The purpose of this thesis is to uncover the meaning of the difference between original versions and translations of two texts from Publius Ovidius Naso's Heroides, "Phyllis to Demophoon" and "Phaedra to Hippolytus." The first chapter describes John Dryden's system of translational practices and some theoretical issues surrounding literary translation and its critical interpretation. Even though translations have connections to the source text to some degree, each product of translation is a literary artifact on its own. The second chapter uses three translations of "Phyllis to Demophoon" by respectively Wye Saltonstall, Edward Pooley, and Edward Floyd as case studies demonstrating the variety of literary works that can originate from a single source text. The third chapter interprets Thomas Otway's translation of "Phaedra to Hippolytus" against Ovid's original in order to reveal the extensive presence of a certain characteristic irony in Otway's text. Otway also effectively translates Ovid's witty subtext.

This paper represents the final culmination of a theater senior project. The project consisted of an analytical research paper, performance in a mainstage department production, and supporting process documentation. I portrayed Myrrha, Hunger, Zeus, and others in a production of the play Metamorphoses. Through research on Mary Zimmerman’s 1998 play Metamorphoses, adapted from the works of Roman poet Ovid, this thesis grapples with the historical meaning of the myth of Myrrha. A polarizing figure, Myrrha was cursed to fall in lust with her father. By exploring of portrayals sexual assault onstage, I tackle themes of audience relationships to trauma and taboo subjects. I seek to understand the importance of her story in a modern context, specifically considering the #metoo movement and increasingly public discussions around sexual violence, rape culture, and systematic oppression. I stress our responsibility to understand how codifying stories on stage impacts audiences. This project also contains my conceptualization for the characters I portrayed in Metamorphoses, my rehearsal journal, and post-show reflections. In these sections, I detail the acting theory behind my characters as well as the steps we took to adapt Metamorphoses for our community.

Une monographie sur la ville antique de Sura s’imposait pour mettre l’accent sur un site-clef, peu étudié, parmi les villes fortifiées du Moyen-Euphrate. L’objectif de ce travail est d’en offrir une description et une analyse poussées et d’élargir le champ des recherches à l’ensemble de la région. À 22 km à l’ouest de Raqqa et à 29 km au nord de Resafa, à l’emplacement du village moderne d’«el-Hammam», Sura (autrefois «Souriya») domine la rive droite de l’Euphrate. Le site est une agglomération fortifiée de forme rectangulaire (76,5 ha) divisée en deux parties, enceinte nord-est et enceinte sud-ouest. Nous présentons Sura de l’époque romaine jusqu’au début de l’époque omeyyade (Ier-VIIIe s.), d’après les résultats de nos recherches qui, entre 2003 et 2011, se sont concentrées sur trois pôles : fortifications, structures domestiques et édifices civils (fouilles intra-muros), nécropole(fouilles extra-muros). Nous étudions ensuite sa culture matérielle à travers le mobilier archéologique et les éléments architecturaux issus des fouilles. Les résultats de ces recherches doivent enrichir le dossier des sites de référence de l’Antiquité tardive pour la région de l’Euphrate et de la Syrie du Nord, en offrant une base de comparaison de premier ordre pour l’architecture civile et funéraire et, surtout, pour le matériel céramique, le verre, les inscriptions. Occupant une position géographique stratégique, Sura fut florissante pendant l’époque romaine et byzantine, jusqu’à la conquête arabe de la région en 639-640, qui scella son déclin – contrairement aux autres villes de l’Euphrate –, puis elle ne fut plus occupée que par des chrétiens locaux, dans des habitats modestes. / A monograph about the ancient city of Sura was necessary in order to bring to light a site little studied so far, in spite of its key importance among the Middle Euphrates fortified towns. The present work aims at offering a thorough description and analysis of it, while broadening the scope of comparison to its larger region. Sura(previously “Suriya”) is situated 22 km west of Raqqa and 29 km north of Resafa, on the location where nowadays stands the village of “el-Hammam”, overlooking the right bank of the river Euphrates. The site, a fortified agglomeration of rectangular shape (76,5 ha), is divided into two parts, the northeast and the southwest enclosures. We present Sura from Roman times until the beginning of the Umayyad period (1st-8th cent.), through the results of our researches, which, from 2003 to 2011, have been focusing, intra-muros, on its fortifications, on its domestic and public structures, and, extra-muros, on its necropolis, then through its material culture, that is, thesmall finds and architectural elements. Such a research should contribute to enhancing the extant knowledge about Late Antiquity in the Euphrates region and North Syria, by bringing forth an additional reference site, especially for civil and funerary architecture and, above all, pottery, glass, and inscriptions. The floruit of Sura, set in a strategic location, lasted from the Roman through Byzantine times, until the Arab conquest of the region, in 639-640, threw it into oblivion – a fate not shared by other cities on the Euphrates. Afterwards, only local Christians maintained some modest settlement there.

La tesi indaga la produzione e la messa in opera delle tessere musive e dei sectilia parietali in paste vitree in epoca tardoantica e altomedievale, studiando in particolare il caso di Milano. Nella prima parte viene esaminato il processo di produzione del vetro musivo, poco noto nella documentazione edita, ma estremamente fecondo per la ricostruzione degli scambi commerciali e culturali del periodo esaminato. Con vari strumenti (etnoarcheologia, ricettari, analisi archeometriche, resti archeologici, fonti economiche, stime quantitative, documentazione di restauro) vengono rintracciati gli indicatori di riconoscibilità di un atelier che produce piastre musive colorate e a foglia d’oro, i marker di cronologia, provenienza e tecnologia ottenibili dalle analisi chimiche sul vetro musivo e l’esito materiale dei gesti eseguiti da chi mette in opera rintracciabili sui frammenti. Nella seconda parte sono affrontate le problematiche specifiche del caso milanese. In particolare viene riconsiderata l’ipotesi dell’esistenza di una bottega milanese per la realizzazione e la posa di tessellata vitrea. A fronte di una bibliografia contraddittoria sulla datazione e il contesto culturale in seno a cui sarebbero nate queste competenze, vengono valutati i resti archeologici di decorazioni musive parietali (lacerti e tessere sciolte) e vengono caratterizzati con analisi archeometriche. Viene così determinata la diffusione dell’arte, contestualizzato quanto ancora conservato e stabilito quali apporti commerciali e culturali ha comportato la realizzazione dei mosaici milanesi. I resti archeologici, le fonti letterarie, le attestazioni iconografiche, le analisi archeometriche, pur nella loro difficile lettura, permettono di riconoscere tre momenti di diffusione dell’arte musiva: l’età tardo-imperiale, l’età gota e i secoli finali dell’altomedioevo. Per ogni periodo vengono analizzati tre casi significativi: la basilica di San Lorenzo (fine IV-inizi V sec.), il battistero di San Giovanni alle Fonti (fine V-VI sec.) e la basilica di Sant’Ambrogio (V-VI e X sec.). La ricerca contribuisce a diverse problematiche aperte: la tecnologia del vetro, gli elementi di continuità e innovazione rispetto alle tecniche romane, la decorazione parietale dei monumenti milanesi, le scelte dei committenti che hanno finanziato gli edifici, l’investimento necessario, le relazioni intraprese per realizzare le opere. / The thesis studies the production and layout of wall mosaic tesserae and of glass paste sectilia in late antique and early medieval times, focusing in particular on the case of Milan. The first part examines the productive process of glass mosaics to reconstruct the commercial and cultural exchanges of the studied period. Different tools (ethnoarchaeology, technical recipes, archaeometric analyses, archaeological remains, economic sources, quantitative estimates, restoration reports) are used to track the indicators of a workshop producing coloured and gold-leaf mosaic plates, to identify the markers of mosaic glass history and technology from chemical analysis, and to detect the material results on the remains of the actions performed by the craftsmen. The second part investigates the specific issues of the case of Milan. In particular, it reconsiders the hypothesis of the existence of a Milanese workshop that manufactures and lays out glass tesserae, approached so far in a contradictory literature in term of chronology and cultural framework. The archaeological remains, literary sources, iconographic testimonies, and archaeometric analyses, despite their difficult interpretation, allow identifying three stages of diffusion of mosaic art in Milan: the late Imperial age, the age of the Goths, and the final centuries of the Early Middle Ages. Three significant cases are analyzed for each of these periods: the Basilica of San Lorenzo (late 4th-early 5th c.), the baptistery of San Giovanni alle Fonti (end 5th-6th c.) and the Basilica of Sant’Ambrogio (5th-6th and 10th c.). This research contributes to the state of several open questions: the technology of glass, the preserved or innovative features with respect to Roman techniques, the mural decoration of Milanese buildings, the choices of the customers who have financed the buildings, the investment required, the social and commercial relations established in order to carry out the works.

Este trabajo está centrado en los logros militares del César Juliano en la Galia, la usurpación de Magnencio y las batallas más importantes del periodo, Estrasburgo y Mursa. Se ofrece un estudio del Ejército Romano de Occidente y una breve visión de los problemas defensivos contra los bárbaros. Se examina la estructura y disposición de la frontera romana en el Rin y de las razones por las que resultó ineficaz durante las Grandes Invasiones del siglo V. Se ofrece una traducción española del panegírico de Mamertino del año 362. / This work is focused in the military deeds of Julian Caesar in Gaul, the usurpation of Magnentius and the key battles of that time, Strasburg and Mursa. It offers a study of the Roman army in the West and a quick insight to the defensive problems against barbarians. A survey of the disposition and structure of the roman frontier in the Rhineland and the reasons why it failed to be successful during the Big Invasions of the Fifth Century. Also features a spanish version of the Mamertinus panegiric of 362.

L’armée de Gaule sous le Bas-Empire fut une des trois armées principales de l’Empire romain. Son évolution de la fin du IIIe siècle jusqu’au début du Ve fut marquée par une réorganisation graduelle dans le commandement, ainsi que dans l’organisation des troupes et des fortifications. Ces réformes ont fait l’objet d’études qui ont dressé un schéma de déploiement des troupes resté longtemps populaire. À ce schéma s’est ensuite ajoutée l’idée de la stratégie à grande échelle qui y aurait été associée. Ce mémoire tâche de dresser une synthèse des derniers travaux sur l’armée romaine tardive en Gaule. L’approche choisie repose sur une réévaluation des sources sans l’influence d’un schéma défensif préconçu, ainsi que sur une critique de certaines idées reçues concernant l’armée romaine du IVe siècle. / The army stationed in Gaul during the Later Empire was one of the three main armies available to the Roman Empire. Its evolution from the late IIIrd century to the early Vth century was marked by reforms applied gradually to the high command, and to the organization of troops and fortifications. These measures have interested scholars who established a model of troop deployment which enjoyed great popularity over a long period of time. The idea of strategy applied on a great scale was later included in this concept. This thesis proposes a synthesis of the latest research on the late Roman army in Gaul. The selected approach of analysis is based on a reevaluation of the sources without the bias of a preconceived defensive model. Some obsolete ideas regarding the late Roman army will also be subject to criticism.

La tesi è rivolta allo studio comparativo delle tecniche costruttive datate tra tardo antico e romanico (fine IV-XII secolo), con particolare attinenza agli edifici di culto milanesi. L'obiettivo principale è stato quello di delineare le linee evolutive delle tecniche costruttive e identificare la presenza di caratteri tecnici particolari che avessero valore di indicatore cronotipologico. Il quadro complesso e articolato degli studi pregressi sulle più note basiliche medievali milanesi ha reso necessaria l'indagine, per la presenza di ipotesi interpretative contraddittorie e la frequente carenza di indagini aggiornate sotto il profilo metodologico. Per questa ragione, la prima parte del lavoro è stata rivolta alla definizione della storia degli studi editi riguardanti temi di carattere archeologico e architettonico, che hanno costituito la base di riferimento per l'individuazione delle campionature murarie da analizzare. Nell'ambito di questa stessa sezione si è resa poi indispensabile la stesura di una parte destinata alla trattazione del metodo utilizzato che, per quanto riguarda l'analisi del materiale da costruzione in laterizio, ha previsto l'applicazione, in via sperimentale su un raggio di indagine così esteso, del metodo mensiocronologico al materiale di recupero. La seconda parte della tesi ha riguardato l'analisi dei principali contesti architettonici esaminati (S. Giovanni alle Fonti, S. Tecla, S. Simpliciano, S. Nazaro Maggiore, S. Ambrogio, S. Eustorgio), affrontata con schede apposite destinate all'inquadramento dei dati storico-archeologici pregressi, delle campionature murarie esaminate, in pietra e laterizio, e dei risultati delle analisi metriche. Ogni fase costruttiva individuata è stata poi approfondita in sezioni specifiche nelle quali sono confluiti i risultati raggiunti. La terza ed ultima parte del lavoro, è stata infine rivolta alla trattazione delle cronotipologie dei tipi costruttivi elaborate (in opus latericium, opus latericium spicatum e opera di spolia), a quella dei principali indicatori cronotipologici individuati e alle loro modalità di trasformazione nel tempo. Il lavoro di ricerca ha aperto molteplici prospettive di approfondimento, relative ai singoli monumenti trattati ma anche a problematiche di più ampio respiro nel settore dell'edilizia medievale, che sono state trattate nel capitolo conclusivo. / The thesis is dedicated to the comparative study of construction techniques dating from late antiquity and Romanesque (end of 4th-12th century), with particular attention to the religious buildings in Milan. The main objective was to represent the evolutionary lines of the construction techniques and to identify the presence of technical characteristics that have a specific age-typology meaning. The contradictory interpretative hypotheses and the lack of up-to date - in terms of methodology - investigations within the complex and extensive literature on the most known medieval basilicas in Milan has inspired this investigation. For this reason, the first part of the work treats the definition of the history of the published studies on the archaeological and architectural subjects, which have represented the reference for the identification of the masonry samples to be analyzed. As part of this section it was necessary the drafting of a description of the method used. With regard to the analysis of structural clay material, such process provided for the application - on an experimental basis on a so extensive investigation - of the metric-age analysis method to the recovered material. The second part of the thesis concerned the analysis of the main architectural complexes examined (S. Giovanni alle Fonti, S. Tecla, S. Simpliciano, S. Nazario Maggiore, St. Ambrose, St. Eustorgio), performed through dedicated files for the classification of former historic-archaeological data, of the masonry and the stone and brick samples tested, and of the results of the metric analysis. Each identified construction phase was then further investigated in specific sections where the results are gathered. The third and final part of the work concerns the discussion of the developed age-typologies of the construction materials (opus latericium, opus spicatum latericium and works in spolia), the main age-typology indicators identified and the different ways they changed over time. The research has opened up many scenarios for further studies, in relation to the individual monuments treated but also to broader issues in the sector of the Middle Ages building activity, as discussed in the final section.

The orans, although a gesture with a long ‘pagan’ past, was easily adopted by Christians for its symbolic meanings of prayer and piety and quickly attained a number of other more nuanced meanings as it was refined and reused. By restricting the scope of this thesis to the orans in the Christian catacombs of Rome, it becomes possible to approach the figure from a multi-directional perspective, not merely concerned with what the gesture meant to the Christian, but with its literary and material pedigrees, its transition to Christian art, and its cultural significance. To this end, chapter one examines ‘pagan’ precursors of the Christian orans through an examination of coins, sculptures, inscriptions, and reliefs, as well as by looking at the two figures whose appearance most influences that of the orans – the goddess Pietas, and the Artemisia-Adorans funerary portrait type. Chapter two addresses the importance of the orans in the Christian literary community, and examines not only the actual usage of prayer with raised hands by the Christian faithful, but also examines the aesthetic and theological reasons for the popularity of the gesture – the parallel between the spread arms of the orans and the posture of the crucified Christ. Finally, chapter three presents a spatial-thematic analysis of the usage of the orans in the Roman Christian catacombs, using a corpus of 158 orantes. This chapter enables the reader to draw conclusions about the veracity of the academic theories presented in the previous chapters, as it compares the usage of the orans against its scholarly interpretation.

Der Vortrag verfolgt die Geschichte und rhetorischen Funktionalisierungen des Seneca-Zitats, dass es nicht darauf ankomme, wer spricht, sondern allein darauf, was gesagt werde, von der Spätantike bis ins Spätmittelalter. Das Zitat erweist sich als polyfunktional: Geistlichen dient es zur Absicherung gegenüber der Gemeinde, Akademikern hilft es in Fällen anonymer Überlieferung - sogar eine Frau, die über das Waffenhandwerk publiziert, lenkt damit von sich als Verfasserin ab.

La present tesi pretèn ser,tal com el seu mateix nom indica, un estudi de totes aquelles informacions que ens proporcionen les fonts escrites d'època tardoantiga (segles IV-VII)i que fan referència, directament o indirecta, a les terres del nord-est de Catalunya.Fou aquesta àrea geogràfica la que, d'ençà el segle IX, i un cop superada la invasió sarraïna que suposà, entre altres coses, la definitiva desaparició de la seu episcopal emporitana, acabà per convertir-se en el futur territori del bisbat de Girona, una demarcació que englovava els antics dominis eclesiàstics i territorials de les seus visigòtiques de Gerunda i Impurias. És una realitat que l'estudi de la tardoantiguitat al nord-est de Catalunya ha experimentat un important impuls en els darrers anys. Es en aquest marc, que la investigació que presentem, pretén ser una aportació a una millor comprensió d'aquest període, amb la sistematització i catalogació de tots aquells textos, la cronologia dels quals abraça el període comprés entre els segles IV-VII, on es fa menció expressa a l'àrea geogràfica que ens ocupa.Aquest estudi s'estructura en set parts clarament diferenciades encara que interdependents entre si, cadascuna de les quals amb una especificitat i una metodologia pròpia.A la primera d'elles (caps.2-3), i a mode d'introducció, es fixen els límits territorials (marc geogràfic) i cronològics (marc històric) de la investigació, elements del tot indispensables i necessaris per a comprendre millor l'escenari on tenen lloc els fets descrits.Un segon gran apartat està enterament dedicat a l'estudi i anàlisi de les principals aportacions realitzades per la historiografia del nostre país en els darrers segles, del XVII fins a l'actualitat, en l'estudi del tema que ens ocupa.En tercer lloc, es passa a analitzar individualment totes i cadascuna de les referències textuals recollides en aquest estudi. L'anàlisi l'hem divididida en cin grans apartats, atenent i respectant la diversa tipologia de les fonts consultades: 1) els itineraria romana; 2) els textos de la patrologia tardoantiga; 3) les actes conciliars; 4) els textos litúrgics; i 5) l'epigrafia. L'estudi de cada text es realitza d'una manera global i sitemàtica, analitzant l'autor, el text i l'època de composició, i tot això en el marc més ampli de la societat del seu temps.Un apartat certament important és enterament dedicat a l'estudi dels orígens i difusió del culte al màrtir Feliu de Girona durant l'antiguitat tardana, a partir sobretot de la informació proporcionada per les fonts escrites i epigràfiques de l'època. El culte al màrtir gironí del segle IV fou, sense cap mena de dubtes, un dels elements característics i definidors en la vida de la Gerunda tardoantiga i, al mateix temps, un signe del gran prestigi assolit per la seu episcopal gironina a la resta d'Hispània durant l'antiguitat tardana.Finalment, i després de presentar, a tall de síntesi, les principals conclusions d'aquesta investigació, un darrer gran apartat ve constituït per un apèndix documental, en el qual s'hi recullen, seguint un criteri cronològic, tots els textos estudiats, transcrits segons les principals edicions crítiques citades. Val a dir, que en aquesta investigació hem utilitzat en la majoria dels casos les millors edicions crítiques de cadascuna de les obres estudiades, un fet que ha permès, en ocasions, corregir antigues transcripcions molt menys acurades i crítiques que s'havien inclòs en moltes de les obres dels darrers dos-cents anys on s'estudiava el període històric que ens ocupa. / This doctoral thesis, as its name suggests, tries to be a study of all the information which can be obtained from the written sources in the late antique period (from the fourth to the seventh century) and which directly or indirectly refer to the lands in the northeast of Catalonia. From the ninth century onwards and once its people got over the Saracen invasion which, among other things, led to the end of the episcopal see in Impurias, this geographical area ended up becoming the future territory of the diocese of Girona. This area included the old ecclesiastical and territorial dominions of the visigothic sees of Gerunda and Impurias. It is a fact that the study of late antiquity has shown a major boost in the last years. It is within this framework that we are presenting this study, which tries to contribute to a better understanding of this period, by systematizing and cataloguing all the texts with a chronology between the fourth and seventh century A.D., where the geographical area we are dealing with is specifically mentioned.This study is organized into seven clearly different parts which are nevertheless interdependent, each one with its own specificity and methodology.In the first part (chs.2-3), and by way of introduction, the territorial and chronological boundaries of the study (geographical and historical framework) have been fixed, essential elements to better understand the scene in which the events described take place.There is a second big section which is etirely dedicated to the study and analysis of the main contributions from historiography to the study of the subject we are dealing with in our country in the last centuries, from the seventeenth century until today.Thirdly, there is an individual analysis of ace of the textual references collected in this study. The analysis has been divided into five big sections , following and respecting the diverse tipology of the sources consulted: 1) the itineraria romana; 2) text from the late antique patrology; 3) council minutes; 4) liturgical texts; and 5) epigraphy. Each text is studied globally and systematically by analysing the author, the text and the period of composition, and everything within the wider framework of the society of their time.A really important section is completely dedicated to the study of the origins and spreading of the worship of the martyr of Sant Feliu from Girona during late antiquity, especially from the information obtained from the written and epigraphic sources of that time. The worship of the martyr from Girona of the fourth century was without doubt one ot the characteristic and distinctive elements in the life of the late antique Gerunda and , at the same time, a sign of the great prestige achieved by the episcopal see from Girona to the rest of Hispania during late antiquity.Finally, and after synthetically presenting the main conclusions of this study, there is a final big section with a documentary appendix in which there are all the texts which have been studied, in chronological order, transcribed according to the main critical editions which have been quoted. It must be said that in this study we have mostly used the best critical editions of each of the works studied, which has occasionally allowed us to correct old much less accurate or critical transcriptions which had been included in many of the works of the last two hundred years, where the historical period we are dealing with was studied.