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491	Silent Struggles of Working Women in Bangladesh : The Relationship Between Perceived Gender-Based Discrimination and Mental Health / Osynliga strider för arbetande kvinnor i Bangladesh : Sambandet mellan upplevd könsbaserad diskriminering och mental hälsa Ohlsson, Saga, Utterström, Linnéa January 2024 (has links) The status of women in Bangladesh has long been an issue, with high reports of negative perceptions regarding women’s capabilities. This is reflected in the poor position of women in the labor market, and combined with reports of poor mental health among women in Bangladesh, it raises the question of whether these issues are related. Previous research has found a relationship between perceived gender-based discrimination in the labor market and mental health. Since such research can justify preventative policy measures, we wanted to investigate if the same relationship can be found in a country heavily experiencing these issues, like Bangladesh. Based on the stress process theory and the cognitive appraisal theory, we expected to find a relationship between perceived gender-based discrimination and mental health. We investigated the relationship by analyzing survey data (N = 957) collected from the Sylhet district in Bangladesh through systematic random sampling. We used linear probability models in our main analysis, which indicated that women who experienced higher levels of discrimination were more than 30 percentage points likelier to suffer from poorer mental health than women who experienced lower levels of discrimination. We found the same relationship for all of our discrimination measurements. In addition, having decision-making power in the job role, having more wealth, and living in an urban area decreased the likelihood of suffering from poorer mental health when exposed to discrimination. There was no significant difference between using emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping. We suggest that policies promoting higher education for women, accessible childcare, and women in high-status jobs could reduce gender-based discrimination in the labor market, improving mental health. / Kvinnors status har länge varit ett problem i Bangladesh där negativa uppfattningar om kvinnors förmågor är utbredda. Det speglas i kvinnors svaga position på arbetsmarknaden vilket, i kombination med rapporter om höga nivåer av mental ohälsa bland kvinnor i Bangladesh, väcker frågan om huruvida de relaterar till varandra. Tidigare forskning visar på ett förhållande mellan uppfattad könsdiskriminering på arbetsmarknaden och mental hälsa. Sådan forskning skulle kunna användas som stöd för motverkande politiska åtgärder. Vi ämnade därför att undersöka om förhållandet även finns i ett land som starkt erfar båda dessa problem, så som Bangladesh. I enlighet med teorierna “stress process theory” och “cognitive appraisal theory” förväntade vi oss ett förhållande mellan uppfattad könsdiskriminering och mental hälsa. Vi undersökte förhållandet genom att analysera enkätdata (N = 957) som samlats från Sylhetdistriktet i Bangladesh med hjälp av systematiskt urval. Vi använde linjära sannolikhetsmodeller i den huvudsakliga analysen. Resultatet visade att kvinnor som upplever högre nivåer av diskriminering hade mer än 30 procentenheter större sannolikhet att lida av sämre psykisk hälsa än kvinnor som upplever lägre nivåer av diskriminering. Vi fann samma förhållande för alla diskrimineringsmått. Utöver det minskade sannolikheten att lida av sämre psykisk hälsa vid exponering av diskriminering med beslutsfattande i sin arbetsroll, högre välstånd och bosättning i stadsområde. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan att använda känslofokuserade copingstrategier och problemfokuserade copingstrategier. Vi föreslår att policyer som främjar högre utbildning hos kvinnor, tillgänglig barnomsorg och kvinnor i högstatusyrken kan minska könsbaserad diskriminering på arbetsmarknaden vilket skulle leda till bättre psykisk hälsa. Economics Nationalekonomi
492	Från elev till arbetstagare : En studie om unga vuxnas upplevelser av övergången från nationellt program i anpassad gymnasieskola till arbetsliv / From student to employee : A study of young adults` experiences of the transition from upper secondary school for pupils with intellectual disabilities to working life Carlsson, Camilla, Grimberg Löfgren, Mari January 2024 (has links) The aim of the study is to contribute with knowledge about how young adults with intellectual disability experience the transition from upper secondary school to working life. The following research questions have been formulated based on the aim: How do ten young adults with intellectual disability describe the transition from school to work or daily activities? What factors affect the young adults`chances of getting a job or daily activity after finishing school? Which parts of their education has facilitated or created barriers for the young adults`transition from school to work or daily activities? The study is based on a qualitative method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten young adults with intellectual disabilities who have completed the upper secondary school. The analysis and interpretation work of the study´s empirical data material is based on Bronfenbrenner´s (1979) ecological systems theory. These systems include the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem. The study´s results indicate that workplace-based learning is a central factor in promoting young adults with intellectual disability´s establishment in the labour market. The results also show that the informants in the study do not remember and have difficulties explaining the transition process from school to work or daily activities. The young adults want to work, but it is challenging for this group to get a job in the open labour market. They have skills that are fit for the labour market, but need support to cope with working life. Collaborations between different actors and social support are required for this to work. / Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om hur unga vuxna upplever övergången från anpassad gymnasieskola till arbetsliv. Följande frågeställningar har formulerats utifrån syftet: Hur beskriver tio unga vuxna som tidigare har läst nationellt program vid anpassad gymnasieskola, sin väg från skola till arbete eller daglig sysselsättning? Vilka faktorer påverkar de unga vuxnas chanser att få ett arbete eller daglig sysselsättning efter avslutad skolgång? Vad i skolgången underlättar, respektive skapar barriärer för de unga vuxnas väg från skola till arbete eller daglig sysselsättning? Studien grundar sig på en kvalitativ metod och bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio unga vuxna som har avslutat nationellt program i anpassad gymnasieskola. Analys- och tolkningsarbetet av studiens empiriska datamaterial utgår ifrån Bronfenbrenners (1979) utvecklingsekologiska teori, som innehåller de fyra nivåerna; mikrosystem, mesosystem, exosystem och makrosystem. Studiens resultat tyder på att arbetsplatsförlagt lärande utgör en central faktor för att främja unga vuxna med intellektuell funktionsnedsättnings etablering på arbetsmarknaden. Resultatet visar även att informanterna i studien inte kommer ihåg och har svårt att redogöra för övergångsprocessen från anpassad gymnasieskola till arbete eller daglig sysselsättning. De unga vuxna vill ha ett arbete men det är en utmaning för denna målgrupp att få en anställning på den öppna arbetsmarknaden. De har färdigheter som är användbara på arbetsmarknaden, men behöver anpassningar och stöd för att klara av arbetslivet. För att detta ska fungera krävs samarbeten mellan olika aktörer och socialt stöd. Young adults intellectual disability/disabilities transition upper secondary school working life success factors barriers labour market ecological systems theory Unga vuxna intellektuell funktionsnedsättning övergång anpassad gymnasieskola arbetsliv framgångsfaktorer barriärer arbetsmarknad utvecklingsekologi Pedagogy Pedagogik
493	Från elev till arbetstagare : En studie om unga vuxnas upplevelser av övergången från nationellt program i anpassad gymnasieskola till arbetsliv / From student to employee : A study of young adults' experiences of the transition from upper secondary school for pupils with intellectual disabilities to working life Grimberg Löfgren, Mari, Carlsson, Camilla January 2024 (has links) The ami of the study is to contribute with knowledge about how young adults with intellectual disability experience the trasition from upper secondary school to working life. The following research questions have been formulated based on the aim: How do ten young adults with intellectual disability describe the transition from school to work or daily activities? What factors affect the young adults' chances of getting a job or daily activity after finishing school? Which parts of their education has facilitated or created barriers for the young adults' transition from school to work or daily activity? The study is based on a qualitative method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten youn adults with intellectual disabilitities who have completed upper secondary school. The analysis and interpretation work of the study's empirical data material is based on Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological systems theory. These systems include the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. The study's resluts indicate that workplace-based learning is a central factor in promoting young adults with intellectual disability's establishment in the labour market. The results also show that the informants in the study do not remember and have difficulties explaining the transition from school to work or daily activities. The young adults want to work, but it is challenging for this group to get a job in the open labour market. They have skills that are fit for the labour market, but need support to cope with working life. Collaborations between different actors and social support are required for this to work. Young adults intellectual disability transition upper secondary school working life success factors barriers labour market ecological systems theory Unga vuxna intellektuell funktionsnedsättning övergång anpassad gymnasieskola arbetsliv framgångsfaktorer barriärer arbetsmarknad utvecklingsekologi Pedagogy Pedagogik
494	Innovation and Employment in Services : The case of Knowledge Intensive Business Services in Sweden Nählinder, Johanna January 2005 (has links) This is a study of innovation in Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) and the impact innovation has on employment. The thesis relies on theories within the fields of "innovation in services", in particular KIBS, and "innovation and employment", taking as its point of departure the taxonomy of product and process innovation. The thesis is based on a discussion of innovation in services with a focus on how innovation in services may be understood and delineated. A long discussion is dedicated to the taxonomy of product and process innovation and the extent to which these concepts may be applicable to innovation in services. The thesis also scrutinises the concept of KIBS and how this can be defined. It further discusses features commonly associated with KIBS firms. The thesis is also rooted in the broader issue of innovation as a creator and destroyer of employment and makes a contribution in applying these issues to service sectors. The empirical part of the thesis builds on a database compiled for the research project, comprised of 967 Swedish KIBS firms. The database covers issues of innovation, employment and characteristics of the firm. The findings indicate that innovation was common in Swedish KIBS firms and that innovations often had an impact on employment. However, the thesis did not detect a straightforward relation between type of innovation (technological process innovation, organisational process innovation, goods product innovation and service product innovation) and the impact on employment. Explanations other than type of innovation have to be considered to analyse the impact of innovation on employment. The thesis further suggests that although innovation in KIBS is common, innovation itself is difficult to conceptualise and delineate. Knowledge Intensive Business Services KIBS Innovation Employment Effects Job Creation Job Destruction Product Innovation Process Innovation Organisational Innovation Technological Innovation Service Innovation Services Customisation Innovation Survey Community Innovation Survey Sweden Innovationsspridning Kunskapsföretag Arbetsmarknad Organisationsutveckling Kunskapsöverföring Anställning Innovation Produktutveckling Sverige Business and economics Ekonomi
495	The Moral Economy of Swedish Labour Market Co-operation and Job Security in the Neoliberal Era Fleming, James January 2021 (has links) In the neoliberal era, there has been a global trend towards increased labour market insecurity and inequality, even in countries traditionally emblematic of union strength and socio-economic security such as Sweden. In this study, I present the first ethnographic research conducted in anthropology of negotiations between the central Swedish union and employer peak bodies (known as the ‘labour market partners’). These negotiations were conducted in 2020 against the background of a political crisis and political pressure to modernise and liberalise longstanding and fundamental job security protec- tions in the Employment Protection Act (LAS). Through the lens of these negotiations, I investigate the role of the labour market partners in moderating neoliberal trends and how the partners see their relationship and role in society. I investigate, for example, why Swedish employers support unions and a system that ostensibly curbs their own power. I employ the notions of moral economy and em- bedding to look beyond economic self-interest, to the moral and institutional norms that help explain the partners’ co-operation over time and the role they see themselves as playing as guardians of the social peace. I also incorporate interview material describing diverse workers’ experiences of the current job security protections under LAS. I argue that workers’ voices and experiences reveal a parallel moral economy, where current job security protections are revealed to be important but inadequate, and that job security is a highly nebulous, ambivalent and contextual phenomenon. I argue the moral economy of job security is one of entangled reciprocity between employer, worker and the state, and I consider the proposed reforms in this context. The study shows that even in the context of increasing market- isation of labour and society, reciprocity and cooperation both at the workplace and during the LAS negotiations serve to de-commodify labour and embed the economy in various moral norms. In this way, the research contributes to the anthropological literature on embeddedness and moral economy. It also contributes to both an ethnographic and theoretical understanding of job security. Moral economy embedding industrial relations Sweden corporatism co-operation job security ne- oliberalism labour market negotiations unions employer organisations anthropology political econ- omy de-commodification social peace Inbäddning Sverige samarbete arbetssäkerhet nyliberalism arbetsmarknadsparter arbetsmarknadsrelationer arbetsmarknad förhandlingar fackförbund facket arbetsgivarorganisation antropologi social fred kommodifiering Svenskt näringsliv LO anställningskydd Las Social Anthropology Socialantropologi Cultural Studies Kulturstudier Ethnology Etnologi Economic History Ekonomisk historia Law and Society Juridik och samhälle
496	The Effects of Participation in Global Value Chains : A Study of the Effects of Participation in Intermediate Trade on the Value Added Through Services and the Relative Demand for Skilled Workers in the Swedish Manufacturing Industry Höijer, Anna Maria January 2023 (has links) This study aims to investigate the effects of the integration in global value chains on the specialization in the production of services and the relative demand for high-skilled labor in the Swedish manufacturing industry. The empirical model and the predictions are based on theories and findings such as the phenomenon of servicification, the Hecksher-Ohlin theorem, and the Stolper-Samuelsson theorem. The study is conducted using a regression analysis of panel data and employs a fixed effects model to control for unobserved heterogeneities between the entities. An interaction variable based on the initial ICT capital stock of each sector is used in an attempt to establish causality. The results show that there is a positive and significant correlation between the growth of intermediate imports and the growth value added through total services and business services between 2000 and 2018. The results also display a positive and significant correlation between the growth of intermediate trade and the value added through total services between 1995 and 2018. The direction of causality of the relationships are not established. Furthermore, the results for growth of relative employment and relative wage are insignificant. Based on these findings it is concluded that there is a correlation between increased participation in global value chains and the growth of value added through services. Economics labor economics labor market labor market economics global value chain supply chain trade commerce international trade specialization servicification Hecksher-Ohlin Hecksher-Ohlin model skilled labor labor labour labor demand labor supply relative labor demand wages skill upskill intermediate trade trade in value added stolper samuelsson stolper samuelsson theorem servicification factor abundance comparative advantage relative factor prices fixed effects panel data Nationalekonomi Arbetsmarknad Internationell ekonomi handel internationell handel Hecksher-Ohlin modellen arbetskraftsutbud arbetskraftsefterfrågan servicifiering relativ arbetskraftsefterfrågan kompetens värdekedjor tillverkningsindustrin specialisering service globalisering Hecksher-Ohlin lön stolper samuelsson komparativ fördel relativpriser paneldata fixa effekter Economics Nationalekonomi

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