Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:16:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlineBGSF_DISSERT.pdf: 1069901 bytes, checksum: 15cae64ff2a14276647cac947605028a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-19 / The Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) is the leading cause of motor disability in adults and elderly and that is why it still needs effective interventions that contribute to motor recovery. Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the performance of stroke patients in chronic stage using a virtual reality game. Method: 20 patients (10 with injury to the left and 10 to the right side), right-handed, average age 50.6 ? 9.2 years, and 20 healthy subjects with average age of 50.9 ? 8.8, also right-handed participated. The patients had a motor (Fugl-Meyer) and muscle tone assessment (Ashworth). All participants made a kinematic evaluation of the drinking water activity and then underwent training with the table tennis game on XBOX 360 Kinect?, 2 sets of 10 attempts for 45 seconds, 15 minutes rest between sets, giving a total of 30 minutes session. After training the subjects underwent another kinematic evaluation. The patients trained with the right and left hemiparect upper limb and the healthy ones with the right and left upper limb. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, t Student test and Pearson correlation. Results: There was significant difference in the number of hits between the patients and healthy groups, in which patients had a lower performance in all the attempts (p = 0.008), this performance was related to a higher level of spasticity (r = - 0.44, p = 0.04) and greater motor impairment (r = 0.59, p = 0.001). After training, patients with left hemiparesis had improved shoulder and elbow angles during the activity of drinking water, approaching the pattern of motion of the left arm of healthy subjects (p < 0.05), especially when returning the glass to the table, and patients with right hemiparesis did not obtain improved pattern of movement (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The stroke patients improved their performance over the game attempts, however, only patients with left hemiparesis were able to increase the angle of the shoulder and elbow during the functional activity execution, better responding to virtual reality game, which should be taken into consideration in motor rehabilitation / O Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC), por ser uma das principais causas de incapacidade motora em adultos e idosos necessita de interven??es eficazes que contribuam para a recupera??o motora. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho no uso de um jogo de realidade virtual em pacientes no est?gio cr?nico do AVC. M?todo: Participaram 20 pacientes (10 com les?o ? esquerda e 10 ? direita), destros, com idade m?dia de 50,6 ? 9,2 anos; e 20 saud?veis com idade m?dia de 50,9 ? 8,8 anos, tamb?m destros. Os pacientes fizeram uma avalia??o motora (Fugl-Meyer) e do t?nus muscular (Ashworth). Todos os participantes fizeram uma avalia??o cinem?tica da atividade de beber ?gua e em seguida realizaram o treino com jogo de t?nis de mesa do XBOX 360 Kinect?, em 2 s?ries de 10 tentativas de 45 s, com 15 min de descanso entre elas, totalizando 30 minutos de sess?o. Ap?s o treino, os indiv?duos foram submetidos ? outra avalia??o cinem?tica. Os pacientes treinaram com o membro superior hemipar?tico direito e esquerdo e os saud?veis com o membro superior direito e esquerdo. Os dados foram analisados pela ANOVA, pelo teste t`Student e de correla??o de Pearson. Resultados: Houve diferen?a significativa no n?mero de acertos entre o grupo de pacientes e saud?veis, no qual os pacientes apresentaram um desempenho inferior em todas as tentativas realizadas (p=0,008), estando esse desempenho relacionado a um maior n?vel de espasticidade (r= -0,44; p=0,04) e a um maior comprometimento motor (r= 0,59; p=0,001). Ap?s o treino, os pacientes com hemiparesia esquerda tiveram melhora na angula??o de ombro e cotovelo durante a atividade de beber ?gua, se aproximando do padr?o de movimento do membro superior esquerdo dos saud?veis (p<0,05), principalmente no momento de retornar o copo a mesa; j? os pacientes com hemiparesia direita n?o obtiveram melhora do padr?o de movimento em rela??o aos saud?veis (p>0,05). Conclus?o: Os pacientes com AVC melhoraram o desempenho ao longo das tentativas do jogo, no entanto, somente pacientes com hemiparesia esquerda conseguiram aumentar a angula??o do ombro e cotovelo durante a execu??o de atividade funcional, respondendo melhor ao jogo de realidade virtual, o que deve ser levado em considera??o na reabilita??o motora

Introdução: Na Doença de Alzheimer, o comprometimento no desempenho nas Atividades de Vida Diária (AVD) impacta diretamente a autonomia e independência do indivíduo. A capacidade funcional determina o nível de auxílio que uma pessoa irá necessitar no cotidiano para uma vida em segurança e com autonomia. Dentre os domínios cognitivos, a Função Executiva tem sido relatada como a mais associada com o desempenho de funcionalidade. Há a necessidade de instrumentos válidos para avaliar os déficits das funções executivas no desempenho de tarefas de mundo real em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA) no Brasil. Objetivo: Validar a versão brasileira do teste Executive Performance Test (EFPT) em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA). Métodos: Adaptação cultural do EFPT para o português do Brasil. Os estudos de confiabilidade e validade foram realizados com três grupos de idosos: controles, DA leve e DA moderada. Este estudo examinou a estabilidade do instrumento, a consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach), a validade de constructo e de critério e análises de precisão. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 83 participantes com 60 anos ou mais, distribuídos em três grupos: controle, DA leve e DA moderada. A confiabilidade inter examinadores foi alta (ICC = 0,985), com alta consistência interna (Cronbach ? = 0,967). Houve forte correlação entre EFPT-Br Total e DAFS-BR (r = -0.762), correlação fraca a moderada com a bateria cognitiva e correlação moderada a forte com a bateria funcional. Foi realizado o cálculo da da ROC multiclasse área sob a curva de 0,8933, a pontuação sugerida para diferenciar os grupos : menor que 8 para controles; entre 9 e 27 para DA leve; e acima de 28 para DA moderada, para discriminar grupos. Conclusão: O EFPT-BR é um teste válido, com parâmetros psicométricos satisfatórios, para discriminar pacientes saudáveis, com DA leve e DA moderada na realização de tarefas instrumentais. O teste fornece informações consistentes para auxiliar a compreensão do desempenho de pacientes com DA na realização de atividades de vida diária com mais autonomia e segurança / Background: In Alzheimer\'s disease, the impairment in performing Activities of Daily Life (ADL) directly affects the autonomy and independence of the individual. The functionality determine a person needs for a safe and autonomous life. Among the cognitive domains, Executive Function has been reported as the most associated with functionality performance. There is a need for valid assessments to evaluate the deficits of executive functions in performing of real world tasks with patients with Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) in Brazil. Objective: To validate to Brazilian Portuguese version of the Executive Function Performance Test (EFPT) in Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Methods: Cultural adaptation of EFPT to Brazilian Portuguese. The reliability and validity studies were performed with three groups of elderly: controls, mild AD and moderate AD. This study examines instrument stability, an internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha), a construct and criterion validity, and precision analyzes. Results: The sample consisted of 83 participants aged 60 years and over, divided into three groups: control, mild AD and moderate AD. The inter-examiner reliability was high (ICC = 0.985), with high internal consistency (Cronbach ? = 0.967). There was a strong correlation between EFPT-Br Total and DAFS-BR (r = -0.762), weak to moderate correlation with a cognitive battery and moderate to strong correlation with the functional battery. We performed the calculation of the ROC multiclass area under the curve of 0.8933, a score suggested to differentiate the groups: less than 8 for controls; between 9 and 27 for mild AD; and above 28 for moderate AD, to discriminate groups. Conclusion: EFPT-BR is a valid test with satisfactory psychometric parameters to discriminate healthy patients with mild AD and moderate AD in performing instrumental tasks. The test provides consistent information to assist in understanding the performance of AD patients in carrying out more autonomous and safe daily life activities

Abstract The aim of this doctoral thesis is to provide an overall description of Finnish adult asthma patients in the year 2000, including their symptoms, treatment and the resulting costs. The implementation of treatment was evaluated from the perspective adopted in the National Asthma Programme 1994–2004. The research was based on questionnaire data acquired from a sample extracted from the Finnish Social Insurance Institution's asthma register, with which existing register data were combined, so that the eventual series comprised patients suffering from asthma and possibly other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. The majority of the asthma patients were women of working age. Smoking was most common among young adults (43% of the men and 35% of the women), while the number who had stopped smoking increased towards the older age groups among the men but remained constant among the women. The older age groups also had more serious asthma, more frequent cases of other chronic pulmonary and somatic illnesses, more problems in coping with everyday life and greater treatment needs than the younger patients. Early retirement for health reasons was common. More than half of the women and one in five of the men aged 65 years or over were living alone. The patients who suffered from asthma alone normally managed relatively well. Their symptoms could be kept under control with anti-inflammatory medication at a moderate overall cost, but concurrent obstructive pulmonary disease almost tripled the direct cost of asthma treatment and increased hospital costs practically five-fold. Smoking led to further expense in the case of those with asthma and obstructive pulmonary disease combined. The transfer of responsibility for asthma treatment from specialized care to the basic health care system would appear in general to be justified. Smoking and its associated chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases present a particular challenge for the management of asthma. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjatyössä tutkittiin suomalaisen aikuisen astmapotilaan kokonaiskuva ja selvitettiin hänen oireiluaan, hoitoaan ja tästä aiheutuvia kustannuksia vuonna 2000. Astman hoidon toteutumista arvioitiin Valtakunnallinen astmaohjelma 1994–2004:n näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin Kelan astmarekisteristä valtakunnallisesti poimitun potilasotoksen kyselyaineistoa rekisteritietoja siihen yhdistäen. Lopullisen tutkimusaineiston muodostivat astmaa ja sen lisäksi mahdollisesti muita pitkäaikaisia ahtauttavia keuhkosairauksia sairastavat potilaat. Enemmistö astmapotilaista oli naisia ja työikäisiä. Tupakointi oli yleisintä nuorilla aikuisilla miehillä (43 %) ja naisilla (35 %). Tupakoinnin lopettaneiden osuus suureni miehillä vanhempiin ikäryhmiin mentäessä, kun taas naisilla osuus pysyi samansuuruisena. Vanhemmissa ikäryhmissä astma oli vaikeampaa ja muu keuhko- ja somaattinen pitkäaikaissairastavuus, toimintakyvyn ongelmaisuus ja hoidon tarve nuorempia runsaampaa. Ennenaikainen eläköityminen oli yleistä. Kuusikymmentäviisi vuotta täyttäneistä ja sitä vanhemmista naisista useampi kuin joka toinen ja miehistä joka viides asui yksin. Pelkkää astmaa sairastava voi yleisesti arvioiden hyvin. Hänen oireilunsa oli hallittavissa anti-inflammatorisella lääkityksellä kohtalaisen vähäisin kokonaishoidon kustannuksin. Samanaikainen keuhkoahtaumatauti lähes kolminkertaisti astman hoidosta aiheutuneet suorat kustannukset ja lähes viisinkertaisti sairaalahoidosta aiheutuneet kustannukset. Astmaa ja keuhkoahtaumatautia sairastavilla tupakointi lisäsi edelleen kustannuksia. Astmapotilaan kokonaisuuden näkökulmasta hoidon päävastuun siirto erikoissairaanhoidosta perusterveydenhuoltoon vaikuttaa tarkoituksenmukaiselta. Tupakointi ja siihen liittyvät muut pitkäaikaiset ahtauttavat keuhkosairaudet muodostavat erityisen haasteen astman hoitojärjestelmälle.

My dissertation is focused on usage of psychobiographical model of care during working with seniors. The first part of my dissertation is focused on theories, where I explain things such as old age and its age borders, changes in old age and senior's needs, dementia and its forms. We can also find here informations about senior services, social workers and ethic codex. Besides that, my dissertation contains informations about psychobiographical model and everything that is related to it. Second part of my dissertation is focud on concrete usage of the model in Senior House Háje and Senior House Palata for people with eyes dissorder. Keywords  Senior, age, Psychobiographical model of care, dementia, normality principle, regression phases, activities of daily living, biographies, individual care plans, memories Therapy.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Introduction: Traditional strength training protocols, despite its proven morphological and neuromuscular benefits, have been questioned about its effects on performance improvement for daily life activities in the elderly, and functional training (TF) may be a better strategy for this purpose. However, there is a lack of research comparing and integrating TF with traditional training methods to better observe the real effects on multisystem adaptive responses. Objective: Analyze comparatively the effects of 12 weeks of functional training and traditional training in physical fitness and quality of movement in sedentary elderly women. Metodology: This is a random clinic essay with the participation of 25 old women divided in two distinct groups: Functional Training (TF: n=13; 64,8 ± 4,6 years; 29,6 ± 5,2 kg/m-²) and Traditional Training (TT: n=12; 66,0 ± 5,5 years; 28,5 ± 5,6 kg/m-²). Senior Fitness Test was used to stablish physical fitness and a dinamometric lumbar complementary test to determine maximal isometric strenght. To evaluate quality of movement it was used the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). Datas were analyzed through ANOVA 2x3 and Sidak post-hoc. Results: Past to 8 weeks, when compared to TT, TF group has promoted statistic and significant improvements in: balance/agility (p=0,03; +7%), lower limb strenght (p=0,03; +18%), upper limb strenght (p = 0,02; +15%), cardiorespiratory capacity (p = 0,02; +8%) and isometric strenght (p = 0,04; +16%). In 12 weeks, TF has presented significative diferences in: balance/agility (p = 0,00; +9%), lower limbs strenght (p = 0,03; +18%), cardiorespiratory capacity (p = 0,01; +7%) and quality of movement (p = 0,02; +16%), when compared to TT. However, flexibility test has not shown differences between groups. And the two groups improved significantly in all variables (p≤0,05) in relation to the initial values. Conclusion: Although both training protocols prove to be efficient in improving physical fitness and movement quality in sedentary elderly women, applied functional training is more effective than traditional training. / Introdução: Protocolos tradicionais de treinamento de força apesar de seus benefícios morfológicos e neuromusculares comprovados, nota-se questionamentos sobre seus efeitos na melhora da performance para as atividades da vida diária no idoso, podendo o treinamento funcional (TF) ser uma melhor estratégia para essa finalidade. Porém, observa-se uma carência de investigações comparando e integrando o TF com métodos de treinamento tradicionais para melhor observação dos reais efeitos em respostas adaptativas multissistêmicas. Objetivo: Analisar comparativamente os efeitos de oito e doze semanas de treinamento funcional com um treinamento de força tradicional na aptidão física e qualidade do movimento de idosas sedentárias. Metodologia: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, no qual participaram da intervenção 25 idosas divididas em dois grupos distintos: Treinamento Funcional (TF: n=13; 64,8 ± 4,6 anos; 29,6 ± 5,2 kg/m-²) e Treinamento Tradicional (TT: n=12; 66,0 ± 5,5 anos; 28,5 ± 5,6 kg/m-²). Para a verificar a aptidão física foi utilizado a bateria Senior Fitness Test e um teste complementar de força isométrica máxima. E para qualidade de movimento foi utilizado o Functional Movement Screen. Os dados foram analisados a partir de uma ANOVA 2x3 com post hoc test de Sidak. Resultados: Ao final das 8 semanas, quando comparado com o TT, o TF promoveu melhoras estatisticamente significativas nas variáveis: equilíbrio/agilidade (p = 0,03; +7%), força de membros inferiores (p = 0,03; +18%), força de membros superiores (p = 0,02; +15%), capacidade cardiorrespiratória (p=0,02; +8%), e força isométrica (p = 0,04; +16%). Em 12 semanas o TF apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa nas variáveis: equilíbrio/agilidade (p = 0,00; +9%), força de membros inferiores (p = 0,03; +18%), capacidade cardiorrespiratória (p = 0,01; +7%) e na qualidade do movimento (p = 0,02; +16%), quando comparado ao TT. Entretanto, em relação aos testes de flexibilidade não apresentaram diferenças entre os grupos. E os dois grupos melhoraram significativamente em todas as variáveis (p˂0,05) com relação aos valores iniciais. Conclusão: Apesar de ambos os protocolos de treinamento demostrarem-se eficientes na melhora da aptidão física e qualidade de movimento em idosas sedentárias, o treinamento funcional aplicado demonstra-se mais eficaz que o treinamento tradicional.

Introdução: A morte do cônjuge representa diversos desafios a serem enfrentados por mulheres, especialmente nos primeiros seis meses. O enfrentamento deste processo, comumente predispõe a declínios da saúde e impacta a vida cotidiana. Para sua compreensão, destaca-se o \"Modelo do Processo Dual do Luto\", o qual pressupõe que um dos fatores estressores que os viúvos precisam lidar são os orientados para a restauração. Estes incluem o engajamento em atividades cotidianas que não se relacionam diretamente à perda, sendo singular e dependente do significado atribuído pela pessoa a estas atividades. Objetivo: Conhecer os significados atribuídos às atividades cotidianas relacionadas ao enfrentamento orientado para a restauração de mulheres após a morte por câncer, em até seis meses, do cônjuge idoso. Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, do tipo exploratório e descritivo. Constitui-se como população alvo do estudo, viúvas: do sexo feminino; que mantinham relacionamento com o falecido por meio de casamento ou união estável; residentes no Estado de São Paulo; cujos cônjuges, falecidos de 2 a 6 meses em decorrência de câncer, tinham acima de 60 anos e foram atendidos pela equipe do Núcleo de Cuidados Paliativos do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de maio a outubro de 2015. As viúvas que aceitaram participar do estudo foram convidadas para uma entrevista individual, que ocorreu entre outubro e dezembro de 2015. Para sua condução, foi utilizado um roteiro semi-estruturado que buscava conhecer se os participantes realizavam ou pensavam em realizar atividades cotidianas relacionadas ao enfrentamento orientado para a restauração, e quais os significados que atribuíam a seu desempenho. O conteúdo das entrevistas foi gravado, transcrito e posteriormente analisado pelo processo de codificação, gerando temas abrangentes. Resultados: Identificou-se um primeiro tema nos resultados que se relacionou aos fatores que influenciavam no significado das atividades cotidianas relacionadas ao enfrentamento orientado para a restauração, os quais foram: a) sofrimento decorrente da percepção da ausência do marido no cotidiano; b) desempenho do papel de cuidadora; c) percepção negativa sobre a qualidade do relacionamento prévio com o cônjuge; d) participação nas circunstâncias que envolveram o óbito e nos processos decisórios de tratamento no período de adoecimento do cônjuge; e) apoio da rede informal e a presença de animais de estimação; f) espiritualidade. O segundo tema que emergiu dos resultados se referiu ao relato das entrevistadas sobre sua participação nas entrevistas conduzidas nesta tese. Discussão: O reconhecimento dos fatores que influenciavam no significado das atividades cotidianas favorece a reflexão sobre o apoio prestado às viúvas após a morte do cônjuge, especialmente ao se considerar que as mulheres se beneficiam mais de intervenções com ênfase no enfrentamento orientado para restauração. Entende-se que estudos que utilizam entrevistas como procedimento de coleta de dados podem beneficiar o enfrentamento do processo de luto dos participantes, pois potencialmente os auxiliam a elaborarem as experiências vivenciadas. Conclusão: Acredita-se que esta tese represente avanços na compreensão acerca do engajamento em atividades cotidianas no processo de luto, o que favorece a abordagem em Cuidados Paliativos prestada aos familiares após o óbito do paciente / Introduction: The death of the spouse represents several challenges to be faced by bereaved widows, mainly during the first six months. It commonly predisposes to health decline with impact in daily life. To understand the grieving process the \"Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement\" is highlighted. To this theoretical model, one of the types of stressor that the widows have to deal with is the restoration-oriented. It includes the involvement in daily activities that are not related to loss. This involvement is unique depending on the meaning given by the person to daily activities. Objective: To know the meaning attributed to daily activities focused on restoration by women after the death of their elderly spouse due to cancer, up to six months after death. Method: It is a qualitative exploratory and descriptive study. Its target population is constituted by widows: a) female; b) who had a relationship with the deceased exclusively through marriage or stable union; c) residing in São Paulo state; d) whose spouses have died within the past 2-6 months due to cancer and were over the age of 60; e) and whose spouses had been attended by the Palliative Care Service of The Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo Medical School during the period May- October 2015. The spouses that agree to participate in the study were invited to a private interview, which occurred from October to December 2015. To its conduction a semi-structured guideline was used which aimed to know if the participants took part or thought about taking part in restoration-oriented daily activities, and the meaning they attribute to them. The content of the interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using the coding process. Comprehensive themes emerged from this process. Results: A first theme was identified on the results related to the influencing factors upon the meaning of daily activities focused on restoration which were: a) distress resulting from the perception of the husband\'s absence in daily life; b) caretaker role performance; c) negative perception about the quality of the previous relationship with the spouse; d) participation in the circumstances that involved the spouse\'s death and in the decisionmaking procedures of treatment during his illness; e) support from the informal network and the presence of pet animals; f) spirituality. The second theme that emerged from the results referred to the interviewees\' report about their participation in the interviews conducted in this thesis. Discussion: The recognition of the influencing factors upon the meaning attributed to daily activities gives opportunity for reflection on the support given to widows after their spouses\' death, especially taken into account that women benefit more from interventions focused on restoration. It is understood that studies using interviews as data collecting procedure can benefit the participants facing the bereavement, since it can potentially help them to elaborate their experiences. Conclusion: It is believed that this thesis represents advances in the understanding about the involvement in daily activities during bereavement, what helps the Palliative Care provided to the family after the patient death

Background Critical illness myopathy (CIM) and polyneuropathy (CIP) are a common complication of critical illness. Both cause intensive-care-unit-acquired (ICU-acquired) muscle weakness (ICUAW) which increases morbidity and delays rehabilitation and recovery of activities of daily living such as walking ability. Focused physical rehabilitation of people with ICUAW is, therefore, of great importance at both an individual and a societal level. A recent systematic Cochrane review found no randomised controlled trials (RCT), and thus no supporting evidence, for physical rehabilitation interventions for people with defined CIP and CIM to improve activities of daily living. Therefore, the aim of our study is to compare the effects of an additional physiotherapy programme with systematically augmented levels of mobilisation with additional in-bed cycling (as the parallel group) on walking and other activities of daily living.

L’objectif général de cette thèse était de caractériser les trajectoires de déclin cognitif et fonctionnel dans les phases précliniques et précoces de la maladie d’Alzheimer, faisant appel à deux grandes approches: l’étude du trouble cognitif léger dans la maladie d’Alzheimer sporadique et l’étude du phénotype cognitif d’individus porteurs de mutations autosomiques dominantes dans la maladie d’Alzheimer familiale. La thèse comprend 6 articles, dont 4 empiriques. Le premier article (Chapitre II) visait à faire une revue de littérature sur le trouble cognitif léger, son contexte historique, ses critères diagnostiques et les connaissances actuelles dans les domaines cognitif, génétique et de neuroimagerie. L’objectif de la deuxième étude (Chapitre III) visait à caractériser les différents domaines cognitifs (mémoire épisodique, fonctions exécutives, mémoire de travail, traitement visuospatial et langage) et leurs trajectoires dans le temps, chez des personnes avec un trouble cognitif léger, en distinguant celles qui ultérieurement progressent vers une démence, ou progresseurs, et celles qui ne progressent pas vers une démence, ou non-progresseurs. Les résultats indiquent que, chez les progresseurs, les trajectoires de déclin se distinguent selon le domaine cognitif : une fonction quadratique (fonction polynomiale de second degré, qui peut être interprétée comme représentant un plateau suivi d’un déclin accéléré) caractérise le rappel différé en mémoire épisodique et la mémoire de travail/vitesse de traitement de l’information et une fonction linéaire (plus graduelle et progressive) caractérise le rappel immédiat en mémoire, les fonctions exécutives et les habiletés visuospatiales. L’objectif de la troisième étude (Chapitre IV) était de caractériser les trajectoires de déclin des capacités à réaliser les activités de la vie quotidienne instrumentales chez ces mêmes individus ayant un trouble cognitif léger qui ont progressé vers une démence et de comparer ces trajectoires à celles que l’on retrouve chez les individus avec un trouble cognitif léger n’ayant pas progressé. Les résultats montrent que les capacités autorapportées à réaliser les activités de la vie quotidienne suivent une trajectoire quadratique chez les progresseurs (ont rencontré les critères de démence au cours de l’étude), linéaire chez les déclineurs (ont présenté un déclin cognitif sans rencontrer les critères de démence au cours de l’étude) et n’ont pas changé à travers le temps chez les stables (sont demeurés cognitivement stables au cours de l’étude). Les résultats indiquent que ces patrons peuvent être surtout expliqués par une catégorie d’activités, les activités complexes (p.ex. gérer le budget), qui suivent les mêmes trajectoires. L’objectif du quatrième article (Chapitre V) était de présenter les différentes composantes (génétique, imagerie et cognition) d’un projet de collaboration initié en 2012 entre le Canada et la Chine, ayant pour but d’étudier les phrases précliniques de la maladie d’Alzheimer de type familial. L’objectif de la cinquième étude (Chapitre VI) était d’examiner l’apparition et l’évolution des atteintes cognitives dans la maladie d’Alzheimer de type familial, en distinguant les personnes porteuses de mutations PSEN1 menant à un diagnostic de démence de celles non-porteuses de ces mutations. Les résultats montrent que, chez les porteurs de mutation, le temps estimé au diagnostic suit une trajectoire quadratique pour le rappel différé et la reconnaissance en mémoire épisodique et une trajectoire linéaire pour le rappel immédiat en mémoire, la fluence verbale sémantique/catégorielle et les habiletés visuoconstructives. Enfin, l’objectif de la sixième étude (Chapitre VII) était de présenter les données d’imagerie préliminaires de la cohorte canadienne avec mutations PSEN1, avec une série de cas. Chez les porteurs de mutation, l’amyloïde est un marqueur précoce, significatif même chez les individus non symptomatiques. Le marqueur tau est significatif uniquement près de l’âge estimé du diagnostic chez les porteurs et semble être davantage associé aux déficits cognitifs. / The main objective of this thesis was to characterize the trajectories of cognitive and functional decline in the preclinical and early stages of Alzheimer's disease, using two methodological approaches: the study of mild cognitive impairment in sporadic Alzheimer's disease and the study of the cognitive phenotype of individuals with autosomal dominant mutations in familial Alzheimer's disease. The thesis comprises 6 articles, 4 of which are empirical. The first article (Chapter II) aimed to review the literature on mild cognitive impairment, its historical context, its diagnostic criteria and current knowledge in the cognitive, genetic and neuroimaging fields. The objective of the second study (Chapter III) was to characterize the different cognitive domains (episodic memory, executive functions, working memory, visuospatial processing and language) and their trajectories over time, in individuals with mild cognitive impairment, by distinguishing those who progressed to dementia, or progressors, and those that did not progress to dementia, or non-progressors. The results indicate that, in the case of progressors, the trajectories of decline are distinguished according to the cognitive domain: a quadratic function (a plateau followed by an accelerated decline) characterizes the delayed recall in episodic memory and working memory/processing speed and a linear function characterizes immediate recall, executive functions and visuospatial abilities. The objective of the third study (Chapter IV) was to characterize the trajectories of decline in the ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living in these same individuals with mild cognitive impairment who progressed to dementia and to compare these trajectories with those found in individuals with mild cognitive impairment who did not progress. The results show that the self-reported abilities to perform activities of daily living follow a quadratic trajectory in the progressors (met the dementia criteria during the study), a linear trajectory in the declinors (presented a cognitive decline without meeting the dementia criteria during the course of the study) and did not change over time in the stable (remained cognitively stable during the study). The results indicate that these patterns can be mainly explained by a category of activities, the complex activities (e.g. managing the budget), which follow the same trajectories. The objective of the fourth article (Chapter V) was to present the different components (genetics, imaging and cognition) of a collaborative project initiated in 2012 between Canada and China, aimed at studying the preclinical phases of familial Alzheimer’s disease. The objective of the fifth study (Chapter VI) was to examine the onset and course of cognitive impairment in familial Alzheimer's disease, by distinguishing individuals with PSEN1 mutations leading to a diagnosis of dementia from those not carrying these mutations. The results show that, in mutation carriers, the time to the estimated age of onset follows a quadratic trajectory for delayed recall and recognition in episodic memory and a linear trajectory for immediate recall, semantic/categorical verbal fluency and visuospatial abilities. Finally, the objective of the sixth study (Chapter VII) was to present preliminary imaging data for the Canadian cohort with PSEN1 mutations, using a case series. In mutation carriers, amyloid is an early marker, with a significant deposition, even in non-symptomatic individuals. The tau marker is significant only near the estimated age of onset in mutation carriers and appears to be more associated with cognitive deficits.

Background: Maintaining independence in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is crucial for older adults. This study explored the association between cognitive and functional performance in general and in single IADL domains. Also, risk factors for developing IADL impairment were assessed. Methods: Here, 3,215 patients aged 75–98 years were included. Data were collected during home visits. Results: Cognitive functioning was associated with IADL both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Regarding the single IADL domains cross-sectionally, executive functioning was especially associated with shopping, while episodic memory was associated with responsibility for own medication. Conclusion: Reduced performance in neuropsychological tests is associated with a greater risk of current and subsequent functional impairment. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.