Critical Review of the LiteratureCan Borderline Personality Disorder be treated effectively in forensic settings? A systematic reviewBorderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a common diagnosis in forensic settings. Certain features of BPD, such as impulsivity and emotional dysregulation, can create a vulnerability to impulsive acts. The condition is also associated with poor mental and physical health, making the treatment of BPD and its clinical features an important goal in forensic settings. This paper reviews evidence for the effectiveness of treating BPD and its symptoms using psychological approaches in forensic settings. A systematic search found 2913 papers, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria. The papers reported nine separate studies (six controlled) that implemented four distinct interventions, often adapted for particular forensic settings. Improvements in overall BPD symptomatology and specific BPD symptoms were reported for all types of intervention, although few differences in outcome between intervention and control groups were found. There were also reported improvements in BPD-related behaviours, but data on offending behaviour were absent. Heterogeneity in study quality and design makes it challenging to draw any firm conclusions about the effectiveness of any one form of treatment over another, nor about which treatment may best suit a particular setting. Further randomised controlled trials are needed to answer these questions. Service Improvement ProjectEvaluation of a brief educational intervention for clinical staff aimed at promoting trauma-informed approaches to careThere is growing evidence that trauma plays an important role in the aetiology of severe and enduring mental health problems. Yet staff can be reluctant to ask patients about trauma for reasons such as anxiety about harming patients and limited access to training. Where services have adopted trauma-informed approaches (TIAs) to mental health care (i.e., considering the ways in which trauma affects individuals when planning and delivering services), improved clinical outcomes have been observed. With this in mind, a new educational video was developed for mental health staff at an NHS trust. The video was intended to be (a) brief (10 minutes); (b) contemporary and engaging; and (c) accessible using computers, smartphones and tablets. Forty-one multidisciplinary staff viewed the video. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation indicated improvements in self-reported knowledge and confidence with regard to trauma, and a decrease in worries with regard to asking patients about such experiences. Participants found the video to be enjoyable, understandable and informative. Importantly, many indicated that it spurred them to further action, such as further training and asking patients about possible trauma. These findings indicate that a video of this type can offer an important ‘taster’ of trauma-related learning, constituting an important step towards embedding trauma-informed ways of working at a service. Main Research ProjectThe Role of Intrusive Imagery in Hoarding DisorderThe cardinal feature of Hoarding Disorder (HD) is persistent difficulty discarding possessions, with the resulting clutter compromising the intended use of living areas. Within the dominant cognitive-behavioural model of hoarding (Frost & Hartl, 1996), hoarding behaviours are positively and negatively reinforced in the context of certain object-related beliefs. Available treatments for HD have so far yielded modest outcomes, indicating a need for new approaches. Intrusive imagery has so far been neglected in HD research, despite the frequency of trauma in the histories of people with the condition. To address this, 27 individuals who met the DSM-5 criteria for HD and 28 community controls (CCs) were interviewed about their everyday experiences of mental imagery. Participants were also asked about the images they experienced during two recent real-life examples of actual or attempted discard of (1) an object of low subjective value; and (2) an object of high subjective value. Everyday imagery in the HD group commonly reflected themes of illness, death and reminiscence. Imagery in HD participants tended to carry negative emotional valence in comparison with CCs, and was associated with greater interference in everyday life and attempts to avoid the imagery. HD participants reported more negative experiences of intrusive imagery in comparison with CCs during recent episodes of discarding objects of low subjective value. However, HD participants experienced positive imagery when discarding, or trying to discard, high value objects. These findings indicate that although people with HD frequently report traumatic histories, this is not reflected in the everyday imagery that they experience. There is some evidence to suggest that the negative and positive memories experienced in relation to low and high value objects may aid our understanding of discarding and saving behaviour in HD. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are further discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Irit Grau Kaufmann.pdf: 5411599 bytes, checksum: 519d32c08de607411feb2898e6119403 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-24 / The present study aimed to investigate, under the approach of Jungian psychology, the possible motivations, purposes and meanings that patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) attach to their self-mutilating behavior. The study included six women, aged between 18 and 46 years, all diagnosed with BPD and self-mutilating behavior history. Data collecting made use of the revised diagnostic interview for borderlines (DIB-R) applied for diagnostic purposes and research participation , a semi-structured interview, the person and family drawing, and a thematic drawing. The collected data were analyzed in light of Jungian analytical and psychosomatic psychology. As a result of the compilation of the accounts given during the interviews, 5 categories and 13 subcategories were identified: difficulties in relationships (family, love and interpersonal), low self-esteem and negative self-image, sexual abuse, high tolerance to physical pain/low pain tolerance to emotional pain, self-mutilating behavior (objects, body sites, forms, triggers, feelings, symbolic representation, ideation and suicide attempts, altered state of consciousness). Results show fragile emotional bonds in family relations, pathological love relationships, dependency and instability in interpersonal relations. The findings indicate that patients have low self-esteem and negative self-image, as well as high tolerance to physical pain with low tolerance to emotional pain. It was also observed that during the self-mutilating behavior, an altered state of consciousness may occur. It can be said that the inability of these patients to symbolize and express their grief at the emotional level leads them to concretizing the pain expression on their bodies, through its transduction into physical pain, by means of self-mutilating behavior. This study concluded that the purpose of such behaviour is the relief of pain and pre-existing emotional distress / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar, sob a abordagem da psicologia junguiana, as possíveis motivações, propósitos e significados que o paciente com transtorno de personalidade borderline (TPB) atribui ao seu comportamento automutilante. Participaram do estudo seis mulheres, entre 18 e 46 anos de idade, todas diagnosticadas com TPB e histórico de comportamento automutilante. Na coleta de dados, foram utilizadas a entrevista diagnóstica revisada para borderlines (DIB-R) aplicada com fins diagnósticos e de participação na pesquisa , a entrevista semiestruturada, o desenho da pessoa e família, e o desenho temático. Os dados coletados foram analisados à luz da psicologia analítica e psicossomática junguiana. Como resultado da compilação dos relatos das entrevistas, foram levantadas 5 categorias e 13 subcategorias: dificuldades nos relacionamentos (familiares, amorosos e interpessoais), baixa autoestima e autoimagem negativa, abuso sexual, alta tolerância à dor física/baixa tolerância à dor emocional, comportamento automutilante (objetos, locais do corpo, formas, fatores desencadeantes, sentimentos, representação simbólica, ideações e tentativas de suicídio, estado alterado de consciência). Os resultados apontaram para vínculos afetivos fragilizados nos relacionamentos familiares, relações amorosas patológicas, dependência e instabilidade nos relacionamentos interpessoais. Os achados indicaram que as pacientes têm baixa autoestima e autoimagem negativa, além de alta tolerância à dor fisica com baixa tolerância à dor emocional. Observou-se ainda que, durante o comportamento automutilante, pode ocorrer um estado alterado de consciência. Pode-se dizer que a incapacidade dessas pacientes em simbolizar e expressar sua dor no plano emocional faz com que elas concretizem a expressão dessa dor no corpo, quando há a transdução da mesma em dor corporal, por meio do comportamento automutilante. Concluiu-se que o objetivo desse ato é o alívio da dor e do sofrimento emocional pré-existente

Cette thèse examine le rythme veille-sommeil et son association avec l’instabilité émotionnelle, l’agressivité et l’impulsivité dans le trouble de personnalité limite (TPL) à l’adolescence. Dans un premier temps, la revue de la littérature sur les perturbations objectives du sommeil dans le TPL a mis en lumière plusieurs difficultés similaires, évaluées par polysomnographie, à celles observées dans la dépression adulte. De 1980 à 2010, aucune recherche n’a examiné le rythme veille-sommeil, aucune n’a étudié les adolescents TPL et plusieurs n’ont pas contrôlé l’état dépressif comme facteur de confusion. De ce constat, il s’avérait pertinent de mener une étude sur le rythme veille-sommeil dans le TPL à l’adolescence en l’absence de dépression co-occurrente. L’adolescence comportant plusieurs caractéristiques physiologiques, psychologiques et sociales, tenir compte des aspects développementaux était essentiel. Dans un second temps, un protocole de recherche fût mis en place à la Clinique des troubles de l’humeur et le recrutement a été réalisé auprès d’adolescents souffrant d’un TPL et sans état dépressif actuel. Ils devaient porter pendant plus de neuf jours (période comprenant deux fins de semaine) un actigraphe, appareil non invasif évaluant l’alternance veille-sommeil dans l’environnement naturel. L’abandon précoce au traitement étant prévalent chez les patients TPL, la fiabilité de l’étude a été examinée afin de déterminer les raisons favorisant et celles nuisant au recrutement et à la collecte des données. La réflexion sur les aspects méthodologiques de l’étude actigraphique a permis d’expliquer les limites de ce type de protocole. Dans un troisième temps, le rythme veille-sommeil des adolescents TPL (n=18) a été caractérisé et comparé à celui des jeunes ayant un trouble bipolaire (n=6), trouble psychiatrique partageant plusieurs manifestations communes avec le TPL, et à celui des adolescents sans trouble de santé mentale (n=20). Les résultats suggèrent que l’adolescent TPL passe plus de temps en éveil durant la période de repos que les jeunes appartenant aux deux autres groupes. De plus, les adolescents TPL présentent une plus grande variabilité inter journalière des heures de lever et du temps total de sommeil que les autres adolescents. Ils se réveillent une heure de plus, et dorment donc une heure supplémentaire, que les adolescents sans trouble mental lors des journées sans routine. Dans un quatrième temps, les analyses corrélationnelles entre les données actigraphiques et les scores aux questionnaires auto-rapportés évaluant l’instabilité émotionnelle, l’agressivité et l’impulsivité suggèrent que plus l’adolescent TPL passe du temps éveillé alors qu’il est au lit, plus il déclare présenter des comportements agressifs, surtout physiques, durant le jour. En résumé, cette thèse contribue à la littérature scientifique en explorant pour la première fois le rythme veille-sommeil et son lien avec les manifestations symptomatiques dans le TPL à l’adolescence. Les résultats suggèrent fortement l’importance d’évaluer et de traiter les problèmes du rythme veille-sommeil que présentent ces jeunes lors de la prise en charge. / This dissertation examines sleep-wake patterns and their associations with emotional instability, aggressiveness, and impulsivity in adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). First, a literature review showed in BPD adults similar objective sleep disturbances, as assessed with polysomnography, to those observed in adult depression. Between 1980 and 2010, no study has examined sleep-wake patterns, none has recruited BPD adolescents, and many did not control depression as a confounding factor. Considering these limitations, it became relevant to conduct a study on sleep-wake patterns in euthymic adolescents with BPD. Having a developmental perspective in mind is crucial since adolescence presents many physiological, psychological and social characteristics. Second, a research protocol was set up at the Mood Disorders Clinic. Adolescents with BPD and without current depression were recruited. They wore for nine days or more (period covering two weekends) an actigraph, a non-invasive device assessing ecologically sleep-wake patterns. Because treatment dropout is highly prevalent in BPD adolescents, study feasibility was examined to determine the reasons promoting and those interfering with recruitment and data collection. Reflections on methodological aspects of this study allowed explaining the limits of this type of research protocol. Third, sleep-wake patterns in BPD adolescents (n=18) was characterised. They were compared to youth with Bipolar Disorder (n=6), a mental disorder sharing many common manifestations with BPD, and to adolescents without mental disorder (n=20). Results suggest that BPD adolescents spend more time awake during the rest interval than teenagers from the two other groups. Furthermore, BPD adolescents present higher interdaily variability for rising time and total sleep time than the other adolescents. They wake up an hour later, therefore sleeping one more hour, than adolescents without mental disorder on schedule-free days. Fourth, correlation analyses between actigraphy data and self-report questionnaire scores assessing emotional instability, aggressiveness, and impulsivity suggest that time spent awake during time in bed is associated with more daily physical aggressiveness in BPD adolescents. To summarise, this dissertation adds to the current scientific literature by exploring for the first time sleep-wake patterns and its associations with symptomatic manifestations of BPD in adolescents. From these results, it is highly recommended to assess and treat their sleep-wake disturbances during their therapeutic care.

Plus de la moitié des adolescents suicidaires dont une large proportion présente un trouble de personnalité limite (TPL) abandonnent leur traitement. Les conséquences de leur défection sont préoccupantes considérant la récurrence de leurs conduites suicidaires et le fait que cette pathologie augmente le risque d’une évolution défavorable à l’âge adulte. À partir d’une méthode de théorisation ancrée constructiviste, cette étude visait à comprendre les processus associés à l’instabilité du mode de consultation des adolescents avec TPL. Elle a permis de spécifier les vulnérabilités à l’abandon des adolescents avec TPL et celles de leurs parents et mis au jour que l’atténuation des problèmes d’accessibilité, la préparation au traitement, l’adaptation des soins aux particularités du TPL et finalement la prise en compte de la disposition à traiter des soignants constituent des réponses déterminantes pour leur engagement. Les processus de désengagement ont également été spécifiés. Des perceptions négatives à l’égard du traitement, du soignant ou du fait d’être en traitement génèrent une activation émotionnelle. Celle-ci induit ensuite des attitudes contre-productives qui évoluent vers des comportements francs de désengagement. Dans ce contexte, des réponses du dispositif de soins telles une régulation insuffisante de l’engagement, des impairs thérapeutiques et des demandes paradoxales précipitent l’abandon de traitement. Finalement, les processus impliqués dans l’abandon de traitement ont été formalisés dans le Modèle de l’engagement et de l’abandon de traitement des adolescents avec TPL. Celui-ci illustre que des processus distincts caractériseraient les abandons précoces et les abandons tardifs des adolescents avec TPL. L’abandon précoce résulterait de l’échec du dispositif de soins à profiter de l’impulsion de la demande d’aide pour engager l’adolescent et le parent lors de ce premier moment critique de sa trajectoire de soins. En contrepartie, les abandons tardifs traduiraient les défaillances du dispositif de soins à adopter des mesures correctives pour les maintenir en traitement lors d’un deuxième moment critique marqué par leur désengagement. Les taux d’abandon de traitement de ces jeunes pourraient être diminués par un dispositif de soins qui reconnaît les périls inhérents au traitement de cette clientèle, se montre proactif pour résoudre les problèmes de désengagement, intègre des mécanismes de soutien aux soignants et favorise une pratique réflexive. / More than half of suicidal adolescents, a large proportion of which manifest borderline personality disorder (BPD), drop out from treatment. The consequences of their premature termination are cause for concern, given the recurrence of their suicidal attempts and that they present elevated risk for major mental disorders during adulthood. The current study sought to gain a broader appreciation of processes involved in treatment dropout among adolescents with BPD through a constructivist grounded theory. Various dropout vulnerabilities specific to adolescents with BPD and their parents, including psychological characteristics, help-seeking context and perception of mental illness and mental healthcare were identified. Care-setting response including management of accessibility problems, adaptation of services to needs of adolescents with BPD, preparation for treatment, and consideration for the health professional's disposition to treat were also found to be determinant to their engagement to treatment. The processes of disengagement from treatment have also been specified. Negative perceptions regarding treatment, clinicians, and receiving treatment have been shown to generate emotional activation. The aforementioned lead to counter-productive attitudes that evolve into outright disengagement behaviours. In this context, responses from the care-setting, such as an insufficient regulation of the engagement, therapeutic faux pas and paradoxical demands, precipitate premature treatment termination. Finally, the processes involved in the abandonment of treatment were formalized in the Model of engagement and treatment dropout for Adolescent with BPD. This illustrates that distinct processes characterise the premature and late dropouts of adolescents with BPD. The early terminations result from the failure of the care-setting to take advantage of the impetus at help seeking to engage the adolescent and the parent at that first critical moment in the care trajectory. On the other hand, the late dropouts translate failures of the care-setting to adopt corrective measures to maintain the patient in treatment at a second critical moment indicated by their disengagement. The termination rate of those adolescent treatments could be diminished by a system of care-setting that recognizes the inherent difficulties related to the treatment of those specific patients, is proactive to solve problems of disengagement, integrates support systems for clinicians and promotes a reflexive practice.

Hintergrund: Vegetative Übererregbarkeit ist ein zentrales Symptom der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS), welche durch eine präfrontale Disinhibition des limbischen Systems mit hieraus folgenden maladaptiven peripheren Stressreaktionen erklärt wird. Lange Zeit hat die Forschung den starken Einfluss des Parasympathikus auf die Stressregulation vernachlässigt und durch Erfassung zu weniger Parameter der Komplexität der autonomen Stressregulation nicht ausreichend Rechnung getragen. In dieser Studie sollen die Auswirkungen der sympathovagalen Dysbalance auf alltägliche Stressreaktionen und das Entspannungsvermögen von Frauen mit PTBS im Vergleich zu gesunden Frauen untersucht und Erkenntnisse über verschiedene autonome Regulationsmechanismen gewonnen werden. Hierbei sollen auch medikamentöse Einflüsse berücksichtigt und das subjektive Stressempfinden mit den physiologischen Messwerten korreliert werden. Methoden: 52 Patientinnen (P) und 39 gematchte, gesunde Frauen (K) wurden mit Hilfe eines hämodynamischen Monitorsystems während zweier 5-­minütiger Stresstests (Rechentest: RT, Babyschreien: BS) und in Ruhe untersucht. Mittels EKG-­, Impedanz-­ und Blutdruckmessungen wurden für jeden Herzschlag die folgenden Parameter erhoben: Herzrate (HR), Herzindex (CI), Präejektionszeit (PEP), peripherer Gefäßwiderstandsindex (TPRI), systolischer Blutdruck (sBP), hoch-­ und niederfrequente Herzratenvariabilität (HF-­ und LF-­HRV), Standardabweichung der regulären RR-­‐Intervalle (SDNN) und Barorezeptorsensitivät (BRS). Neben dem globalen Gruppenvergleich wurde auch ein Subgruppenvergleich durchgeführt, bei welchem die Reaktionen der Patientinnen ohne kardial wirksame Medikamente (P0, n=21) jeweils mit denen der Patientinnen mit kardial wirksamer Medikation (P1, n=27) und denen der Kontrollgruppe verglichen wurde. Zu Beginn der Untersuchung, nach jeder Stressphase und nach der abschließenden Entspannungsmusik wurde zudem das subjektive Stressempfinden auf einer SUD-­Skala von 0-­10 erfragt. Ergebnisse: Die HF-­HRV und die BRS von K fielen während des RT ab, während es zu einer Aktivierung der β-­adrenergen Parameter kam (CI↑, HR↑, PEP↓). Das BS verursachte bei K hingegen einen Anstieg von HF-­HRV und BRS, ohne dass hier starke sympathischen Reaktionen beobachtet werden konnten. P lag mit der HF-­HRV während aller Messphasen signifikant unter den Werten von K (p=0,0003). Signifikante Wechselwirkungen konnten für HR (p<0,0001), PEP (p=0,0032), BRS (p=0,0002) und CI (p=0,0106) nachgewiesen werden: während des RT stiegen die HR (p<0,0001) und der CI (p=0,041) von P signifikant schwächer an als bei K, während die PEP entsprechend weniger abfiel (p=0,006). Der Anstieg der BRS während des BS war bei P ebenfalls signifikant geringer ausgeprägt (p=0,009), zu vermehrten sympathischen Reaktionen kam es bei P dennoch ebenfalls nicht. Insgesamt zeigten sich auch keine signifikanten Unterschiede für den sBD. Dafür war das subjektive Stressempfinden von P über alle Messphasen und insbesondere während des BS signifikant höher (p=0,01). Eine geringe Korrelation war hier vor allem mit der HF-­HRV und der HR zu finden, für die meisten Parameter zeigte sich allerdings kein korrelativer Zusammenhang. Im Vergleich zwischen P0 und P1 fanden sich nur für CI, TPRI und SDNN signifikante Gruppenunterschiede (P1: CI↓, TPRI↑, SDNN↓) und für keinen der Parameter konnten im Subgruppenvergleich eine signifikante Wechselwirkung nachgewiesen werden. Insbesondere die HF-­HRV war auch bei P0 signifikant niedriger als bei K (p=0,0432). Das subjektive Stressempfinden beider Subgruppen unterschied sich nicht signifikant. Interpretation: Die gesunden Frauen reagierten während des Rechentests wie erwartet mit einer vagalen Disinhibition und der simultanen Aktivierung β-­adrenerger Aktivitätsparameter. Dies kann als eine aktive Stressbewältigung interpretiert werden. Während des Babyschreiens wurde jedoch offensichtlich eine andere autonome Reaktion ausgelöst, welche sich hauptsächlich in einer gesteigerten Vagusaktivität ausdrückte und kaum Veränderungen der sympathischen Parameter verursachte. Diese Studie zeigt somit als erste unterschiedliche vagale Reagibilitätsmuster auf externe Stimuli bei gesunden Frauen und verdeutlicht so den starken Einfluss der vagalen Modulation auf die verschiedenen Stressreaktionen. Bei den Patientinnen war hingegen bereits in Ruhe ein erniedrigter Vagotonus zu beobachten, welcher unter Stress eine reduzierte Reaktionsfähigkeit zeigte. Insbesondere während des Babyschreiens stiegen die vagalen Parameter bei ihnen nicht vergleichbar stark an. Darüber hinaus war bei den Patientinnen während des Rechnens eine geringere Aktivierung der β-­adrenergen Parameter und zu finden und auch während des Babyschreiens kam es trotz eines stärkeren subjektiven Stressempfindens nicht zu einer verstärkten sympathischen Reaktion. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen somit für eine vorwiegend vagale Dysfunktion bei PTBS im Sinne einer vagalen Hyporeagibilität bei insgesamt reduziertem Vagotonus. Auch wenn die Korrelation niedriger vagaler Werte mit einem erhöhten subjektiven Stressempfinden bei den Patientinnen nur schwach ist, ist sie mit den anderen Ergebnissen dieser Studie gut vereinbar. Stress scheint also möglicherweise auch durch den ausbleibenden Anstieg des Vagotonus zu entstehen und nicht nur durch eine Aktivierung des Sympathikus. Insgesamt muss jedoch eine Diskrepanz zwischen dem starken subjektiven Stresserleben und den nur gering reagierenden physiologischen Parametern hervorgehoben werden. Die kardialen Nebenwirkungen der Medikamente führten bei den Patientinnen lediglich zu einem Shift einiger Werte, nicht zu einem grundsätzlich veränderten Reaktionsmuster.

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INTRODUÇÃO: a resiliência é um construto associado às características pessoais que permitem a um indivíduo adaptar-se e superar situações adversas. Uma pessoa mais resiliente é aquela com maiores habilidades de se adaptar sob estresse, a despeito da carga de dificuldades enfrentada e de um contexto desfavorável no entorno. A Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS-15) e a Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) tentam aferir a resiliência individual e já tiveram suas propriedades testadas em vários países da América do Norte, África, Europa e Ásia. OBJETIVO: traduzir, realizar a adaptação para o contexto cultural brasileiro e verificar a confiabilidade e a validade das escalas DRS-15 e CD-RISC. MÉTODO: uma metodologia com as etapas seqüenciais de tradução/retro-tradução/adaptação cultural/estudo de confiabilidade/estudo de validade foi utilizada. A adaptação cultural foi executada por um grupo de especialistas em epidemiologia, linguística, psiquiatria e tratamento da dor. A compreensão das versões culturalmente adaptadas foi testada com 65 pacientes adultos do grupo de avaliação pré-anestésica e do ambulatório geral de ansiedade do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP. Retro-traduções das versões finais foram aprovadas pelos autores principais das escalas originais. O estudo de validade foi conduzido pela aplicação conjunta de ambas as versões brasileiras das escalas, do Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL), do Self-report questionnaire (SRQ), da escala de incapacitação de Sheehan (SDS) e da Escala Graduada de Dor Crônica (CPG-Br) a 575 pacientes e acompanhantes adultos da mesma população. A confiabilidade teste-reteste foi avaliada por uma segunda aplicação das escalas de resiliência a 123 participantes, entre 7 e 14 dias após a entrevista inicial. RESULTADOS: entre os participantes da fase de validação, a idade média foi de 44 anos (amplitude de 18-93), com predomínio de mulheres (74%), e média de dez anos de estudo. A maioria dos entrevistados (93%) pertencia aos estratos socioeconômicos B e C. Três fatores e quatro fatores foram identificados por análise fatorial exploratória para as versões da DRS-15 e CD-RISC, respectivamente. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach foi de 0,71 para a DRS, e de 0,93 para a CD-RISC, indicando melhor consistência interna para a segunda. A confiabilidade teste-reteste retornou coeficientes de correlação intra-classe de 0,81 e 0,86 para a DRS e CD-RISC, respectivamente. A correlação entre as duas escalas foi de 0,52. Observaram-se correlações negativas significativas entre os escores das escalas de resiliência e os escores para cinco das seis dimensões do ISSL, assim como para com os escores do SRQ e SDS (p < 0,001). Não houve correlação entre as escalas de resiliência e a CPG-Br. A CD-RISC encontrou correlações mais fortes que a DRS para com as variáveis de comparação externa. As duas escalas discriminaram resiliência menor para os pacientes dos ambulatórios psiquiátricos, em comparação aos dos ambulatórios não-psiquiátricos. Entre os pacientes psiquiátricos, os escores de resiliência foram significativamente menores para os pacientes com transtorno Borderline de personalidade, em comparação aos pacientes com transtorno de estresse pós-traumático. CONCLUSÃO: propriedades de consistência interna, estabilidade temporal e validade foram satisfatoriamente demonstradas para as versões brasileiras da DRS e da CD-RISC em uma amostra de pacientes e acompanhantes adultos dos ambulatórios do Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo / INTRODUCTION: Resilience is a construct related to the personal characteristics that allow an individual to adapt and overcome adversity. A more resilient person is the one that exhibits greater abilities to adapt under stress, despite the burden of difficulties and of an unfavorable context. The Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS-15) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) are two scales to measure individual resilience, both of which have had psychometrics evaluated by researchers from the US, Africa, Europe and Asia. OBJECTIVE: To verify the reliability and validity of culturally adapted Brazilian Portuguese versions of the DRS-15 and CD-RISC. METHODS: The following stepwise methodology was used: translation / back translation / cultural adaptation / reliability study / validation study. Cultural adaptation was performed by an expert committee of epidemiologist, linguists, psychiatrist and pain specialists. Comprehension of the culturally adapted versions was tested through 65 interviews with adult patients from the pre-anesthetic consultation ambulatory and general ambulatory for anxiety disorders of Hospital das Clínicas of FMUSP. Back-translations of the culturally adapted versions were fully approved by the authors of the original scales. Validation studies were carried out by concurrent application of both the adapted versions of resilience scales, the Brazilian Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults (ISSL), the Self-report Questionnaire (SRQ), the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) and the Chronic Pain Grade (CPG-Br) to 575 participants (outpatients and companions) from the same population. Test-retest reliability was studied by means of a second interview with 123 subjects, which took place between 7 and 14 days after the first one. RESULTS: Subjects of the validation phase were mostly women (74%), with an average of 44 years of age (18-93) and 10 years of formal schooling. There was a predominance of socioeconomic levels B or C (93%) on an A to E scale. Exploratory factor analyses resulted in a three-factor for the DRS and a four-factor solution for the CD-RISC. Alpha coefficients of 0.71 for the DRS and 0.93 for the CD-RISC indicated better internal consistency for the latter. Temporal stability was regarded as excellent, with intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.81 and 0.86 for the DRS and CD-RISC, respectively. Correlation coefficient between the two scales was 0.52. Significant negative correlations were observed between the scores of both resilience scales and five out of six dimensions of the ISSL, and so as between the resilience scales scores and those of the SRQ and SDS (p < 0.001). No correlation was observed between the resilience scales and the CPG-Br. The CD-RISC was more competent than DRS to depict such correlations. Both scales were able to discriminate differences in resilience scores of non-psychiatric and psychiatric patients, the latter presenting with lower scores. The group of borderline patients significantly presented with lower resilience scores in comparison with those of the post-traumatic stress disorder patients. CONCLUSION: Good reliability and validity were demonstrated with the Brazilian Portuguese versions of the DRS and CD-RISC as tested on a sample of adult ambulatory patients and their adult companions at Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo

Abstract Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a common mental disorder involving a substantial decrease in functional ability, self-destructive behavior and extensive burden on the health care system. This study project aimed to create a well-structured and easily applicable treatment model for patients with severe BPD. The effectiveness of the treatment model was evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. The study group consisted of 71 patients with a mean age of 32 years. During the intervention period (1 Aug 2010 - 31 Jul 2011) 24 patients received new treatment (Community Treatment by Experts, CTBE) while 47 patients received treatment as usual (TAU). Patients in the CTBE group had 40 individual therapy sessions and 40 psychoeducational group sessions, where they were taught the key concepts of schema therapy (ST). Requirements for the therapists providing individual therapy were as follows: willingness to treat patients with BPD, commitment to weekly individual sessions with patients and commitment to participation fortnightly in a CTBE supervision consultation group, but no former psychotherapy training was required. Psychiatric treatment of the TAU group was variable. Changes in BPD symptoms, health-related quality of life, early maladaptive schemas and schema modes were measured at the beginning and at the end of the one-year intervention. At the end of the year there were 20 patients (83%) in the CTBE group and 33 patients (70%) in the TAU group. After the intervention the patients in the CTBE group had less self-destructive behavior, impulsivity, and paranoid ideation or dissociative symptoms than patients in the TAU group, which means the CTBE treatment model was able to reduce the most serious symptoms of BPD. It is possible that the reduction in self-destructive behavior of CTBE patients is linked to the fact that certain early maladaptive schemas, such as rejection, mistrust and social isolation, decreased during the intervention. Similar changes were not seen in the TAU group patients. The study showed the CTBE treatment to be more efficient than TAU treatment. In addition, the CTBE model is applicable to public mental health services using existing professionals. / Tiivistelmä Epävakaa persoonallisuus on tavallinen mielenterveyden häiriö, johon liittyy huomattavaa toimintakyvyn alenemista, itsetuhoisuutta ja runsasta terveyspalvelujen käyttöä. Tässä tutkimusprojektissa luotiin Oulun kaupungin mielenterveyspalveluihin uusi hoitomalli vaikeaoireisille epävakaasta persoonallisuudesta kärsiville potilaille. Hoitomallin tehokkuutta arvioitiin satunnaistetulla kontrolloidulla tutkimuksella. Tutkimusjoukon muodosti 71 potilasta, keski-iältään 32 vuotta. Interventiovuoden ajan (1.8.2010–31.7.2011) 24 potilasta sai uuden hoitomallin mukaista hoitoa (ns. hoitomalliryhmä) ja 47 potilasta tavanomaista psykiatrista hoitoa (ns. verrokkiryhmä). Hoitomalliryhmän potilaat kävivät vuoden aikana viikoittain yksilöhoidossa (40 käyntiä) ja psykoedukatiivisessa ryhmässä (40 istuntoa), jossa potilaille mm. opetettiin skeematerapian keskeisiä käsitteitä. Yksilöhoidon toteuttaneilta työntekijöiltä ei edellytetty psykoterapiakoulutusta. Sen sijaan heiltä edellytettiin kiinnostusta epävakaan persoonallisuuden hoitoa kohtaan sekä halua sitoutua interventiovuoden ajaksi viikoittaisiin yksilötapaamisiin ja kahden viikon välein kokoontuvaan työnohjaustyyppiseen konsultaatioryhmään. Tavanomainen psykiatrinen hoito oli vaihtelevaa. Interventiovuoden alussa ja lopussa mitattiin epävakaan persoonallisuushäiriön oireita, terveyteen liittyvää elämänlaatua sekä varhaisia haitallisia skeemoja (tunnelukkoja) ja skeemamoodeja (minätiloja). Interventiovuoden päätyttyä hoitomalliryhmässä oli jäljellä 20 potilasta (83 %) ja verrokkiryhmässä 33 potilasta (70 %). Hoitomalliryhmän potilailla oli interventiovuoden jälkeen vähemmän itsetuhoisuutta, impulsiivisuutta ja paranoidisia ajatuksia tai dissosiatiivisia oireita kuin verrokkiryhmän potilailla, eli hoitomallilla pystyttiin vähentämään kaikkein vakavimpia epävakaaseen persoonallisuushäiriöön liittyviä oireita. On mahdollista, että itsetuhoisuuden väheneminen hoitomalliryhmässä liittyy siihen, että tietyt haitalliset skeemat, kuten hylkäämisen, epäluottamuksen ja sosiaalisen eristäytymisen skeemat, lievenivät hoidon aikana. Tavanomaista psykiatrista hoitoa saaneilla potilailla ei tapahtunut vastaavia muutoksia. Tutkimusprojekti osoitti, että hoitomallin mukainen epävakaan persoonallisuuden hoito on tehokkaampaa kuin tavanomainen psykiatrinen hoito. Lisäksi hoitomalli on sovellettavissa julkisen sektorin psykiatriseen palvelujärjestelmään ja käytettävissä oleviin henkilökuntaresursseihin.