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A critical analysis of individual liability of councillors in South AfricaTom, Sandile Alfred January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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A critical analysis of individual liability of councillors in South AfricaTom, Sandile Alfred January 2012 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM
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[pt] A QUANTIFICAÇÃO DO LUCRO DA INTERVENÇÃO / [en] THE QUANTIFICATION OF THE DISGORGEMENT OF PROFITSSANDRO COUTINHO SCHULZE 20 June 2024 (has links)
[pt] A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a quantificação do lucro
da intervenção, partindo da convicção de que a utilização indevida do direito de um
terceiro não pode jamais ser um bom negócio. Inicialmente, será demonstrado que
o enriquecimento sem causa é o instituto mais adequado para lidar com situações
em que uma pessoa se beneficia injustamente à custa de outra. Serão
minuciosamente analisados os critérios que precisam ser atendidos para que se
caracterize esse tipo de enriquecimento, como o aumento patrimonial do
interveniente, a obtenção da vantagem à custa de outrem, a ausência de justa causa
e a subsidiariedade do instituto. Em seguida, serão explorados os métodos objetivos
para calcular o valor que deve ser devolvido ao titular do direito violado, apontando
a inaplicabilidade da teoria do duplo limite aos casos de lucro da intervenção, bem
como as razões pelas quais os valores pagos a título de reparação de danos
extrapatrimoniais não devem ser abatidos do montante a ser restituído. Sustenta-se,
ainda, a inadequação de compensar o lucro com o dano dentro do contexto de
enriquecimento sem causa. Por fim, será discutido o papel da boa-fé e da má-fé na
conduta do interventor, onde o trabalho explorará as divergências na doutrina sobre
o tema, concluindo que se o interventor age de boa-fé deve restituir o valor de
mercado da vantagem obtida e o lucro da intervenção deve ser repartido entre o
interventor e o titular de direito, de forma proporcional à contribuição de cada um.
Quanto à má-fé, conclui-se que, além do valor devido pelo uso do bem, o
interventor deve restituir todo o lucro obtido com a intervenção. Essa abordagem
proporcionará uma análise detalhada dos aspectos legais e éticos envolvidos na
quantificação do lucro da intervenção, contribuindo para uma compreensão mais
profunda do tema no contexto do Direito brasileiro. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze the quantification of the disgorgement of
profits, based on the conviction that the improper use of a third party s right can
never be a good deal. Initially, it will be demonstrated that unjust enrichment is the
most appropriate institute for dealing with situations in which one person benefits
unfairly at the expense of another. The criteria that need to be met in order to
characterize this type of enrichment will be thoroughly analyzed, such as the
increase in the intervening party s assets, obtaining the advantage at the expense of
others, the absence of just cause and the subsidiarity of the institute. Next, objective
methods will be explored to calculate the amount that must be returned to the holder
of the violated right, pointing out the inapplicability of the double limit theory to
cases of profit from intervention, as well as the reasons why the amounts paid as
reparation of moral damages must not be deducted from the amount to be refunded.
It is also argued that it is inappropriate to compensate profit for damage within the
context of unjust enrichment. Finally, the role of good faith and bad faith in the
intervenor s conduct will be discussed, where the work will explore the divergences
in the doctrine on the subject, concluding that if the intervenor acts in good faith he
must restore the market value of the advantage obtained and the profit from the
intervention must be shared between the intervener and the right holder, in
proportion to the contribution of each one. As for bad faith, it is concluded that, in
addition to the amount due for the use of the asset, the intervener must refund all
the profit obtained from the intervention. This approach will provide a detailed
analysis of the legal and ethical aspects involved in quantifying the profit from the
intervention, contributing to a deeper understanding of the topic in the context of
Brazilian Law.
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Sanção processual ao advogadoFeitoza, Paulo Fernando de Britto 30 June 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-06-30 / Procedure in itself is a technical instrument, re-enforced by an ethical component. It
guides the procedure with elements which prove the reasonableness of each part as
necessary, but linked to the truthfulness of the individual allegations. Truth is a theme
which concerns not only morality but also the value of presumed good-faith, an
indispensable element throughout the proceedings. The thesis treats of the
procedural responsibility of the lawyer in litigation concerning bad-faith. First of all, it
presents a history regarding truthfulness, beginning with the Bible, passes on to
ancient Greece, proceeds to the Romans, hears the Iberians and considers the
Codes of 1939 and 1973 - all this to bring from the past to the present the importance
of the truth in any procedure. It is also understood that there exists a procedural
deontology in which it is indispensable to include morality, ethics and good-faith as
well as the meaning of such words as power, onus, duty, rights and obligation, since
all of them occur in the evolution of the proceedings. The same is confirmed as
regards the principles. With this basic idea, an attempt is made to theorize the
presuppositions of litigation regarding bad-faith, beginning with the intervening party,
the litigation and the bad-faith itself. Next, concerning the elements of bad-faith, an
evaluation is made of the abuse of the law and its difference from a procedure for
bad-faith, followed by the typology which identifies the malevolent litigation. Along
with these considerations, the role of the lawyer will be discussed, vis-a-vis his client
and before the law, as a way to hold him responsible for the proceedings in bad-faith
both directly and in the files of the proceedings which gave rise to the fact. The
intention is to put an end to the myth that having made a poor choice of the
professional should fall on the proceedings, since this would have occurred as
blameworthy in eligendo . To summarize, this thesis proposes to make lawyers
responsible for any bad-faith in the proceedings, presuming that, in the majority of
cases, the professional responsibility of the lawyer occurs / O processo atual é um instrumento técnico, guarnecido por um componente ético.
Trata-se de instruí-lo, doravante, com elementos probatórios das razões de cada
demandante, mas vinculados à veracidade das alegações individuais. A verdade não
é apenas um tema do qual se ocupa a moral, mas um valor presumível pela boa-fé e
indispensável ao fim do processo. Na tese, que tratará da sanção processual ao
advogado pela litigância de má-fé, faz-se, primeiramente, um histórico da veracidade
com início na Bíblia, transita-se pela Grécia antiga, incluem-se os romanos, ouvemse
os ibéricos, passeia-se pelos códigos de 1939 e 1973 para trazer do passado
ao presente a importância da verdade no processo. Também, se entende que há
uma deontologia processual, sendo indispensável pensar a respeito da moral, ética,
boa-fé, bem como o sentido das palavras: poder, ônus, dever, direitos e obrigações,
pois todos estarão presentes na tramitação do processo. O mesmo sendo
confirmado quanto aos princípios. Com esta ideia básica, tenciona-se teorizar os
pressupostos da litigância de má-fé, começando pela parte, interveniente, a
litigância e a má-fé. Seguindo-se com os elementos da má-fé, quando se fará
avaliação do abuso do direito e sua diferença da má-fé processual, mostrando-se,
sucessivamente a tipologia, que identifica a litigância malévola. Com todos estes
conceitos, vai-se discutir o papel do advogado privado frente ao constituinte dele e
diante da Justiça, como forma de torná-lo responsável pela má-fé processual
diretamente e nos próprios autos do processo, que se deu o fato. Pretende-se
romper o mito de que, a falta pela má escolha do profissional, deve responsabilizar a
parte processual, porque esta teria incorrido na culpa in eligendo . Enfim, a
pretensão da tese é tornar o advogado privado responsável pela má-fé processual ,
pois, na maioria das vezes, ocorre responsabilidade profissional dele, dando ensejo
à sanção processual do advogado
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O existencialismo à la carioca em O ventre de Carlos Heitor ConySouza, Márcio Júnior de January 2012 (has links)
O presente estudo propõe-se ao levantamento das relações intertextuais tantas vezes apontadas, porém quase nunca aprofundadas por nossa crítica literária entre o filósofo existencialista Jean-Paul Sartre e o romancista brasileiro Carlos Heitor Cony. Em seu conjunto, o trabalho baseia-se em dois planos: no primeiro, são criteriosamente assinaladas as semelhanças temáticas e, eventualmente, formais da prosa ficcional de ambos, tendo por objetos de estudo os seus respectivos romances de estreia: A náusea e O ventre; no segundo, o mais relevante para meus atuais propósitos, acentua-se a investigação das diferenças, sobretudo estilísticas, da literatura conyana em relação à do pensador francês. Portanto, em sentido mais amplo, o trabalho trata-se de uma ampla reflexão acerca do processo de apropriação antropofágica na linha oswaldiana de alguns dos típicos temas existencialistas de Sartre e de sua adaptação por meio de um estilo que denota traços individuais cujas características são a ironia cortante, o humor sarcástico e algum lirismo por parte de Cony, do que decorre um inusitado acariocamento do Existencialismo sartriano. Dentro dos limites formais deste tipo de estudo, são ainda referidos diversos outros textos filosóficos e literários destes intelectuais em uma tentativa de corte transversal o mais elucidativo possível de suas obras. / The present study intends to inquire the intertextual relations – often pointed, though almost never deepened by our literary criticism – among the existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre and the Brazilian novelist Carlos Heitor Cony. In its whole, the study is based upon two levels: in the first one, the thematic and occasionally formal similitudes in the fictional prose of both authors are criterioulsy shown, taking as objects their respective first novels: The Nausea and The Womb. In the second level, which is the most relevant among my purposes at this moment, there is an emphasis on the differences, mainly stylistic, of Cony’s literature in relation to the one by the French philosopher. Therefore, in a larger sense, this study is about a broad reflection regarding the anthropophagical appropriation in the oswaldian line of some of the typical sartrean existentialistic themes, and its adaptation through a style that denotes individual traces whose characteristics are acid irony, sarcastic sense of humor and some lyricism by Cony – from which flows an unexpected tropical and loose philosophical vision (in the carioca style) of the sartrean existentialism. Within the formal limits of this kind of research, many other philosophical and literary texts from these scholars are also referred to, planned as a transversal cut which intends to be able of elucidating as much as possible from their work.
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O existencialismo à la carioca em O ventre de Carlos Heitor ConySouza, Márcio Júnior de January 2012 (has links)
O presente estudo propõe-se ao levantamento das relações intertextuais tantas vezes apontadas, porém quase nunca aprofundadas por nossa crítica literária entre o filósofo existencialista Jean-Paul Sartre e o romancista brasileiro Carlos Heitor Cony. Em seu conjunto, o trabalho baseia-se em dois planos: no primeiro, são criteriosamente assinaladas as semelhanças temáticas e, eventualmente, formais da prosa ficcional de ambos, tendo por objetos de estudo os seus respectivos romances de estreia: A náusea e O ventre; no segundo, o mais relevante para meus atuais propósitos, acentua-se a investigação das diferenças, sobretudo estilísticas, da literatura conyana em relação à do pensador francês. Portanto, em sentido mais amplo, o trabalho trata-se de uma ampla reflexão acerca do processo de apropriação antropofágica na linha oswaldiana de alguns dos típicos temas existencialistas de Sartre e de sua adaptação por meio de um estilo que denota traços individuais cujas características são a ironia cortante, o humor sarcástico e algum lirismo por parte de Cony, do que decorre um inusitado acariocamento do Existencialismo sartriano. Dentro dos limites formais deste tipo de estudo, são ainda referidos diversos outros textos filosóficos e literários destes intelectuais em uma tentativa de corte transversal o mais elucidativo possível de suas obras. / The present study intends to inquire the intertextual relations – often pointed, though almost never deepened by our literary criticism – among the existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre and the Brazilian novelist Carlos Heitor Cony. In its whole, the study is based upon two levels: in the first one, the thematic and occasionally formal similitudes in the fictional prose of both authors are criterioulsy shown, taking as objects their respective first novels: The Nausea and The Womb. In the second level, which is the most relevant among my purposes at this moment, there is an emphasis on the differences, mainly stylistic, of Cony’s literature in relation to the one by the French philosopher. Therefore, in a larger sense, this study is about a broad reflection regarding the anthropophagical appropriation in the oswaldian line of some of the typical sartrean existentialistic themes, and its adaptation through a style that denotes individual traces whose characteristics are acid irony, sarcastic sense of humor and some lyricism by Cony – from which flows an unexpected tropical and loose philosophical vision (in the carioca style) of the sartrean existentialism. Within the formal limits of this kind of research, many other philosophical and literary texts from these scholars are also referred to, planned as a transversal cut which intends to be able of elucidating as much as possible from their work.
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O existencialismo à la carioca em O ventre de Carlos Heitor ConySouza, Márcio Júnior de January 2012 (has links)
O presente estudo propõe-se ao levantamento das relações intertextuais tantas vezes apontadas, porém quase nunca aprofundadas por nossa crítica literária entre o filósofo existencialista Jean-Paul Sartre e o romancista brasileiro Carlos Heitor Cony. Em seu conjunto, o trabalho baseia-se em dois planos: no primeiro, são criteriosamente assinaladas as semelhanças temáticas e, eventualmente, formais da prosa ficcional de ambos, tendo por objetos de estudo os seus respectivos romances de estreia: A náusea e O ventre; no segundo, o mais relevante para meus atuais propósitos, acentua-se a investigação das diferenças, sobretudo estilísticas, da literatura conyana em relação à do pensador francês. Portanto, em sentido mais amplo, o trabalho trata-se de uma ampla reflexão acerca do processo de apropriação antropofágica na linha oswaldiana de alguns dos típicos temas existencialistas de Sartre e de sua adaptação por meio de um estilo que denota traços individuais cujas características são a ironia cortante, o humor sarcástico e algum lirismo por parte de Cony, do que decorre um inusitado acariocamento do Existencialismo sartriano. Dentro dos limites formais deste tipo de estudo, são ainda referidos diversos outros textos filosóficos e literários destes intelectuais em uma tentativa de corte transversal o mais elucidativo possível de suas obras. / The present study intends to inquire the intertextual relations – often pointed, though almost never deepened by our literary criticism – among the existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre and the Brazilian novelist Carlos Heitor Cony. In its whole, the study is based upon two levels: in the first one, the thematic and occasionally formal similitudes in the fictional prose of both authors are criterioulsy shown, taking as objects their respective first novels: The Nausea and The Womb. In the second level, which is the most relevant among my purposes at this moment, there is an emphasis on the differences, mainly stylistic, of Cony’s literature in relation to the one by the French philosopher. Therefore, in a larger sense, this study is about a broad reflection regarding the anthropophagical appropriation in the oswaldian line of some of the typical sartrean existentialistic themes, and its adaptation through a style that denotes individual traces whose characteristics are acid irony, sarcastic sense of humor and some lyricism by Cony – from which flows an unexpected tropical and loose philosophical vision (in the carioca style) of the sartrean existentialism. Within the formal limits of this kind of research, many other philosophical and literary texts from these scholars are also referred to, planned as a transversal cut which intends to be able of elucidating as much as possible from their work.
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A autenticidade na ética de Jean-Paul SartreBaranowske, Durval 19 December 2012 (has links)
The guidelines for this dissertation are to be found in two of Sartre s works, Being and
Nothingness and Existentialism and Humanism. These two works form part of the
composite body of texts written by Jean-Paul Sartre on ethics and authenticity. Other
bibliographies have been drawn upon, with parts referred to at strategic points
throughout this work. Ethics and authenticity in Sartre s philosophy form the basis for
what I aim to examine, with three main areas of focus: uncovering what authenticity
means to Sartre as a writer, how it can be an ethical concept and what its presence in
human behaviour indicates. It would be meaningless to speak of authenticity if it were
not for the notion of freedom always having Sartrean ontology at its core.
To this end, the two initial chapters of this dissertation make an attempt to look
more closely at the topic of ontology and to understand and recount the writer s main
concerns with regard to authenticity and ethics. Following this, the major references
comprise the commentators, all of whom have been duly cited in the final bibliography,
and Sartre s literary works.
And finally, ethics and authenticity would not have full meaning if it were not
for the fact that they are grounded in existential ontology, because thinking of being, for
Sartre, is thinking that one ought to be, which is being For-Itself, and reflecting on
ethics means thematizing the original unity of its moral which lies in the authenticity of
being and recognizing For-itself. / Dois livros de Sartre, O Ser e o Nada e O Existencialismo é um Humanismo, nos dão as
diretivas dessa dissertação. As duas obras formam parte do complexo corpo de textos
escritos por Jean-Paul Sartre para falar de ética e autenticidade. Outras bibliografias são
levantadas, contudo, parte delas, mescladas em pontos estratégicos do trabalho. Ética e
autenticidade na filosofia de Sartre é o que tentamos apresentar com três grandes
preocupações; desvelar o que é a autenticidade para nosso autor, como ela pode ser um
projeto ético e o que significa sua presença dentro do comportamento humano. Não
teria sentido falar de autenticidade se não fosse por causa da liberdade tendo sempre em
vista a ontologia sartriana. É por isso que os dois capítulos iniciais dessa dissertação
tentam aprofundar o tema da ontologia para compreender e elencar as principais
preocupações do autor em relação a autenticidade e a ética. A seguir as grandes
referências são, os comentadores, que estão devidamente citados na bibliografia final, e
as obras literárias de Sartre. E, finalmente, ética e autenticidade não encontrariam seu
pleno sentido, se não fossem fundamentadas numa ontologia existencialista, porque
pensar o ser, para Sartre, é pensar o dever-ser (que é Para-si) e refletir sobre ética,
significa tematizar a unidade originária de sua moral que está na autenticidade de ser e
se reconhecer Para-si. / Mestre em Filosofia
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De la magie au magique. Conscience, réalité-humaine et être-dans-le-monde chez Sartre (1927-1948). / From magic to the magical. Consciousness, human reality and being-in-the-world in Sartre (1927-1948).Dassonneville, Gautier 10 February 2016 (has links)
Notre recherche interroge la philosophie existentielle du premier Sartre en la replaçant dans le paysage de la philosophie française post-comtienne du début du XXe siècle et en restituant un moment anthropologique où le problème de la magie traverse les sciences psychologiques et sociales. En suivant les différentes voies du transfert de conceptualité par lequel la notion de magie devient chez Sartre le magique, nous étudions trois pôles de l'ontologie phénoménologique sartrienne, à savoir la conscience intentionnelle, la réalité-humaine et l'être-dans-le-monde. Notre hypothèse est que, selon différentes modalités allant de la thématisation à l'effacement, le magique joue un rôle déterminant dans l'élaboration de l'existentialisme dont nous retraçons la genèse à partir des premiers travaux philosophiques et écrits littéraires de 1927. Face à l'héritage d'une anthropologie positiviste à la méthodologie analytique, Sartre privilégie une approche synthétique et conçoit la conscience dans ses dimensions affective et irrationnelle. Les figures de la pensée magique sont alors mobilisées pour penser l'ouverture au monde de la conscience ainsi que ses rapports à soi et aux autres dans les termes d'une spontanéité irréfléchie et absolue. Nous faisons ensuite retour sur l'anthropologie sartrienne telle qu'elle conçoit la réalité-humaine à partir de ses attitudes et de ses conduites, et notamment à travers la manière dont elle affronte sa propre liberté, fondamentalement et irrémédiablement exposée à la contradiction. Cette structure de la réalité-humaine comme projet existentiel conduit Sartre à repenser l'être-dans-le-monde à partir de ce que nous appelons la dépossession originaire par laquelle l'ontologie est ramenée au magique. / This research deals with Sartre's early existential philosophy by resituating it in the field of French post-Comtian philosophy in the early twentieth century and by re-establishing an anthropological moment in which the issue of magic is explored in the psychological and social sciences. Following the different paths of the conceptual exchange through which the notion of magic becomes that the magical in Sartre's view, we study three poles of sartrian phenomenological ontology : intentional consciousness, human reality and being-in-the-world. The hypothesis advanced by this thesis is that the magical, according to different modes ranging from topicalization through obliteration, plays a determining role in the elaboration of existentialism whose genesis is traced here from Sartre's very first writings in 1927.Faced with the legacy of a positivist anthropology in terms of an analytical methodology, Sartre privileges a synthetic approach and conceives consciousness in its affective and irrational aspects. Images of magical thought are called upon for rethinking openness to the world of consciousness and its relationship to itself and to Others. Returning to Sartrian anthropology, we question how consciousness can be grasped as an irreflexive and absolute spontaneity and how human reality is interpreted through its attitudes and behaviours; in particular through the way it faces its own freedom which is fundamentally and irremediably exposed to contradiction. This structure of human reality as existential project leads Sartre to reconsider being-in-the-world as based in originary dispossession through which ontology is brought back to the magical.
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Trade Mark Law and the Concept of Bad Faith : A fair balance between the protection of exclusive rights conferred on the proprietor and free access to the European market?Shipilina, Mariia January 2020 (has links)
The purpose of the research is the analysis of the concept of bad faith in the sphere of trade marks from the perspective of a fair balance of different interests of the trade mark proprietor and other undertakings in the European market. On the one hand, the starting point of European trade mark law is the protection of exclusive rights conferred on the owner of a registered mark. On the other hand, Article 16 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union guarantees the right to free access to the market. The research work analyses the scope of these conflicting rights and comes to the conclusion that the interests of trade mark law and market competition may have common ground despite different starting points between them. Bad faith behaviour in the market should also be assessed as an acute common issue. In that connection, the objective of the thesis is to examine how the balance of the interests is achieved in European trade mark legislation and in practice, whether this balance is fair when dealing with bad faith. Additionally, the thesis considers the issues of the definition of bad faith in European legislation and possible changes in the European trade mark system related to the concept of bad faith.
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