This essay focuses on how the osteological analysis is carried out in studies of different types of mass graves. The analysis is based on 20 studies of different types of mass graves. The 20 studies were selected because they represent analyses of various types of mass graves and because they all contain a presentation of the methods used in the examinations of the remains. Different types of archaeological mass graves are examined as well as forensically interesting ones. Similarities and differences between aims, questions asked, and methodology in studies of different types of mass graves are examined. The purpose for which the various methods are used is also investigated with the aim of seeing whether the same method can be utilized for different purposes in studies of different types of mass graves.  One conclusion reached is that a tendency can be seen that a certain set of methods is used in most studies of mass graves. Some differences can be seen depending on the main focus of the studies and the type of mass grave that is examined. The main differences can be distinguished between archaeological and forensic investigations. The two disciplines are similar in many ways but the focus in the studies and the purpose of them often differ. In forensic studies the aim is usually identification, while archaeological studies tend to have a broader focus, which is reflected in choices of methods and questions asked.  In all of the studies, largely the same kind of methods are used, however, it appears that different versions of a method can be applied. Researchers have developed various more specific versions of methods and a tendency can be seen that the different studies use different versions of the same kind of methods.  Another conclusion drawn is that although researchers state that at the moment there is no common standard for how investigations of mass graves should be carried out, it appears in this essay that a certain common structure can still be seen. Although there is no stated standard, there seems to be an unspoken one, at least when it comes to methodology in examinations of human remains from mass graves.

This thesis explores the communication of health knowledge among new parents in Sweden. Based on three separate studies, the thesis employs a selection of theoretical concepts and methodological approaches, mainly originating from mediated discourse analysis and linguistic anthropology. Study 1 takes a broad view on the object and asks how knowledge circulates and emerges in a particular arena for parental knowledge. Drawing on nine months of online fieldwork on a discussion forum thread for expectant parents, the study shows that communication of knowledge is engendered by entextualizations and recenterings of previous experiences, including encounters with discourse. This fact challenges categorical conceptions that construct some sources of health knowledge as trustworthy and others as unreliable, and thus, potentially harmful. Study 2 narrows the focus to professionals typically perceived as producers of parental health knowledge, namely, midwives who give prenatal education classes. Drawing on a dataset comprising observations of classes as well as interviews with midwives, the study throws analytical light on anticipatory discourse, that is, discourse designed to dictate and influence the future, and elucidates some of the ways in which midwives prepare the participants for their upcoming delivery by discursively constructing links to these future events. Study 3, finally, takes the perspective of a single individual in whose life several forms of communicated parental knowledge converge as she becomes a mother. The study focuses on a period during which this individual struggles with breastfeeding problems. A combination of the notions of interdiscursivity and the historical body is here employed to grasp this experience as shaped in relation to discourse regarding child care and health. Looking at narrative data through this lens, the study shows how this individual connects failure to follow official breastfeeding recommendations to failure to perform child care in an appropriate way. At heart, the study makes a case for the moral loading of health knowledge and cautions against the assumption that authoritative medical knowledge is the only means for taking action that a new mother might need. In conclusion, the present thesis utilizes a combination of theoretical and methodological tools from MDA and linguistic anthropology to enable a discourse analysis of health communication that privileges a view of language in use as accumulating vis-à-vis engendering meaning over time and in relation to social action. Invoking the notion of ideologies of communication, it demonstrates that parents’ knowledge about their children’s health is a non-neutral issue, and that instrumental aspects of parental health knowledge can never be isolated from moral ideas regarding how particular parenting practices are to be carried out. At the same time, the thesis points out that while representatives of institutions of the welfare state may produce messages to communicate health knowledge, the knowledge obtained by individuals is the product of myriad discursive encounters and other experiences, of which the discourse produced by representatives of state institutions constitutes only one share. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Accepted.</p>

This study examines college students, studying their final year of their bachelors’ in social work at Gävle Collage, Sweden, and their aspirations for their future after graduating. The students are immigrants to Sweden and they come from less fortunate family backgrounds. As the results demonstrate, the family background of the students and their collage experiences, shape their aspirations. To demonstrate this, the study draws to the anthropological research of Arjun Appadurai (2004). He argues that the individuals’ capacity to aspire is a navigational capacity, which is determined by the individuals access to various resources. My results show that despite the students’ difficult backgrounds, they have developed the resources to confidently orient their future. A further analysis suggests that the students’ aspirations, despite their less fortunate backgrounds, are reasonable in today’s Swedish society. / Studien uppmärksammar högskolestudenter, som läser sista året på ett socialvetenskapligt kandidatprogram på Gävle högskola, och deras förhoppningar för framtiden. Studenterna har utländsk bakgrund och kommer från resurssvagare uppväxtförhållanden. Studieresultaten visar att studenternas förhoppningar för framtiden både formas efter studenternas uppväxtförhållanden och deras erfarenheter från utbildningen. För att illustrera detta, jämförs studenternas förhoppningar för framtiden med antropologisk forskning av Arjun Appadurais (2004). Appadurai menar att individers förhoppningar om framtiden formas efter hennes tillgänglighet till olika resurser. Mina resultat visar att studenterna, trots sina resurssvagare bakgrunder, har under utbildningen tillgodogjort sig nya resurser om hur de ska möta sin framtid.  Avslutningsvis föreslår studien att studenternas förhoppningar för framtiden, trots deras svagare förutsättningar, är sannolika i dagens Sverige.

<p>Den här studien tar fasta på kontexten och betydelsen av 2008 års svenska vårdstrejk och utreder dess motivationer. Studien utgår från tre kvinnliga sjuksköterskor, som alla deltog aktivt i strejken.</p> / <p>This<strong> </strong>study focuses on the context and significance of the Swedish health care strike of 2008 and investigates its motivations. The study’s vantage point is three female nurses, who were all actively involved in the strike.</p>

Den här studien tar fasta på kontexten och betydelsen av 2008 års svenska vårdstrejk och utreder dess motivationer. Studien utgår från tre kvinnliga sjuksköterskor, som alla deltog aktivt i strejken. / This study focuses on the context and significance of the Swedish health care strike of 2008 and investigates its motivations. The study’s vantage point is three female nurses, who were all actively involved in the strike.

This essay analyzes the doctrines of the revival preacher E.W. Kenyon (1867-1948), such as perfect health, faith and positive thinking. Two of his late works from 1941 and 1942 is analyzed and contextualized referring to the contemporary New Thought movement, Christian revival movements and religious pragmatism in America during the late 19th century continued into the 20th century. Kenyon’s anthropology, his soteriology and epistemology is showed to be pneumocentric in a way that can be compared with the New Thought movement, but also has connections to Christian revival theology and Christian mysticism. Nevertheless, Kenyon’s theological system is eccentric compared with Christian faith, but it is also divergent from New Thoughts rejection of the atonement of Christ. Kenyon’s doctrine of perfect health and the possibility for a Christian to experience completely divine healing through faith is explained by his eccentric theological system. Therefore it is suggested that Kenyon is a predecessor of positive thinking dressed in a mix of Christian doctrines, New Thought ideas and a pragmatic adaptation of psychological and religious pragmatism.

<p>Numera Nette Wermeld Enström.</p>

I ett försök att identifiera hur social förändring kan ske i ett samhälle så har den här uppsatsen undersökt fenomenet utbrändhet, dess förändringsprocess i svensk massmedia och de faktorer som skapar dess plats i en social struktur. Den här uppsatsen argumenterar för att (1) Det i massmedia sker en aktiv och passiv förhandling kring vad utbrändhet är/bör vara och vad det betyder för samhället, och (2) Den förhandlingen kan förstås genom att se diskursen kring utbrändhet i massmedia som ett emergent fenomen vars egenskaper aktivt och kontinuerligt förändras i en process som drivs av individers reaktioner på avvikanden och överträdelser i deras sociala system. Detta har åstadkommits genom att med ett kvalitativt arbetssätt identifiera, tematisera och analysera artiklar i populära svenska dagstidningar där ”utbrändhet” samt liknande nyckelord använts över en period på 10 år. Materialet har sedan analyserats ur ett strukturalistiskt perspektiv med fokus på en modern och sekulär tolkning av Mary Douglas’ koncept kring smuts vilket i uppsatsen benämnts avvikelser. Genom att göra detta vill uppsatsen öppna för att renhetsperspektiv kan vara ett relevant perspektiv att använda för att förstå både moderna samhällen och förändringsprocesser. Uppsatsen argumenterar utöver detta även att det förstå förändringsprocesser är relevant för antropologin.

Helsingborg beräknas växa med 40 000 nya invånare till år 2035 vilket har resulterat i stadsförnyelseprojektetH+ med dess planer att förtäta hamn- och industriområdet Södra Hamnen för att skapa fyranya bostadsområden. Först på tur är det exklusiva området Oceanhamnen som byggs upp på artificiellaöar i hamnbassängen med nära förbindelser till centralstationen. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersökastadsförnyelseprojektet H+s utifrån teorier gällande segregation och gentrifiering för att diskutera vilkapotentiella sociala följder projektet kan få för staden. Genom litteraturstudier som relaterar H+projektet till liknande projekt och utifrån observationer i Södra Hamnen konstateras att utbyggnaden avdet nya området i Södra Hamnen kommer leda till gentrifiering och segregation av staden. Detta då degrupper som uppmanas att flytta in i det nya området främst kommer vara välbeställda, vilket leder tillbortträngning av låginkomsttagare. Helsingborgs upprepade försök att höja Söders ställning visar ocksåpå de maktpositioner som finns mellan de båda stadsdelarna där Norr sedan länge varit etablerat somden överlägsna stadsdelen.

This thesis aims at formulating a human rights justification based on the assumption that disbelief in human rights is found in communicative grounds, rather than some sort of unreasonable evil. I first identify what I believe to be a flaw in the communicative strength of existing human rights justifications in explaining why rights should be. I suggest that there is a gap between the justifications of human rights that contain metaphysical narrative, and the justifications that rely on subjective experience of rights as good. I further explain how this is a gap that political consensus and the idea of Kantian moral reason cannot seem to fill. I subsequently boil this gap down to the concept of value, since the foundation for each justification is based on a type of value. These are categorized as either given value – which applies to all attributes of value that is “given” to us independently of our actions or opinions, or created value – which applies to all attributes of value that stem from social interaction (thus action) and experience. As justifications are funneled into either of these two categories of value, it begins to look like no other type of value exist, and as a result no one looks for it. To respond to this problem, I formulate a philosophical explanation, in Robert Nozicks terms. This explanation shows that there may be other routes to apply to value than sticking to simply given or created value. My explanation utilizes the three theories of philosophical anthropology, internal metaphysical realism and Wittgensteins philosophy of language, and it is based on the result of an analysis of material consisting of human rights justification arguments by Nicholas Wolterstorff, Alasdaire MacIntyre, Martha Nussbaum and Richard Rorty. The actual philosophical explanation I formulate utilizes the metaphysics of Helen Steward to provide a given-value foundation for the primitive reactions of Stefan Eriksson, which creates value through social organization. Overall, I find that there are untried possibilities which may allow for a different type of value to act as the foundation for a human rights justification. My contribution to the field rests in the novelty of the theories used in my explanation, and the angle of the problem formulation.