Bakgrund: I samband med en av de värsta industriolyckorna genom historien, dog 1100 textilarbetare som arbetade i en textilfabrik. Textilarbetares farliga arbetsförhållanden blev då en världsangelägenhet och idag förväntas företagen arbeta aktivt med hållbarhet och att möta samhällets nya behov som ändras i takt med den föränderliga värld vi lever i. Som en åtgärd för att möta detta behov har ett direktiv införts år 2016 som omfattar alla större bolag i Sverige. Därav har intresse väckts för vad gäller att vidare studera om det skett en förändring i företags hållbarhetsredovisning genom åren och om regleringen av EU-direktivet 2016 haft någon inverkan på detta. Syfte: Denna studie kommer att ägnas åt att analysera olika företags hållbarhetsredovisningar och beskriva förändringen av hållbarhetsredovisningen för att bidra med en ökad förståelse kring om/hur EU-direktivet 2016 har påverkat svenska företag inom samma bransch hållbarhetsredovisning. Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte har en kvalitativ innehållsanalys tillämpats för attanalysera informationen som de till studien valda företagen har presenterat. En upprättad kodningsmall, som är skapad utifrån studiens syfte med utgångspunkt i 6 kap. 12 § årsredovisningslag (1995:1554), har använts för att ta fram studiens empiriska data. Analysen av den empiriska datan har sedan ställts mot teorier, begrepp och tidigare forskning. Slutsats: Baserat på studiens resultat, som visar att EU-direktivet 2016 inte haft någon märkbar inverkan på företagens innehåll i hållbarhetsredovisningen, har vi funnit att det delvis skett en förändring i vad gäller utformning av företagens hållbarhetsredovisning. Studiens resultat visar även att företagen och deras hållbarhetsredovisning förändrats mycket redan året innan de första lagstadgade hållbarhetsredovisningarna publicerades och detta kan förklaras med utgångspunkt i två andra dimensioner, omgivning som i studien omfattar tre företagsekonomiska teorier (Institutionella teorin, legitimitetsteorin och intressentteorin) och media. / Background: In connection with one of the worst industrial accidents in history, 1100 textile workers working in a textile factory died. Textile workers' dangerous working conditions then became a global concern and today companies are expected to work actively with sustainability and to meet society's new needs that change in line with the changing world we live in. To meet this need, a directive was introduced in 2016 that covers all major companiesin Sweden. Therefore, we then found interest in further studying whether there has been a change in companies' sustainability reporting over the years and whether the regulation of the Accounting Directive in 2016 had any impact on this. Purpose: This study will be devoted to analyzing different companies' sustainability reports and describe the change of the sustainability report to contribute with an increased understanding of if/how the EU directive 2016 has affected Swedish companies in the same industry sustainability reporting. Method: To answer the purpose of the study, a qualitative content analysis has been applied to analyze the information presented by the selected companies for the study. An established coding template, which is created based on the purpose of the study based on Chapter 6, Section 12 of the Annual Accounts Act (1995:1554), has been used to produce the study's empirical data. The analysis of the empirical data was then set against theories, concepts and previous research. Conclusion: Based on the study's results, which show that the 2016 EU Directive has not hada noticeable impact on companies' content in the sustainability reporting, we have found that companies' sustainability reporting has many similarities with each other, which can be explained from the point of view of two other dimensions, environment which in the study includes three theories of business administration (Institutional theory, Legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory) and media.

No description available.

The focus of this thesis is on Advance Fee Fraud (419 scams) on how it is executed and more importantly, on how it can be prevented. The research addresses the origins of AFF, the nature and extent of this crime and how the perpetrators are able to defraud their victims. The research described, examined and analysed the crimes, the perpetrators, the victims, adjudication and the prevention strategies of this fraud. Information was gathered through literature and empirical research. A qualitative research method was used to gather information from AFF offenders who were incarcerated in South African prisons in 2005. The results of the empirical research were carefully examined, analyzed and integrated into the various chapters of this thesis. A theoretical framework was also developed in an attempt to explain this complex phenomenon. The findings and recommendations in terms of the crimes, the criminals, the victims, adjudication and prevention were also made and some suggestions for further research thereof were also cited. / Criminology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

The thesis examines the comprehensive relationship between all aspects of financial liberalisation and economic growth in three countries from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Employing ARDL bounds test approach and real GDP per capita as growth indicator; the thesis finds support in favour of the McKinnon-Shaw hypothesis but also finds that the increases in the subsequent savings and investments have not been transmitted into economic growth in two of the studied countries. Moreover, the thesis also finds that stock market developments have negligible or negative impact on economic growth in two of the selected countries. The thesis concludes that in most cases, it is not financial liberalisation polices that affect economic growth in the selected ECOWAS countries, but rather increase in the productivity of labour, increase in the credit to the private sector, increase in foreign direct investments, increase in the capital stock and increase in government expenditure contrary to expectations. Interestingly, the thesis also finds that export has only negative effect on economic growth in all the selected ECOWAS countries. The thesis therefore, recommends that long-term export diversification programmes be implemented in the ECOWAS regions whilst further investigation is carried on the issue. / Economic Sciences / D. Litt et Phil. (Economics)

This study aimed to develop a causal chain that illustrates the path through which a variety of factors influence consumer financial vulnerability. In order to achieve the stated aim, it was necessary to firstly identify the factors that gave rise to consumers being financially vulnerable. Secondly, the nature of the causal chain between the identified factors was determined. Thirdly, the causes of consumer financial vulnerability according to key informants in the financial services industry were determined. Finally, based on the results of the first three stages, possible explanations for consumer financial vulnerability were provided. Before the construction of the causal chain could be explored, a theoretical framework regarding household financial position as well as financial attitudes and behaviours was provided. The theoretical framework was supported by a description of the linkages through which consumers function and transact in an economy by applying chain reasoning. The chain reasoning was extended by providing financial statements reflecting the results of consumers’ interactions in the macroeconomy with an extract from the national accounts of South Africa presenting the income statements, balance sheets and relevant financial ratios of consumers for the period in which the research was conducted (2008 to 2009). For this study, the explanatory sequential mixed methods design was deemed appropriate to achieve the proposed research objectives. The research process firstly consisted of a quantitative strand where the possible causes for consumer financial vulnerability were identified after which the results were validated with data obtained in the second phase by means of four focus group discussions. To determine the factors giving rise to and establish the causal chain of overall consumer financial vulnerability, regression analysis was conducted. Based on the results of the regression analysis, it became evident that the financial vulnerability chain is not a singular linear process but rather a non-linear process (with contemporaneous and singular linkages) with a variety of factors influencing financial vulnerability, but also influencing each other over time. / Management Accounting / D. Accounting Science

In South Africa, less than 10% of individuals are financially independent after retirement, with an increasing number becoming dependent on social grants from government – hence the importance of analysing the asset composition of high net worth individuals who have achieved financial independence. To achieve the aim of this study, it was first necessary to define net worth and to develop a theoretical framework of the assets and liabilities included in the measurement of an individual’s net worth and how these assets and liabilities should be valued. A definition of high net worth individuals was then formulated. Secondly, the factors influencing the asset composition of high net worth individuals, as well as selected demographic factors that influence net worth, were investigated. Finally, following a quantitative approach, data collected from the liquidation and distribution accounts of deceased individuals were analysed according to the developed framework. The results of this study suggest that are indeed differences in the contribution of the different asset types when measured using the mean, relative contribution and importance of the asset class in comparison with total assets. Further analysis revealed that the richest individuals included in the survey invested more in shares than the other groups for whom immovable property was the primary asset. Based on the analysis of selected demographic factors, the findings indicated that for many of the dependent variables, the asset used most by respondents in that group was not the same asset that made the highest contribution to the net worth of the individuals in the group. / Business Management / M. Com. (Accounting)

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Mzansi rekening, as Eerste Orde Nasionale rekening, is gesamentlik deur die “Groot 4” banke geloods, spesifiek met die oog daarop om toegang tot groter finansiële dienste te bewerkstellig in lyn met die Finansiële Dienste Handves. Hierdie navorsingsverslag ondersoek die sukses van die Mzansi rekening in terme van die verbetering van toegang tot finansiële dienste en die verwesinliking van Prahalad se visie van die Fortuin aan die onderkant van die piramide of die sogenaamde Base of the Pyramid (BoP). Die studie is gedoen deur onderhoude te voer met industrie-kenners wat nou betrokke was met die loods van die Mzansi rekening, asook deur ’n oorsig te doen van ’n verslag van die onlangse kommisie van ondersoek oor kompetisie in die bankwese in Suid Afrika. Die Mzansi rekening is inderdaad suksesvol daarin om toegang tot finansiële dienste vir alle Suid Afrikaners beskikbaar te maak, maar dit is steeds nie winsgewend vir die banke nie. Die Mzansi rekening is dus nie in lyn met Prahalad se visie van die BoP nie. Die winsgewendheid van die rekening in die toekoms hang af van die graad van aanvaarding van armes van meer doeltreffende elektroniese transaksies. Tot op datum wil dit voorkom asof Prahalad se gevoel dat die armes gevorderde tegnologie maklik aanvaar nie in die bank sektor in Suid Afrika geld nie. ’n Toenemende fokus op gebruik eerder as toegang en ’n beter belyning met Prahalad se twaalf beginsels van innovasie by die BoP mag egter wel beter wins vir die banke inhou. Selfs al sou winste nie materialiseer nie, is dit steeds voordelig vir banke wat bereid is om te eksperimenteer en te leer van die Mzansi ervaring. Die Mzansi rekening mag dalk die katalis wees vir nuwe en verbeterde produkte wat suksesvol sal wees in die BOP mark. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Mzansi account, as a First Order National Bank Account, was jointly launched by the Big 4 Banks (ABSA, FNB, Nedbank and Standard Bank) specifically to increase access to financial services in line with the requirements of the Financial Sector Charter (FSC). This study explores the success of the Mzansi account with regard to improving access to financial services and achieving Prahalad’s vision of a Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP). The study was conducted by interviewing industry experts who were intimately involved in the launch of the Mzansi account and reviewing the transcripts of the recent commission of enquiry into the competition of banking in South Africa. The Mzansi account has been successful in increasing financial access for all South Africans but has not proved to be profitable for the banks. The Mzansi bank account therefore does not support Prahalad’s vision that there is a fortune at the base of the pyramid. The future profitability of the account is dependent on the acceptance of the poor of more efficient electronic transacting. To date it would seem that Prahalad’s notion that the poor accept advanced technology readily does not apply within the banking sector of South Africa. An increased focus on usage as apposed to access and a better alignment to Prahalad’s twelve principles of innovation at the BoP may well bring increased profits for the banks. Even if profits don’t materialise, for those banks willing to experiment and learn from the Mzansi experience. The Mzansi account may well be a catalyst for new and/or improved products that will be successful in the BoP market.

Stefan Hirschauer kritisiert mit dem Konzept des Undoing Gender den Theorieentwurf des Doing Gender nach West & Zimmerman. Er begreift Geschlecht als Effekt von Interaktionen und lehnt sich dabei an Garfinkels ethnomethodologisches Konzept der Accountability und der Omnirelevanz von Geschlecht an. Aus institutioneller Perspektive wird die Möglichkeit der Neutralisierung der Kategorie Geschlecht betont. Forschungsperspektivisch ist Geschlecht auf seine konkrete Relevanzsetzung in Interaktionen unter der Bedingung unterschiedlicher kultureller Konfigurationen und institutioneller Arrangements zu untersuchen ("kontextuelle Kontingenz").

Les contrats civils appliqués aux actions ont pour finalité le transfert, souvent provisoire, des différents droits politiques et financiers inhérents à ces titres : les droits politiques convoités sont le droit de vote et la qualité d’actionnaire afin de devenir administrateur, si les statuts l’imposent ; les droits financiers permettent quant à eux de transmettre l’entreprise et d’utiliser les actions comme garantie. Pour opérer ces transferts, les praticiens utilisent des contrats classiques, souvent issus du Code civil, mais aussi des contrats d’inspiration civiliste qui emploient des techniques civilistes, leur empruntent une partie de leurs régimes juridiques et poursuivent les mêmes finalités. Toutefois, ces contrats ne donnent pas entière satisfaction : les uns ont un régime juridique souple mais n’offrent pas une sécurité juridique suffisante ; les autres sont au contraire fiables mais affligés d’un régime juridique contraignant. Le législateur, en instituant la fiducie, pouvait remédier à ces inconvénients. Mais si la fiducie offre une grande sécurité juridique, c’est toujours au détriment de la liberté contractuelle. Une nouvelle réforme de la fiducie est donc indispensable. / Civilian contracts applied to shares are intended to transfer, often temporary, different political and financial rights inherent to these shares : the coveted political rights include the right to vote and the share holder to become a director, if the corporation charter so require ; the financial rights allow to enable them to transfer the business and use the shares as guarantee. In making such transfers,practitioners use standard contracts, often from the Civil Code, but also contracts inspired by civiliantechniques who employ techniques civilians, borrow some of their legal systems and pursue the same aims. However, these contracts are not entirely satisfactory : some have a flexible legal system but do not offer sufficient legal certainty, the others are reliable but afflicted by a binding legal regime. The legislator, in establishing the trust, could overcome these drawbacks. But if the trust provides greater legal certainty, it is always at the expense of the freedom of contract. A new reform of the trust isessential.

The subject of this thesis is the accounting and tax solution of starting a limited liability company. The dissertation tries to find answers to concrete practical problems. At first, attention is paid to legal and administrative steps of company foundation, the whole process is divided into several primary phases. After that follows the detailed analysis of formation expenses and the first accounting period. A fiscal year is also mentioned. The largest part of this thesis is dedicated to accounting and tax aspects of capital contributions. Here are described some important issues arising from the current wording of the relevant legislation. The final section deals with the beginning of bookkeeping and as a part of this chapter the important issues of argumentativeness of accounting, choice of accounting policies, internal guidelines and a chart of accounts are solved. Some of these questions have not yet been discussed in professional literature at all, or very little, therefore their solution is the main contribution of this work.