The efficient competition protection is EU's crucial key objective in order to provide smooth functioning of the local competition and the internal market. Within different segments of the competition I focused on the state aid issue, which is a specific area of the EU competition law. Providing any state aid inevitably influences the market enviroment and carries a considerable risk of the competition distortion. It effects the trade between Member States as well. The main aim of this diploma thesis is not only to describe the European legislation related to state aids, but also its impact on the Czech legal system. The Community state aid rules stem from Articles 107 - 109 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and their main purpose is to prevent any selective advantages to certain market players. This thesis also focuses on reforms and modernization of the state aid control system, in particular to the State Aid Action Plan.

Entre les pratiques orientées principalement vers les destinataires de l’action sociale et les logiques gestionnaires qui tendent à rationaliser le ‘’travail social’’, cette thèse explore la diversité des configurations intermédiaires. A partir des accompagnements éducatifs menés par un service dit de ‘’milieu ouvert’’, nous analysons la multiplicité des arrangements entre les professionnels chargés de ces mesures de ‘’protection de l’enfance’’. Sans réduire notre champ d’observation aux seules interactions individuelles, nous étudions plus largement le rapport de cet ‘’îlotage d’intervention socio-éducative’’ avec son environnement institutionnel.Ceci nous amène à interroger le fonctionnement d’autres services ou dispositifs connexes et leurs rattachements organisationnels aux instances de tutelles. En nous appuyant sur diverses recherches produites sur cet objet, nous questionnons également les transformations en œuvre dans le ‘’travail social’’ contemporain. L’ensemble de cette démarche nous permet de considérer conjointement les modifications profondes des cadres d’actions des politiques sociales et leurs retentissements singuliers sur les pratiques professionnelles des travailleurs sociaux. Notre recherche contribue ainsi à situer plus précisément les endroits où se logent ces régulations, comment elles s’ancrent et ce qu’elles induisent. Cette exploration nous ouvre sur la compréhension de la complexité des intrications des dimensions individuelles et collectives en prises avec le traitement de la cohésion sociale. / In contrast to practices primarily oriented towards recipients of social action and management policies which tend to streamline “social work”, the present thesis investigates the diversity of intermediate configurations. Based on educational support delivered by an “open-environment” service, we assess the wide range of agreements between professionals entrusted with “child care” assignments. Beyond the observation of mere human interaction, we delve into the relationships between such a “socioeducational policing scheme” and its institutional background.This leads us to examine how other services or related schemes operate, and how they interlink with parent organizations. With the help of extensive research published on the subject, we also question the transformations currently at play in “social work”. As a result we survey deeply changing instances of social policy framework and how uniquely they affect social workers’ professional practices. Thereby we highlight where these regulations apply along with their generalization and inferences. This exploratory work paves the way for a better understanding of intricately linked individual and collective dimensions confronted with social cohesion management.

The high crime rate in South Africa and the government’s apparent inability to deal with this problem is a reality. Even though no official statistics exist regarding the recidivism rate in South Africa it is estimated that it could be between 55% and 95%. The contributing role that recidivism plays towards the high crime rate can therefore not be ignored. In South Africa no classification system exists whereby a repeat offender can formally be classified as a recidivist. The crime prevention and management strategies currently utilised in South Africa furthermore does not recognise and address the role that recidivism plays as contributing factor towards the high crime rate. The aim of this study was to formulate a classification system for the South African recidivist in order to compile an inter-disciplinary action plan for the prevention and management of recidivism. The research design of this study was exploratory and both quantitative and qualitative data gathering methods were used in this study. The quantitative study involved the completion of the PFIR eco-metric scale by offenders falling within the classification criteria for recidivism. From the analyses of this data a proposed profile of the South African recidivist was compiled. During the qualitative phase of the research interviews were conducted with experts in the field of crime prevention and management. A semi-structured interview schedule was used for this purpose. Based on the key findings of the study an inter-disciplinary action plan for the prevention and management of recidivism was compiled. The purpose of this action plan is to propose an inter-disciplinary and inter-sectoral intervention and management strategy to address recidivism holistically. Within the action plan it is suggested that recidivism should be addressed on three levels, namely prevention, therapeutic and developmental intervention and reintegration. The primary recommendation of this study was that the proposed inter-disciplinary action plan should be adopted by policy makers and be included in the crime management and prevention strategies of South Africa. The study concluded with specific recommendations to help facilitate this process. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Social Work and Criminology / Unrestricted

Urban waste water collecting systems are designed to convey domestic, industrial and storm water. When sizing sewer network, heavy rainfall must be considered to provide the needed hydraulic capacity for collection. Maintenance is also required in order to avoid anomalies such as inflow, infiltration and unusual polluted discharges from Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs). Inflow and infiltration decrease the treatment yield at the Waste water Treatment Plant (WWTP) and participate in hydraulic overloads and overflows. CSOs have a direct impact on the pollution of water bodies and must be strictly sized and monitored. Detecting sizing and maintenance anomalies is crucial to ensure public health and a good status of our natural environment. Today, numerical hydraulic models support consulting engineers in assessing overflows then in choosing the best technical and cost-effective scenario. The objectives of this paper are to review the dysfunctions of collecting system and to understand how a numerical hydraulic model is constructed, calibrated and then used to establish a Corrective Action Plan (CAP). My master thesis is based on a working project achieved at SAFEGE (Group SUEZ Environnement) in the Urban Hydraulics Department in Lyon (Rhône-Alpes, France) between September 2013 and February 2014. The paper will present some outcomes obtained from an Urban Hydraulic Project at Chazelles-sur-Lyon (Rhône-Alpes, France) in the South West of Lyon. Mike Urban is the software - developed by the company DHI Water- used for the numerical hydraulic modeling.

Spikes of militancy, intolerance, ethnic division and sectarianism have all risen within Pakistan in recent years, yet Pakistan’s continuous battle to deter violent extremism fails to be successful. Following the December 16, 2014 Army Public School (APS) massacre in Peshawar Pakistan little empirical attention has been paid on how the Pakistani government, in the Northwest region of Pakistan, is countering violent extremism (CVE). As well as, its link to policy-making decisions on CVE. This dissertation study sought to analyze the currently active CVE narrative that Pakistan implemented into its Constitution in 2014. This qualitative explanatory case study project focused on operational links that could be traced over time. A content analysis of secondary sources of Pakistani political briefings and press conferences relating to the Pakistani 21st amendment was carried out to identify important themes that emerged. The qualitative analysis of the data generated five themes: (1) word-based agency, (2) knowledge & governance, (3) accountability, (4) closure, and (5) deontic orientation. To assist in addressing the research question, a critical holistic historical qualitative case study analysis was preferred because of its unique strength in incorporating various sources of evidence. Several suggestions of the findings are discussed. These include suggestions for practice and theory, bench-marking of the 21st amendment, and the inclusion of stakeholders in the CVE process.

This study collects the views of 38 health policy leaders, answering one open-ended question in a 1-hour interview: What state-level reforms do you believe are necessary to implement a feasible model of universal health insurance in Oregon? Interviewees represented seven groups: state officials, insurers, purchasers, hospitals, physicians, public interest, and experts. About 370 coded arguments in the interview transcripts were condensed into 95 categorical topics. A code outline was constructed to present a dialogue among stakeholders in one comprehensive narrative. Topical sections include the cost imperative, politics, model systems, insurance, purchasing, delivery system, practice management, and finance. Summary results show the prevalence of group attention to each topic, group affinities, and proximity correlations of different arguments mentioned by individuals. The most common arguments related to problems of low-value care and delivery system reform. There was a generally felt imperative to control costs. Regarding universal health insurance, stakeholders were split between two main alternatives. One model, favored mostly by insurer and purchaser groups, supported the state-sponsored individual mandate. This plan, embodied in the current Oregon Action Plan to implement universal health insurance, involved managed competition for insurers and clinical governance over professional practice. A separate set of arguments, favored mostly by expert and physician groups, emphasized the need for a unified public system, or utility model, possibly with centralized funds and regional global budgets. The ability of the individual mandate plan to control costs or manage quality appears doubtful, which strengthens opposition. The utility model is more likely to work at cost control and governance, but it disrupts the status quo and its details are vague, which strengthens opposition. Neither model is endorsed by a majority of the stakeholders, and political success for either one alone is not promising. Possibly, a close analysis of the two models could find a way to combine them and generate unified support.

No description available.

Allt fler personer drabbas av hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar, vilket på sikt kan leda till kronisk hjärtsvikt. För att förbättra omvårdnadsåtgärder för hjärtsviktspatienter har Socialstyrelsen 2004 givit ut nationella riktlinjer för hjärtsjukvård där vikten av en individuell handlingsplan betonas. Syftet med litteraturstudien är att undersöka på vilket sätt sjuksköterskor utför omvårdnadsåtgärder avseende fysisk aktivitet, egenvård, nutrition och rökstopp för patienter med hjärtsvikt och om dessa överrensstämmer med gällande riktlinjer samt om hänsyn måste tas till genusskillnader. Metoden är en litteraturstudie i databaserna PubMed och Elin@Malmö vilket resulterade i 14 artiklar som användes för att söka svaret på syftet. Som teoretisk referensram har Antonovskys KASAM modell använts. Resultatet visar att det är viktigt att patienten får rätt information, förstår informationen och kan omsätta den i sin vardag. Det är framförallt viktigt att fokusera på egenvård för att minska behovet av sjukhusinläggningar och att hjärtsviktsmottagningar prioriteras samt att vården ska individanpassas. / More and more people suffer from cardiac and vascular diseases that eventually can result in congestive heart failure. Socialstyrelsen has 2004 issued national guidelines for cardiac care in order to improve caring possibilities for patient with heart failure where an individual action plan is emphasised. The aim with the literature review is to look into in what way caring measures for patients with heart failure are performed with respect to physical activities, self-care, nutrition and smoking and if gender differences need to be considered. The method is a literature review in the databases PubMed and Elin@Malmö that resulted in 14 articles that were used in order to fulfil the aim. Antonovskys KASAM model has been used as the theoretical reference frame. The result shows that it is essential that the patient receives the correct information, understand it and is able to put into practise. It is especially important to focus on self-caring in order to reduce the number of hospital admissions and that heart failure clinics are prioritised together with an individual care.

Following the rise of social media, the world has found itself in a hyperconnected state. Through the press of a button, it is today possible to reach every corner of the world. This has brought opportunities for freedom and liberation, but in the past years it has also become a danger for these ideas. The rise of disinformation has been declared a major threat to democracy and our society by several major institutions, one of them being the European Union. They have also made it clear that the tech companies, through whose products disinformation primarily spreads, not only inadequately prevent it, but also question if they have enough incentive to do so. The executive branch of the EU, the European Commission, has therefore put forth an action plan in which they outline their work going forward in mitigating the crisis. Comparing with previous research on the vital parts of disinformation, there are heavy indications that the EU’s work will focus on reactionary measures; discovery and sharing of data on ongoing disinformation campaigns between neighbouring and Member States, as well as societal media literacy efforts. For now, due to what seems to be a fear of over-regulating freedom of expression, the responsibility to battle creation and spread is left to the Code of Practice on Disinformation, a plan created by tech companies that hold the platforms that are center in the spread of disinformation. After a first yearassessment, the EU indicates that the results of this Code of Practice is unsatisfactory, and further action might be needed. / Med uppkomsten av sociala medier så befinner sig världen nu i ett hyperuppkopplat tillstånd. Genom ett simpelt knapptryck är det idag möjligt att nå hela världen. Med detta har vi sett möjligheter till en förhöjd frihet, men under de senaste åren finns det också exempel på när just idéer som dessa har satts under hård press. Ökningen av desinformation har förklarats ett stort hot mot demokrati och dagens samhälle av flera stora institutioner, en av dem den Europeiska Unionen. De har gjort tydligt att stora teknikbolag, genom vilkas produkter desinformation i synnerhet sprids, inte bara gör för lite för att förhindra det, men också ifrågasätter ifall de har tillräckligt med incitament för att göra det. EU:s verkställande gren, Europeiska Kommissionen, har därför satt fram en handlingsplan där de redogör för sitt arbete för att hantera krisen. I en jämförelse med tidigare forskning om de mest vitala delarna av desinformation så finns det tunga indikationer att EU:s arbete kommer att fokusera på reaktionära åtgärder: upptäckande och delning av data mellan grannländer och medlemsstater om pågående desinformationskampanjer, samt ansträngningar för samhällskunskap så som källkritik. I vad som verkar vara en rädsla för överreglering av yttrandefrihet lämnas ansvaret för bekämpningen av skapande och spridning till en desinformationspraxis skapad av de teknikföretag som har de plattformar som är centrala i spridningen av desinformation. Efter en första årsutvärdering indikerar dock EU att resultaten dittills ej är tillfredsställande, och att ytterligare åtgärder kan vara nödvändiga.

This is a qualitative study about Kalmar municipality. The purpose of the studyis to problematize Kalmar municipality's organizational and political conditions for the implementation of lgbtqi issues in elderly care. This problematization means to draw attention to whether older lgbtqi people in elderly care receive equal care and good treatment. Historically has lgbtqi been seen as a norm-breaking behaviour. Older lgbtqi people mostly live in hiding. Even today, the structure of society is built according to norms and values that affect the right of older lgbtqi-people to be themselves. The study builds on semi-structured interviews. The interviews have been conducted in real life, digitally and through email with nine informants. The informants are working in Kalmar municipality as either politicians, business developers, municipal commissioners, municipal directors or other officials who work with issues regarding equal elderly care. Some informants have had more expertise regarding lgbtqi issues. Research and the interviews have contributed to a greater understanding and created different themes. The themes are prerequisites for implementation, challenges for implementation, knowledge and competence and treatment. During the interviews, various factors emerged that contributed to subheadings for each theme. Examples of factors shown are collaboration, open communication and commitment, budget, attitudes and structure. Analysis was performed by the use of the structuration theory. The theory of structuration means that actors and activities together influence how social structures are designed and changed in society. The result shows that more attention and work is needed around lgbtqi issues in the elderly care in Kalmar municipality. Kalmar municipality is undergoing a reorganization that may have an impact on the social work with lgbtqi. The results also show that knowledge and competence are limited in Kalmar municipality. Some factors that can have an affect on knowledge and competence are budget, time, open communication and commitment to the subject. Keywords: Kalmar municipality, implementation, lgbtqi-action plan, lgbtqi, elderly care, treatment, equal care