This Master’s thesis has the politics of museum in focus, as a subordinate governmental cultural policy, as a continuation of cultural reform in a time when legislation were to take place in Sweden. The aim of the study is to map out claims from museums and their responsible authorities in response to the governmental bill Ny Museipolitik. The study deem the subject area of politics of museums as a organizational field. By using the Toulmin model of argumentation several hundred claims about the works of museums and the effects on society were founds. The result could be arranged in eight different themes. In the analysis of the claims both unifying and disrupting tendencies could be observed. The themes presented in the result are: a new legislation, a new administrative authority, handling the collection, cooperation, fundings, museums and society, quality assurance and research at the museum and a round up theme called other.      One conclusion showed that the different levels of authorities in particular produced diversified needs and challenges. Some findings point out how the field are contested concerning legitimacy. There is also conclusion indicated by the claims that showed how several isomorphic tendencies were apparent. Legislation are considered to heighten the state of affairs and the increased level of ambition are welcomed. A very apparent conclusion is that a much needed reform, according to the comment letters, is that governmental grants are increased and secured over time.

This study was to investigate the role played by traditional authorities in IDP policy implementation in local municipal councils in the Vhembe District located in Limpopo Province. The specific objectives of this study were to characterise the traditional authority serving in the municipal councils. Traditional leaders serving in municipal councils, the district mayor, local municipal mayors, managers, IDP managers, district and provincial representatives of the House of Traditional Leaders in Limpopo Province were interviewed using semi-structured sets of questionnaire to obtain the required data. The data were entered into an Excel Spreadsheet and subsequently exported into an SPSS for analysis. The results of the study revealed that traditional authority forms an integral part of IDP policy implementation in Vhembe District Municipality. The results further revealed that perceptions of stakeholders vary as to the role played by traditional authorities in the IDP policy implementation process. The results revealed that some traditional leaders agreed that participation in IDP policy implementation (45.5%), involvement (45.2%), the submission of views (41.2%); ward committee meetings (42.8), council IDP policy (90.0%), role (50.0%), submission of proposals (38.7%) and consultation by the municipality (93.2%), were all satisfactorily taking place in the municipality. Furthermore, the results indicated that traditional leaders serving in municipal councils were members of the ruling party (40.0%), aged on average 55.26 years, distributed between 35 and 75 years, and were from extended households of 11.3 members per household, distributed between 3 and 25 members ¯ with an average of 2.4 spouses per traditional leader, distributed between one and five spouses. The majority had attained secondary level education (40.0%), tertiary level education (33.3%) and primary education (26.7%). They showed high experience ranging between 2 to 35 years, and 17.46 years on average as traditional leaders – with a further 7.66 years of experience in the municipal council. The majority make their livelihood by way of compensation from council (73.3%), wages from government as traditional leaders (93.3%), or employment (6.7%). All the traditional leaders own vehicles. The study concluded that the demographic and endowment characteristics of these traditional leaders influence their role in municipal IDP policy implementation. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / unrestricted

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a great impact on the society and its inhabitants and this is first and foremost a result of the closed national borders and limited opportunities to travel. Despite these societal restrictions it was stated in a press release that the seizures of drugs had increased in quantity during the pandemic. Because of this it is of interest to examine such a highly topical phenomenon and to see which factors contributed to these results. The purpose with this study is to examine if the concerned authorities experience any change in the drug smuggling to Sweden during the Covid-19 pandemic and to examine possible factors that can be contributing to these changes. In the results it was presented that the reason for the change in seizure statistics was changing methods made by the smugglers and how the drugs were being transported. This is a consequence due to possibilities that were no problem to use earlier were all of the sudden impossible to use due to prevailing societal situations. Further on is the statistics a result of change in working methods within the crime preventing authorities regarding how to place their resources. Encrochat was also a contributing factor to why the statistics are the way it is. Finally it is worth to mention that since the Covid-19 pandemic is an ongoing phenomenon it is problematic to draw an actual conclusion regarding which factors contribute to why the statistics look the way it does and which ones that do not contribute. Because of this it is of high relevance to examine this phenomenon once again when the pandemic is over to be able to figure out if the pandemic was the main reason to why the development in the statistics looks the way it does or if there are any other factors that has had a bigger part in this. / Covid-19 pandemin har haft en stor påverkan på samhället och dess invånare och detta är främst ett resultat av stängda landsgränser och begränsade resmöjligheter. Men trots dessa samhällsrestriktioner uttalade Tullverket sig i ett pressmeddelande att beslagen av narkotika har ökat i mängd under pandemin. Det var därför av intresse att undersöka ett sådant högaktuellt fenomen och se vilka faktorer som bidrog till detta resultatet som Tullverket presenterade. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om berörda myndigheter upplever att det finns någon förändring i narkotikasmugglingen till Sverige under Covid-19 pandemin jämfört med innan pandemin samt att undersöka vilka möjliga faktorer som kan vara bidragande till dessa förändringar. I resultatet från intervjuerna framkom det att anledningen till den förändrade beslagsstatistiken är ändrade metoder från smugglarna och hur de transporterar narkotikan. Detta är en konsekvens av att de möjligheter som tidigare inte var några problem att använda helt plötsligt inte längre är möjliga på grund av rådande samhällssituation. Vidare är statistiken ett resultat av förändrade arbetsformer inom de brottsförebyggande myndigheterna vad gäller hur myndigheterna ska placera sina resurser och vart det är störst sannolikhet att narkotikan kommer in till Sverige. Informanterna belyste även Encrochat som en bidragande faktor till varför statistiken kan se ut som den gör, flera ärenden har gått till åtal till följd av upplösningen av Encrochat och kriminella nätverk har varit tvungna att omorganiseras. Slutligen är det värt att nämna att eftersom Covid-19 pandemin är ett pågående fenomen är det problematiskt att dra en slutsats gällande de faktiska bidragande faktorerna till varför statistiken ser ut som den gör. Det är därför av hög relevans att undersöka fenomenet på nytt när pandemin över för att undersöka om pandemin verkligen var den huvudsakliga faktor till varför utvecklingen ser ut som den gör eller om det finns andra faktorer som har haft större roll.

Samhället blir mer digitaliserat och fler människor kopplar upp sig mot Internet. Detta innebär att många arbetsuppgifter som hanterar känsliga uppgifter nu utförs på datorer. Det finns även många tjänster som kräver personligauppgifter för att registrera sig och kontouppgifter för att beställa varor eller prenumerera till tjänsten. Denna information är av intresse för brottslingar som kan använda denna för att tjäna pengar. Som en konsekvens av detta har användningen av lösenord ökat och för att försäkra att starka lösenord skapas följs riktlinjer. Dessa lösenordsriktlinjer skapas och sprids ofta utav myndigheter och andra expertorganisationer. Dock saknar de källor för var riktlinjerna kommer ifrån och en förklarning för hur de skapades. För att belysa detta ämnar studien att eftersöka riktlinjernas ursprung och vad dessa baserades på. Detta är en kvalitativ studie där intervjuer gjorts med informationssäkerhetspecialister från tre myndigheter och en expertorganisation. För att bearbeta data från dessa intervjuer har en tematisk analys utförts för att identifiera de olika källorna som använts vid skapandet av riktlinjerna. Studiens resultat visar att motivationen för riktlinjerna varierar mellan organisationerna. Detta kan observeras genom skillnader i deras målgrupp och fokus. Det har även visat sig att det inte finns några studier att hänvisa till. Dock är ett genomgående mönster att källorna för riktlinjerna ofta verkar vara baserade på de anställdas erfarenheter och expertis. Förutom detta tas inspiration för riktlinjerna från organisationer som NIST. / Society is getting more digitalized and more people are connecting to the Internet. This means that a lot of work that handles sensitive information is now done using computers. There is also a lot of services that requires personal information for registration and bank account information to order wares or subscribe to the service. This information is of interest to criminal who can use it to make money. Because of this the use of passwords has increased and to make sure that strong passwords are created guidelines are adhered to. The password guidelines are created and spread by authorities and expert organizations. However, there are no sources for where the guidelines came from or an explanation for how they were made. To shine a light on this, the study aims to explain the guidelines origins and what they were based on. This is a qualitative study where interviews were done with information security specialists from three governmental bodies and one expert organization. After the interviews were completed and data collected, they were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify the sources that were used during the creation of the guidelines. The study’s results show that the motivation for the guidelines vary. This can be observed through the differences in target group and focus. It also appears like there are no studies which could be referred to. Although there is a consistent pattern that the sources for the guidelines often seems to be based on the experiences and expertise of their employees. Except for this, inspiration is also drawn from organizations such as NIST.

Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka hur personer som i yrket möter kvinnor som har varit utsatta för våld i nära relationer upplever att mörkertalet för våldet ser ut, orsaker till anmälningsbenägenhetens låga nivå, samt hur Polisens arbete upplevs fungera mot våld i nära relationer. Undersökningen genomfördes genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer i Gävleborgs län, som genom arbetet mött kvinnor som utsatts för våld i nära relationer. Uppsatsen undersökte hur intervjupersonerna som arbetar på myndigheter som Polismyndigheten och Socialtjänsten samt organisationer som kvinnojourer eller brottsofferjourer uppfattar mörkertalet och dess orsaker. I resultatet framkom att den våldsutsatta individens individuella förutsättningar uppfattades styra sökandet efter stöd. Ävenbemötandet från myndigheter och andra organisationer var avgörande. Andra framträdande slutsatser var att intervjupersonerna hade uppfattningen att Polisens arbete behövde förbättrad kompetens för området våld i nära relationer, trots att de flesta var nöjda med Polisens arbete. Mörkertalet upplevdes vara okänt och svårdefinierat. / The aim for this study was to research the perception of hidden statistic according to workers that meet victims of domestic violence and causes for the low level of propensity to report. As well as research how, the policing works against domestic violence. This was implemented through qualitative semi-structured interviews with people in Gävleborg, who works with victims of domestic violence. The study showed the perceptions of the people working at authorities like the Police, Social services, or voluntary organizations like girl- and women’s shelters. It emerged that victims' individual and interpersonal prerequisites perceived as guiding their help-seeking but that reply from the authorities was crucial. Other prominent conclusions were that interviewees inherited the perception that policing had to improve their knowledge and competence in this field, despite the majority were satisfied with the policing. The interviewee’s thought hidden statistics has unknown extent and is difficult to define.

Background: Previous research has shown that an expectation gap exists between the public and auditors. It has also shown that there is a strong link between the expectation gap and in detecting fraud. Like the public's expectations, there is an imbalance between the authorities and auditors' expectations of the auditor's role. They expect more from the auditors than the auditors think they can provide. This leads to disagreement between the parties. When the auditor has expectations that do not correspond to what the auditor considers to be their role, they end up in a role conflict. The authorities' interest in using the auditor as a law enforcement actor can be a contributing factor to the expectation gap, as the legislation lacks clear guidance and it creates scope for authorities to formulate their own expectations. Based on all of the above, it is interesting to investigate how the Swedish Tax Agency and the economic crime authority view the auditor's responsibility in detecting fraud. Questions: How do authorities view the auditor’s responsibility in detecting fraud? Purpose: The purpose of the essay is to investigate how Ekobrottsmyndigheten (the economic crime authority) and Skatteverket (the swedish tax agency) view the auditor’s responsibility in detecting fraud. The intention is to explain and describe what expectations these authorities have of the auditor in detecting fraud. Method: A qualitative method has been applied in this essay where data collection happened through five semi-structured interviews with people from a certain authority. A strategic selection was made where informants were chosen due to their specific workplace, which is either the Economic Crime Authority or the Swedish Tax Agency. Results and conclusion: The results show that the authorities look at the auditor's role according to legislation, thus no expectation gap arises. The authorities do not expect the auditor to actively seek or look for financial crime or be held liable for financial scandals without cause. On the other hand, the authorities consider that the auditor is an important player in reducing financial crime and expect the auditor to fulfill his reporting obligation when fraud is discovered. / Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning har visat på att ett förväntningsgap existerar mellan allmänheten och revisorer. Det har även visat att ett starkt samband finns mellan förväntningsgapet och i att upptäcka bedrägerier. Likt allmänhetens förväntningar finns det en obalans mellan myndigheterna och revisorer förväntningar på revisorns roll. De förväntar sig mer från revisorerna än revisorerna tror de kan tillhandahålla. Detta leder till oenighet mellan parterna. När revisorn har förväntningar som inte stämmer överens med vad revisorn anser är deras roll hamnar de i en rollkonflikt. Myndigheterna intresse i att använda revisorn som brottsbekämpande aktör kan vara en bidragande faktor till förväntningsgapet eftersom lagstiftningen saknar tydlig vägledning och det skapar utrymme för myndigheter att formulera egna förväntningar. Med utgångspunkt av ovanstående är det intressant att utreda hur Skatteverket och Ekobrottsmyndigheten ser på revisorns ansvar i att upptäcka bedrägerier. Problemformulering: Hur ser myndigheter på revisorns ansvar i att upptäcka bedrägerier? Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda hur Ekobrottsmyndigheten och Skatteverket, ser på revisorns ansvar i att upptäcka bedrägerier. Avsikten är att förklara och beskriva vilka förväntningar dessa myndigheter har på revisorn i att upptäcka bedrägerier. Metod: En kvalitativ metod har tillämpats i denna uppsats där datainsamlingen har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem personer från myndigheter. Ett strategiskt urval gjordes där informanterna valdes med anledning av deras specifika arbetsplats, vilket är antingen Ekobrottsmyndigheten eller Skatteverket. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet visar att myndigheterna ser på revisorn roll enligt lagstiftning därmed uppstår inte förväntningsgap. Myndigheterna förväntar sig inte att revisorn aktivt ska söka eller leta efter ekonomisk brottslighet eller hållas ansvariga för finansiella skandaler utan grund. Däremot anser myndigheterna att revisorn är en viktig aktör i att minska ekonomisk brottslighet och förväntar sig att revisorn uppfyller sin anmälningsskyldighet när bedrägerier upptäcks.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka vad som driver individer till att begå brott, vilka bidragande faktorer som avgjort att de ex-kriminella valt att lämna sin kriminella karriär, och hur socialtjänsten och arbetsförmedlingen hjälpt de ex-kriminella under vägen ut ur det kriminella livet. Studien belyser även vilken specifik händelse som varit vändpunkten för ex-kriminella och deras beslut att bli avhoppare. Hur ex-kriminellas återintegrering in i samhället sett ut samt hur samhället, myndigheter samt deras omgivning bemött dem under utträdesprocessen.Det empiriska underlaget består av kvalitativa intervjuer med fem personer som tidigare varit kriminella. Med stöd av teorier och tidigare forskningen har en analys gjorts av intervjusvaren. Faktorer såsom familjeförhållanden, ogynnsam skolgång, brottsbelastad kamratkrets samt rastlöshet, spänningssökande och bristande ekonomiska tillgångar har varit orsaker till att individer tenderar att utveckla ett kriminellt beteende. Resultatet visar även att samtliga intervjupersoner hade en utmärkande händelse som orsakade vändpunkten i deras liv. Fyra av de fem deltagarna som medverkade beslutade även att flytta till ett annat land/stad för att påbörja ett nytt liv med nya möjligheter samt reducera chanserna till att bli stämplad eller dömd på grund av sitt förflutna. Samtliga deltagare hade dåliga erfarenheter av hjälp från myndigheter då de upplevde att de inte fick bra stöd. / The purpose of the study is to investigate what motivates individuals to commit crimes, what contributing factors that have determined that ex-criminals have chosen to leave their criminal careers, and how social services and the employment service helped the ex-criminals on their way out of the criminal life.The study also sheds lights on what specific events that have been the turning point for ex-criminals and their final decision to leave the criminal lifestyle, and how ex-criminals' reintegration into society looked like and how society, authorities and their surroundings treated them during the withdrawal process. The empirical data has been collected in the form of a qualitative interview study with five ex-criminals. With the help of the selected theories and previous research, an analysis has been made of the interviews. Factors such as family relationships, unfavorable schooling, criminal friends, sensation seeking, and lack of financial assets have been reasons to why individuals tend to develop criminal behavior. The results showed that all interviewees experienced one or more specific events that caused the turning point in their lives. Majority of the participants decided to move to reduce the risk of them being judged because of their past. All participants had a bad opinion about receiving help from the authorities as they experienced that they were both badly treated and didn’t receive correct help.

Research on sustainability, multi-level governance, and public transport has shown increasingattention to how the purpose of the transport system is framed and has generally advocatedshifting the focus of transport planning and policy from physical infrastructure to mobility andaccessibility on the local scale. Using multi-level governance theory, this research examines theimpact of multi-level governance on potential problems of public transport by analysing theinteraction between public transport's formal/informal actors, policy-making arrangements, andexisting institutional structures. The article argues that, starting from the local scale, solutionscan be proposed with multi-level governance to the governance problems in a city and regionaltransport unit in Sweden. It also explains that the role of the local scale in multi-level governanceneeds to be defended, and how planning decisions from the local scale shape the economic andsocial framework of public transport. Due to the limited literature on multi-level governance andpublic transport, it is also intended to contribute to literature and research in this field.Thus, understanding and managing a range of multi-level governance issues involves solving anddiscussing many transport issues from a multi-level governance framework that requires workingwith and/or seeking assistance from, public, private, civil society or others. The findings alsopoint to the benefits of this approach, although some challenges remain. Multi-level and multiactor governance is known to apply to local challenges, including a municipal-scale meetings tounderstand Sweden's public transport dynamics and approaches. The findings show that localauthorities use multi-level governance theories and positively affect public transport socially andeconomically

Critics of the liberal peace paradigm call for the consideration of local realities in order to come to a more sustainable, comprehensive form of peace – which is not imposed by external actors. The “local” is generally seen as the place where bottom-up or grassroots peace is developed in contrast to the liberal peace proposed by external international agents. Whereas critical peacebuilding literature stresses the difference between the “liberal” and the “local” and acknowledges the incoherence of liberal actors, much less attention has been paid to differences and variations within the “local” sphere. Drawing on empirical research in Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) we argue that the “local” is much more complex than presumed by many critics of the liberal peace. We argue that a) the local is fragmented and actors and issues are highly contested; b) neither actors nor discourses are purely local; and c) the very idea of a coherent collective local agency is contested locally.

The purpose of this study was to locate and examine statements within the writings and recorded speeches of certain leaders of the L.D.S. Church which refer to various objectives, activities, and desirable experiences inherent in well organized and properly conducted physical education and recreation programs.Data dating from 1830 through 1969 were gathered from the resources and through the services provided by the historical libraries of the L.D.S. Church and Brigham Young University. Available biographical and historical information was presented to denote circumstances possibly influencing the statement itself, the significance of the statement, or the intent of the statement.Without exception, the men discussed in this study supported wholesome competitive and non-competitive physical activities so long as they did not interfere with Church activities, so long as they were not participated in on Sunday, and so long as the value to the participant was wholesome and conducive to his spiritual, mental, and physical health and welfare.