leitura de Infância e Memórias do Cárcere de Graciliano Ramos a partir de dois aspectos que consideramos fundamentais em sua obra autobiográfica: descoberta e limitação. A criança vive um processo de formação no livro, incorporando o novo aos seus referenciais. O adulto, com a absurda prisão, marca o texto com uma problematização de suas certezas. Com especificidades que separam experiências tão distintas, discutimos como as obras apresentam literariamente a limitação imposta pela violência e pela opressão e a possibilidade concreta de descobrir mais sobre a própria subjetividade e o mundo, que se dá pela relação com pessoas singulares. Principalmente na cadeia, o contato estreito com os homens em condições precárias permite que se conheça o quanto eles são surpreendentes, com ações inverossímeis àquela realidade. Nesse sentido, ao contrário do tão discutido pessimismo de Graciliano, consideramos que a experiência carcerária permitiu-lhe lampejos de esperança, que tiveram impacto sobre as obras escritas após sua libertação. Para entender o outro, Graciliano reflete profundamente sobre si mesmo, julgando-se incapaz de opor-se a um mundo de tamanha negatividade. Mas a sua resistência virá através da escrita, especialmente a autobiográfica. Essa forma traz o olhar do sujeito sobre a própria experiência, o que implica, por exemplo, em discutir verdade, ficção, verossimilhança e rememoração e, principalmente, em reconhecer o impacto da união de personagem, narrador e autor sob o nome de um único homem. Recorrer à autobiografia indica mais do que a necessidade de passar da ficção à confissão, pois essa forma, ao exigir maior unidade do sujeito, é a que melhor concretiza a resistência do homem a tantas experiências fragmentadoras. / This research consists of a reading of Infância and Memórias do Cárcere by Graciliano Ramos based on two points here considered fundamentals of his autobiographical works: discovery and limitation. The child incorporates all kind of newness during his upbringing process. The adult put in doubt his conviction because of the absurd prison. Considering the specificities of the distinct experiences, it will be discussed how the books present the limitation imposed by the violence and oppression and how it is possible to know oneself and the world through the relationship with extraordinary people. Mainly on the jail, the sociability on hard living conditions allows that one notice how people can be surprising, capable of non-expected actions to that reality. Therefore, on the contrary of the much discussed Gracilianos pessimism, it can be considered that the experience on the jail showed to the author signs of hope, which have affected his written works after he got out the prison. Graciliano thought deeply about himself to understand other people, concluding he is unable to make an opposition to such a negative world. But his resistance appears through the writing, specially the autobiographical, which requires a discussion about truth, fiction, verisimilitude, remembrance and mainly about the impact of character, narrator and author united under a single name. Writing an autobiography means more than a need of moving from fiction to confession. As this form demands an unitary person, its the best one to show the resistance of someone against so many experiences of dissolution.

O trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma leitura de imagens a partir de dois projetos autobiográficos de Perec: W ou a memória da infância e Récits dEllis Island, levando em conta as relações entre texto literário, fotografia e memória autobiográfica. Essa leitura será marcada, sobretudo, pelas ideias de Barthes, já que ao longo dessa pesquisa serão citados diversos trechos do seu livro A câmara clara - Nota sobre a fotografia, a partir do qual o crítico nos levará a levantar alguns questionamentos concernentes à obra de Perec. Na primeira parte do trabalho, serão apresentadas algumas interações entre o texto de Perec e outras artes, partindo em seguida para a delimitação dessa interação entre texto e fotografia. Essa será a questão principal no trabalho, discutida detalhadamente em relação aos dois textos mencionados, na segunda parte em relação à W e na terceira em relação à Ellis Island. Nessas duas partes, o objetivo principal será investigar de que maneira as imagens fotográficas farão parte do processo de escrita e quais os desdobramentos dessa inter-relação na produção do texto literário. / The study aims to perform an image reading of two autobiographical projects by Perec: W, or the memory of childhood and Ellis Island, taking into account the relationship between the literary text, photography and autobiographical memory.This reading is led, mainly, by Barthes considerations, since many aspects brought to this study are originally taken from his text Camera Lucida - Reflections on photography, in which the critic supports us to raise some issues related to Perecs work. In the first part of the study some interactions between Perecs text and other arts are presented, so later this interaction is delimited to text and photography. This is the leading issue of the study, specifically discussed with regards to the two mentioned texts, i.e., in the second part related to W and in the third part related to Ellis Island. In these two sections, the main purpose is to investigate how the photographic images take part into the writing process and which are the consequences of this inter-relationship in the literary text production.

O presente trabalho se interessa pelas formas de autorrepresentação e escrita autobiográfica tais quais elas vêm se apresentando em alguns exemplos significativos da cena teatral contemporânea. Seja dentro da vertente \"documental\", seja adotando nomenclaturas mais amplas como \"teatros do real\", proliferam as experiências em que os intérpretes em cena assumem a perspectiva autobiográfica. Desde Philippe Lejeune que sistematizou uma das primeiras pesquisas sobre o gênero até pesquisadores contemporâneos que trabalham sobre a noção de testemunho, temos abordagens diversas do que seriam as escritas do eu. Este trabalho busca tensionar a relação entre o par experiência e representação a partir do aporte fundamental da teoria literária - sobretudo a partir dos anos 1970, que pensa a representação autobiográfica associada à ideia de uma memória criativa - , e de disciplinas que tratam do problema da referencialidade como a história e a psicanálise. / The present research is interested in forms of self-representation and autobiographical writing as they have been presenting themselves in some significant examples found in contemporary theater scene. Rather as if in \"documentary\" style or adopting broader classifications, such as \"theater of the real,\" the experiments in which the performers on stage take an autobiographical perspective are proliferating more and more. Since Philippe Lejeune who first systematized the research on the genre, up to the contemporary researchers working on the notion of testimony, we have several approaches. This paper seeks to create a tension in the relationship between the pair: experience and representation, from the fundamental contribution of literary theory - especially since the 1970s, in which the autobiographical representation was very much associated with the idea of a creative memory - and also there are contributions from disciplines addressing the matter of referentiality, such as history and psychoanalysis.

Esta tese visa analisar a representação do silêncio como fenômeno discursivo na obra El zorro de arriba y El zorro de abajo de José María Arguedas. Esta abordagem passa pela relação do silêncio como elemento constitutivo de todo discurso. A partir de uma perspectiva centrada em Foucault, Orlandi e na teoria enunciativa de Authier-Revuz, analisar-se-ão as formas de representação do silêncio tanto no discurso autobiográfico (diarios) quanto na narrativa romanesca (hervores). A partir da análise da construção de uma imagem do sujeito (Arguedas), observar-se-á, sob a aparência de unidade e coesão do fio enunciativo, a constituição clivada e dividida de sua identidade, atravessada pelo Outro de si mesmo. Verificar-se-á que a concepção de palavra ligada à matéria das coisas e à vida, segundo o autor, entra em contradição com o processo de erosão dos discursos. A busca pela lìngua literária, sob o signo utópico e mítico, sofre um processo de demolição na obra, que resulta na palavra que traduz o sofrimento da nomeação por meio da falta, do balbucio e dos silêncios. / This thesis aims at analyzing the representation of silence as speech phenomenon in the work El zorro de arriba y el zorro de abajo by José María Arguedas. Such approach passes through the relating of silence as a constitutive element of every discourse. From a perspective focused on Focault, Orlandi and on the enunciative theory of Authier-Revuz, the forms representing silence will be analyzed both in the autobiographic speech (diarios) and in the novel narrative (hervores). From the analysis of the construction of an image of the subject (Arguedas), under the appearance of unit and cohesion of the enunciation, the fragmented and divided constitution of its identity will be observed, crossed by the Other of himself. In this work, it will be verified that the conception of word linked to the matter of things and to life, according to the author, goes against the process of erosion of the speeches. The search for the literary language in a utopic and mythical manner, suffers a process of demolition in the work, which results in the word that translates the suffering of naming through the absence, the babbling and the silences.