Le développement urbain en Arabie saoudite demeure un sujet intéressant à étudier, à tous les niveaux et à toutes les échelles. En effet, les quelques travaux qui se sont penchés sur la question ont privilégié surtout la langue anglaise, dans les universités américaines et anglaises. En outre, d’autres travaux de master, en langue arabe ont essayé de présenter une autre lecture de la question de la planification urbaine, surtout dans les universités saoudiennes à Riyad, Dammam et à Djeddah. Ce travail a mis l’accent sur l’administration territoriale de l’Arabie depuis 1926, avant même la fondation du Royaume en 1932. Afin de proposer des solutions aux différents enjeux de planification dans les villes saoudiennes et en partant de l’exemple de Mohafazate Djeddah, nous avons jugé utile de partir de l’étude des expériences françaises en terme de planification. Pour cela, nous avons étudié l’évolution de l’aménagement et de la planification urbaine en France avec un accent mis sur les rôles et les responsabilités du Ministère de tutelle et des différentes collectivités locales, ainsi que le rôle de l'administration de la planification urbaine. La manière de planifier en France est différente de celle en Arabie Saoudite, mais les principes sont les mêmes. A la fin de cette thèse et à partir de l’expérience française, nous avons présenté une liste de recommandations destinées aux décideurs saoudiens, ce qui permettrait d’améliorer le système de planification en Arabie Saoudite et particulièrement de Mohafazate Djeddah. / This thesis focuses on the urban development of Saudi Arabia as a significant issue at all levels. The literature, which covered three languages, English, Arabic and French, revealed that very few research has been carried out, showing unsatisfactory coverage of the topic. The thesis have attempted to bring about the outcome of varieties of reading on urban planning in the academic institutions of Saudi Arabia's main cities, viz., Riyadh, Dammam and Jeddah. The research can be regarded as the first that deals with the development of the territorial administration of Kingdom since 1926, even before the unification of the country in 1932 to date. The research aimed to highlight the potential improvements within the current planning system. It first analyzed the existing condition of the relevant planning issues at the national, regional and local levels. Zooming in the topic, Jeddah Province was taken as a case study. Applying comparative analysis the French experience was carefully studied as an essential part of the research. This part analyzed the evolution of the urban planning in France with particular emphasis on the roles and responsibilities of the various local authorities and decision makers who participate in the process of the urban, regional and national planning. As a conclusion, the research highlighted the similarities and the differences between the French planning system and methods and Saudi Arabia and the lesson learned. Finally, the thesis listed a number of recommendations for Saudi decision makers that would help to improve the planning system of Saudi Arabia in general and Jeddah Province in particular.

Pour encourager les actions en faveur des énergies renouvelables, le gouvernement algérien a lancé en 2011 « le programme de développement des énergies renouvelables et d’efficacité énergétique » qualifié d’ambitieux. Pour décoder les enjeux de cette politique publique énergétique, surtout en matière de réception, nous avons mobilisé l’approche de « gouvernance publique » ainsi que « la théorie des parties prenantes ». La réception de cette politique « polities » en termes de projets se traduit par deux dimensions. La première dimension nous a conduit à construire une typologie des projets déployés. La deuxième nous a permis de construire une typologie des stratégies d’influence. Ces stratégies ont été mobilisées à l’occasion de l’appropriation de cette politique publique dans les grands projets et les petits projets. Il s’agirait de les caractériser dans l’hypothèse qu’elles seraient de nature très différente entre les deux types de projets observés.Nous avons constaté que les grandes entreprises, au niveau local, utilisent un certain nombre de stratégies similaires mais limitées. En revanche les petites entreprises locales combinent plusieurs stratégies d’influence démontrant une forme de créativité stratégique. / To encourage actions in favour of renewable energies, in 2011, the Algerian government launched "program to develop renewable energies and promote energy efficiency”, which described it as ambitious. To decode the stakes of this energetic public policy, especially in terms of polity, we have mobilized the “public governance” approach as well as “stakeholdertheory”. The reception of this “policy” in terms of projects is reflected in two dimensions. The first dimension led us to construct a typology of the projects deployed. The second dimension allowed us to construct a typology of the influence strategies implemented when this public policy was appropriated in large and small projects. They would have to be characterized with the assumption that they would be of a very different nature between the two types of projects observed. We found that large companies, at the local level, use rather similarly limited strategies. On the other hand, small local companies combine several influencing strategies that demonstrate a form of strategic creativity.

<p>When the local authorities establish a plan for land use planning, they have to judge if the influence on the environment could be of such a grade that they have to make a special Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), following national laws and EU-directives. The laws for the process in Sweden is set by the Swedish Parliament, with advisory given by the central government authority, the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning, Boverket. For EU, the laws is set by the European Parliament and the Council. The laws and directions for this process have been changed for Sweden in recent years, and the aim of this study was to compare the contents of three different Environmental Impact Assess¬ments to see if there has been any change in appearances and content in later years, as well as to see if different municipalities and authors have effect on the EIAs. According to different studies some of the EIA done are without insufficient focus on main environmental issues in the EIA, or even that some information is missing. In some studies there are arguments that the EIA should be a document that should be possible to read alone. These aspects has also been studied in the material.</p><p>The result is partly described in a matrix where different criteria is compared between the three EIAs to spot differences easily. There is also a part where the content and structure of the three EIAs is compared in text. The result of the study was that there are big differences in structure, while their content has more in common. In one of the three Environ¬mental Impact Assessments much facts are only put in other documents. The conclusion of the study is that there is a need for implementing a common way of presenting the content of an EIA. There is a risk that facts are overlooked that are not presented in the EIA document. There is also a risk that the local authorities has too big interest in implementing the plan and that they make the EIA with a biased look. As a case study an EIA was done. In the case study, the experience of the study is used to make this EIA as complete as possible, with regards to the criteria from the analysis matrix. Also, it was written in a report structure to test this model. The case study is added as Appendix 4.</p>

<p>Detta är en kvalitativ studie vars syfte är att undersöka vad som karaktäriserar ungdomars sociala relationer. Mer precist är vi intresserade av att undersöka i) ungdomarnas relationer till familj, vänner och myndigheter ii) vilka emotioner som ungdomarna associerar med sitt drogmissbruk och/eller kriminalitet samt iii) vilken betydelse relationerna har haft för utvecklingen av drogmissbruk och/eller kriminalitet.</p><p>Vi utförde intervjuer med fyra ungdomar inskrivna på ett behandlingshem för missbruksproblem. Ungdomarna har varit i behandling mellan en och sex månader. Frågorna ställdes utifrån en intervjuguide som bygger på uppsatsens syfte, tidigare forskning och teori.</p><p>Vår tidigare forskning består av studier om sociala relationers inverkan på ungdomar med allvarlig social problematik såsom drogmissbruk och brottslighet. Teorierna handlar om sociala band, skam, skuld och stolthet samt Hirschis sociala kontrollteori.</p><p>Resultatet av undersökningen visar att samtliga respondenter hade försvagade sociala band till sina föräldrar under uppväxten och fram tills de slutade missbruka, vilket troligen har påverkat deras utveckling av drogmissbruk och/eller kriminalitet. Sedan ungdomarna blev drogfria har relationen med familjen förbättrats. Samtliga umgås mest med andra antisociala ungdomar, vilket antagligen har haft betydelse för deras egen negativa utveckling. När det gäller relationen till myndigheter hade alla negativa erfarenheter av socialtjänsten och myndigheterna har troligen inte haft någon inverkan på ungdomarnas livssituation. Det har framkommit att samtliga ungdomar bär på skam- och skuldkänslor och att de ofta blir aggressiva när de är påverkade.</p> / <p>This qualitative study aims to examine what characterizes the adolescent’s social relations. More specific, we are interested in examining the adolescent’s relations to family, friends and authorities ii) which emotions the adolescent’s associate with their drug abuse and/or crime and iii) what importance the relations have had for development of drug abuse and/or crime.</p><p>We performed four interviews with youths registered in a treatment clinic for drug abuse. The adolescents have been in treatment for one to six months. The questions were asked from an interview-guide based on the purpose of the essay, previous research and theory.</p><p>Our previous research consists of studies concerning the impact social relations have on youth with serious social problems such as drug abuse and crime. The theories are about social bonds, shame, guilt, pride and Hirschi’s social control theory.</p><p>The result of the study shows that all respondents had weak social bonds to their parents during their childhood and until they ended their drug abuse. That has probably influenced their drug abuse and/or crime development. The adolescent’s relation with their families has improved since they got drug-free. They all spent time with other antisocial youths which probably had an impact on their own negative development. Concerning their relations to authorities they all had negative experiences of the social services and the authorities have most likely not had an impact on the youths life-situation. It emerged that they all carried feelings of shame and guilt and that they all became aggressive when they were under the influence of alcohol and drugs.</p>

<p>The typical face of poverty in South Africa is African, rural, and female. As the primary users of rural land, women engage in farming and subsistence activities. Despite this pivotal role played by rural women, they experience grave problems under communal tenure, most notably in relation to access to and use of land and productive resources. Research has shown that the majority of rural households in South Africa derive significant proportions of their livelihoods from land-based activities, and that the value of common property resources associated with land, for example livestock production, crop production, and natural resource harvesting is often overlooked as an important asset of poor rural communities. The importance of these landbased livelihoods sources is even greater for female-headed households, female members of rural households, and the very poor or &lsquo / marginalised&rsquo / members of rural communities, since they tend to be more reliant on landbased livelihoods than those with secure income from pensions, wageearning activity or remittances from migrant labourers. The importance of security of land tenure to the sustainability of rural livelihoods, particularly insofar as rural women are concerned, is the central focus of this study.</p>

Detta är en kvalitativ studie vars syfte är att undersöka vad som karaktäriserar ungdomars sociala relationer. Mer precist är vi intresserade av att undersöka i) ungdomarnas relationer till familj, vänner och myndigheter ii) vilka emotioner som ungdomarna associerar med sitt drogmissbruk och/eller kriminalitet samt iii) vilken betydelse relationerna har haft för utvecklingen av drogmissbruk och/eller kriminalitet. Vi utförde intervjuer med fyra ungdomar inskrivna på ett behandlingshem för missbruksproblem. Ungdomarna har varit i behandling mellan en och sex månader. Frågorna ställdes utifrån en intervjuguide som bygger på uppsatsens syfte, tidigare forskning och teori. Vår tidigare forskning består av studier om sociala relationers inverkan på ungdomar med allvarlig social problematik såsom drogmissbruk och brottslighet. Teorierna handlar om sociala band, skam, skuld och stolthet samt Hirschis sociala kontrollteori. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att samtliga respondenter hade försvagade sociala band till sina föräldrar under uppväxten och fram tills de slutade missbruka, vilket troligen har påverkat deras utveckling av drogmissbruk och/eller kriminalitet. Sedan ungdomarna blev drogfria har relationen med familjen förbättrats. Samtliga umgås mest med andra antisociala ungdomar, vilket antagligen har haft betydelse för deras egen negativa utveckling. När det gäller relationen till myndigheter hade alla negativa erfarenheter av socialtjänsten och myndigheterna har troligen inte haft någon inverkan på ungdomarnas livssituation. Det har framkommit att samtliga ungdomar bär på skam- och skuldkänslor och att de ofta blir aggressiva när de är påverkade. / This qualitative study aims to examine what characterizes the adolescent’s social relations. More specific, we are interested in examining the adolescent’s relations to family, friends and authorities ii) which emotions the adolescent’s associate with their drug abuse and/or crime and iii) what importance the relations have had for development of drug abuse and/or crime. We performed four interviews with youths registered in a treatment clinic for drug abuse. The adolescents have been in treatment for one to six months. The questions were asked from an interview-guide based on the purpose of the essay, previous research and theory. Our previous research consists of studies concerning the impact social relations have on youth with serious social problems such as drug abuse and crime. The theories are about social bonds, shame, guilt, pride and Hirschi’s social control theory. The result of the study shows that all respondents had weak social bonds to their parents during their childhood and until they ended their drug abuse. That has probably influenced their drug abuse and/or crime development. The adolescent’s relation with their families has improved since they got drug-free. They all spent time with other antisocial youths which probably had an impact on their own negative development. Concerning their relations to authorities they all had negative experiences of the social services and the authorities have most likely not had an impact on the youths life-situation. It emerged that they all carried feelings of shame and guilt and that they all became aggressive when they were under the influence of alcohol and drugs.

Ingen marknadsföring är väl så god och trovärdig som medarbetare som pratar gott om och förespråkar den egna organisationen? Dessa medarbetare kan ses som ambassadörer för organisationen. Ambassadörskap är något som naturligt växer fram då en individ inom en organisation trivs med organisationens krav och behov och vidare kan sammanfläta dessa med sina egna krav och behov. Skatteverket är en organisation som i mångas öron inte låter speciellt inspirerande, kanske delvis ett resultat av det skattesystem som finns i Sverige, men kanske även på grund av de förhållandevis krångliga regler och processer som många anser dem använda sig av. Med detta i åtanke ämnar vi undersöka hur ambassadörskapet på Skattekontoret i Jönköping ter sig. Vägledande för uppsatsen är frågan: Hur ser ambassadörskapet ut på Skattekontoret i Jönköping i enlighet med de två dimensionerna; individens behov i organisationen i relation till organisationens behov? Vi lyfter fram teorier i två centrala dimensioner som berör organisationens behov samt behoven hos individerna inom denna. Med teorin som utgångspunkt tar vi fram en modell som ämnar åskådliggöra vad ambassadörskap bottnar i. Den metodologiska grunden för denna rapport är av kvalitativ karaktär. Detta står i relation till och tjänar uppsatsens deskriptiva syfte. Inom ramen för den valda metoden genomförs en informantundersökning och sex respondentundersökningar. Resultatet av undersökningens huvudsakliga forskningsfråga visade på en förhållandevis god spridning och flera olika ambassadörskaraktärer på Skatteverket i Jönköping uppenbarade sig. Vidare framkom det bland annat att de anställdas verksamhetssyn inte alltid stod i relation till hur ledningen avsåg att de skulle se på verksamheten. Vi ser att analysmodell på ett bra vis illustrerar vari ett gott ambassadörskap kan bestå. Vidare forskning kan pröva modellens giltighet. / No advertising is as valuable and credible as people who are talking good about and advocate the organization in which they work. These employees can be seen as ambassadors for the organization. Ambassadorship appears and grows naturally when an individual within an organization is satisfied with the organization's requirements and needs and can weave them with their own demands and needs. The tax authority may serve under the rumor of being a grey, bureaucratic and authoritarian organization, perhaps partly a result of the tax system which is in Sweden. Another possible explanation could be the relatively complicated rules and processes that many people believe them to use. With this in mind, we intend to examine how the ambassadorship appears at the tax authority in Jönköping. The main research question which serves as a guideline for this thesis is: How does the ambassadorship appears at the tax authority in Jönköping in accordance with the two dimensions; the needs and demands of the individuals within the organization in relation to the organization's needs and demands? We highlight the theories of two key dimensions that affect the organization's needs on one hand and the needs of the individuals within it on the other hand. In theory as a starting point, we develop a model that illustrates what Ambassador characteristic is rooted in. The methodological basis for this report is of a qualitative nature. This is in relation to and serves the papers descriptive purpose. Within the framework of the method chosen, one informant and six respondent surveys is to be carried out. The results of the thesis main research question showed a relatively good spread and several ambassador characters appeared. Furthermore, it emerged, that the employee's view of the organization not always reflected the managers intended view of the same. We think that our model is a good way to illustrate what good ambassadorship derives from. Further research may strength the validity of the model as well as the results of the thesis.

No description available.

Civil-military relations – conditions for cooperation Abstract:   Civil-military cooperation is a branch of current interest, both in studies and research. The importance has also increased after the government´s demands in a more developed and efficient coordination of national contribution to international peace support operations. Several studies show that there is a lack of ability to cooperate between different levels of command and other actors. The Swedish tradition of state administration is strong and the responsibility to cooperate lies within the hands of the different authorities. Therefore, the relationship between central authorities is of utmost importance when it comes to create conditions for civil-military cooperation. The purpose with this essay is to describe the civil-military relationship at the central level in order to better understand conditions for coordination. For starting point, the study will use a theory where the civil-military relations are of utmost importance for state conditions to make strategic assessments. In the essay, three processes are examined and compared between three central governmental authorities from official directives and guidance, reports and interviews. The result show that the relationship between authorities is characterised by mutual will and engagement to enhance conditions to cooperate but is limited by cultural reasons, own interests, lack of knowledge in each other’s organizations and a need for improved governmental directions and guidance. / Civil-militära relationer - förutsättningar för samverkan Sammanfattning   Civil-militär samverkan är ett aktuellt område för studier och forskning. Inte minst har betydelsen ökat efter ambitionshöjningar från regeringen avseende krav på effektivare samordning av nationella bidrag till internationella fredsfrämjande insatser. Flertalet studier visar på brister i samverkan mellan dels olika ledningsnivåer och dels mellan sidoordnade aktörer. Den svenska förvaltningstraditionen står stark och ansvaret för samverkan finns hos myndigheterna. Relationen mellan myndigheter på central nivå är därför avgörande för civil-militär samverkan och dess förutsättningar. Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva den civil-militära relationen på central nivå för att förstå förutsättningarna för civil-militär koordinering. Studien tar utgångspunkt i en teori om civil-militära relationer där dessa utgör avgörande förutsättningar för strategiska bedömanden i en stat. I uppsatsen studeras tre processer vilka jämförs mellan tre centrala myndigheter utifrån styrdokument, rapporter och intervjuer. Resultatet visar att relationen mellan myndigheter karakteriseras av en ömsesidig vilja och engagemang att förbättra förutsättningarna för samverkan men begränsas av kulturella skäl, egenintresse, bristande kunskap om varandras organisationer samt behov av tydligare styrningar från politisk ledning.

The Authorities attitudes towards Gypsies have been characterized by prejudice for a long time. This has lead to the relief actions of the Authorities being formed by discriminating acts. In purpose of eliminating the discrimination of the Gypsies, the Delegation for Gypsy matters formulated a strategy for solving this problem in the report “Gypsy rights – a strategy for Gypsies in Sweden”. Despite the goodwill of the Authorities this report has been criticized by Gypsies in Sweden.   In the investigation of the derivation of this criticism the aim of this essay is to look at how the Authorities attitude towards Gypsies is shown in this report and how it affects the creation of their ethos. This analysis is made with a Critical Linguistic Analysis and the Stasis Theory.    The result showed that the Delegation for Gypsy matters dissociate themselves from the former attitudes that characterized the Authorities view of Gypsies. Through this move they try to show solidarity with them. Despite this equality aim it is possible to make note of an authoritative touch that imply a view of a society where the power is distributed from the top to the bottom. Even the picture of the Gypsies as a weak group can be noted. / Myndigheters attityder har länge varit präglade av fördomar när det gäller romer. Detta har medfört att deras hjälpinsatser för att förbättra romernas situation har präglats av diskriminerande åtgärder. I syfte att komma bort från den diskriminerande behandlingen av romerna utformade Delegationen för romska frågor en strategi för hur detta problem kunde lösas. Detta nya betänkande har dock fått kritik från romer i Sverige. För att undersöka vad denna kritik beror på är syftet med den här uppsatsen att undersöka hur myndigheters attityder gentemot romer kommer till uttryck i betänkandet samt hur detta påverkar skapandet av myndigheternas ethos. Detta görs genom en kritisk lingvistisk analys av textens verbprocesser, negationer och passivkonstruktioner. Detta resultat kopplas sedan till statusläran. Resultatet som framkommit ur analyserna är att Delegationen för romska frågor tydligt tar avstånd från myndigheternas tidigare attityder och förhållningssätt. Genom detta försöker de istället solidarisera sig med romerna. Trots denna strävan efter jämlikhet går det att uttyda auktoritära drag som antyder en samhällssyn där styrandet sker uppifrån och ned. Även drag av romer som en svag grupp går att utläsa.