A transição da universidade para o mundo do trabalho, bem como o sucesso na carreira, são temas de interesse dos pesquisadores da psicologia vocacional. Contudo, pouca atenção tem sido dedicada ao estudo do sucesso nessa importante transição na perspectiva de recém-formados. Buscando preencher tal lacuna, esta investigação teve como objetivo geral descrever e explicar o sucesso na transição universidade-trabalho. Foram conduzidos três estudos. O primeiro, de natureza qualitativa, buscou explorar as definições de sucesso na transição universidade-trabalho. No segundo estudo, foi construído, a partir dos dados qualitativos, um instrumento multifatorial que avalia diferentes indicadores de sucesso na transição universidade-trabalho. Essa medida se mostrou psicometricamente adequada e foi utilizada como variável dependente no terceiro estudo, de natureza longitudinal, sobre os determinantes do sucesso na carreira depois da conclusão da graduação. Para cada estudo, os participantes foram recrutados por conveniência. Para o primeiro estudo, qualitativo, colaboraram nove recém-formados, organizados em dois grupos focais. Para o segundo estudo, de validação da medida, utilizou-se o procedimento de validação cruzada com duas amostras independentes, totalizando 377 recém-formados. Para o terceiro estudo, de natureza longitudinal, obteve-se a colaboração de 195 participantes que responderam à pesquisa em dois momentos: durante o último ano da graduação e quando já tinham finalizado a formação superior (follow-up). Os pressupostos da análise do discurso e da epistemologia construcionista social subsidiaram as análises do estudo qualitativo. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por meio de programas estatísticos SPSS for Windows e AMOS, versão 22. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e análises fatoriais exploratórias e confirmatórias. Os resultados da investigação qualitativa indicaram que o sucesso na transição universidade-trabalho pode ser descrito por uma multiplicidade de sentidos que refletem resultados de natureza subjetiva (confiança no futuro de carreira, conquista gradativa dos objetivos traçados, construção da identidade profissional, adaptação ao papel de trabalhador e satisfação com o percurso profissional) e objetiva (conseguir um trabalho na área, remuneração compatível com o mercado e com os pares, independência financeira e reconhecimento social pelo desempenho profissional). Outro resultado dessa pesquisa foi a construção e a validação da Escala de Avaliação do Sucesso na Transição Universidade-Trabalho (ESTUT). O estudo longitudinal, por sua vez, evidenciou que tanto variáveis individuais associadas à identidade, à decisão, à exploração de carreira e à autoeficácia profissional, quanto as contextuais, relacionadas às percepções do apoio social e das oportunidades do mercado de trabalho, são necessárias para predizer o sucesso nessa etapa da carreira. Porém, as variáveis individuais se mostraram mais significativas, ressaltando o papel da agência pessoal no processo de transição universidade-trabalho. De modo geral, os estudos realizados ressaltaram a inter-relação entre os aspectos objetivos/contextuais e subjetivos/individuais da carreira. As conclusões apontam para a necessidade de se adotar uma visão psicossocial e interdisciplinar para a compreensão do sucesso na transição universidade-trabalho. Implicações teóricas, práticas e para futuras pesquisas são discutidas. / University-to-work transition and career success are themes of interest among vocational psychology researchers. Nevertheless, little attention has been devoted to the study of career success at this important transition from the new graduates perspective. Aiming to fill this gap, the objective of this research was to describe and explain career success during university-to-work transition. Three studies were conducted. The first study, qualitative, sought to explore the definitions of success during university-to-work transition. In the second study, based on previous qualitative data, was developed a multifactorial instrument that assesses different indicators of university-to-work success. This measure proved to be psychometrically adequate and was used as a dependent variable in the third study, longitudinal, which investigated the determinants of career success after graduation. For each study participants were recruited by convenience methods. For the first study, qualitative, collaborated nine new graduates, organized in two focus groups. For the second study, measurement validation, was used a cross-validation procedure with two independent samples, totaling 377 college graduates. For the third study, longitudinal, 195 participants responded to the survey in two times: during the final year of college education and when they had already graduated (follow-up). Discourse analysis approach and social constructionist epistemology was used for the qualitative analyzes. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows and AMOS, version 22. Descriptive statistics and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes were performed. The results of qualitative research indicated that success in university-to-work transition could be described by a multiplicity of meanings that reflect subjective (confidence in the career future, goal progress and career plans, construction of professional identity, work adjustment, and career path satisfaction) and objective (work in the degree area and good salary, financial independence, and social recognition) career outcomes. Another contribution of this research was the development and validation of the University-to-Work Success Scale (UWSS). In addition, the longitudinal study showed that individual variables associated with career identity, career decision, career exploration and professional self-efficacy, as well as contextual variables related to perceptions of social support and labor market opportunities were necessary to explain the success at this career stage. However, the individual variables were more significant, emphasizing the role of personal agency in the university-to-work transition process. Overall, the studies highlighted the interrelationship between objective/contextual and subjective/individual aspects of a career. The findings pointed out the need to adopt a psychosocial and interdisciplinary approach to understanding university-to-work transition success. Implications for theory, research and practice are discussed

A Educação para a Carreira foi um movimento surgido nos Estados Unidos na década de 1970, que propunha uma reforma na educação americana, desde o ensino elementar, fundamentada na ideia de que a educação escolar deveria ser socialmente útil, desenvolvendo no indivíduo habilidades que pudessem ser aproveitadas futuramente, quando ingressasse no mundo do trabalho. Embora essa concepção estivesse presente no pensamento educacional americano desde os primórdios da formação do Estado, sua retomada pelo movimento da Educação para Carreira num momento de declínio econômico, em que as indústrias buscavam novas estratégias de enfrentamento, abrindo espaço para a emergência do toyotismo, favoreceu a obtenção do apoio ostensivo de um grande número de associações civis e profissionais, além dos próprios educadores. A Educação para a Carreira se expandiu para outros países que viviam uma situação semelhante, sendo que, no Brasil, permanece sendo uma prática pouco conhecida, uma vez que há, no campo da orientação profissional, uma preponderância no uso da abordagem clínica nos atendimentos, mesmo aqueles desenvolvidos no contexto escolar. Há muitos estudos realizados em escolas que indicam o quão a orientação profissional favorece os jovens que se encontram em momento de escolha. Entretanto, paradoxalmente, a orientação profissional permanece ocupando um lugar marginal dentro deste contexto. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi buscar conhecer a realidade concreta de uma escola pública técnica do Estado de São Paulo, procurando compreender as possibilidades e a viabilidade de uma proposta de Educação para a Carreira, em formato de disciplina integrada à grade curricular dos alunos, tornar-se uma prática sistematizada no cotidiano da mesma, no intuito de superar essa posição marginal. Para tanto, a pesquisa desenvolveu-se em duas etapas. Na primeira, a partir da abordagem etnográfica, foi realizado um mapeamento do contexto escolar e suas sobredeterminações, no sentido de melhor compreendê-lo. Na segunda parte, tratou-se da construção, da implementação e da avaliação da prática interventiva em educação para a carreira no formato de uma disciplina integrante da grade curricular da escola. Frente aos resultados obtidos, é possível afirmar que esta pesquisa teve relevância não só porque proporcionou aos alunos um espaço de reflexão sobre seus estudos e projetos profissionais futuros, mas, principalmente, porque demonstrou que este espaço pode ser instituído na escola, fazendo parte do projeto políticopedagógico da mesma, ainda que não haja políticas públicas específicas na área que tragam essa obrigatoriedade. Foi possível constatar que o arcabouço legal proporcionado pela LDBEN de 1996, que permite à escola diversificar parte de seu currículo, somado a uma postura mais ativa do orientador profissional junto à mesma, pode promover, ali, a existência de um espaço de reflexão sistematizado para o jovem se preparar adequadamente para a transição escola-trabalho / The Career Education was a movement that emerged in United States in the 1970s which proposed a reform in American education, from elementary school, based on the idea that schooling should be socially useful, developing the individual skills that could be used in the future, when they would enter in the labor market. Although this idea had presented in American educational thoughts since the beginning of states formation, its resurgence by Career Education at a time of economic decline when industries were seeking to new strategies to continue in the market, opening a space to the emergence of Toyotism, brought a great support of a large number of civil and professional associations and educators themselves. The Career Education expanded to other countries that lived a similar situation. In Brazil, the Career Education remains a practice poorly known because there is a preponderance of clinical approach in the career guidance practice, even those developed in the schools. There are many researches in schools that indicate how career guidance helps young people who are in the moment of choice. However, paradoxically, the career guidance remains occupying a marginal place in this context. The aim of this study was try to know the reality of a technical public school in São Paulo, trying to understand the possibilities and feasibility of a career education proposal, as curriculum subject, to turn it into a systematic practice in the daily one of the school with the objective to overcome this marginal position. Therefore, this research was conducted in two stages. At first, from the ethnographic approach, we were mapped the school context and over determinations in order to understand it. In the second part, we built, implemented and evaluated the intervention practice as a curriculum subject. As results we can say that this research had relevance because it gave to students a space for reflection about their studies and future professional projects and because it demonstrated that this space can be set up in the school as part of their political-pedagogical project, although there is no specific public policies in the area that bring this obligation. It also was possible to see that the legal framework provided by LDBEN of 1996, which allows the school to diversify part of their curriculum, coupled with a more active attitude of the counselor, can promote a systematic reflection space for the young people be properly prepared for a school-work transition

In Nigeria, 92% of retirees live in poverty because of insufficient preparation for entrepreneurship that could serve as an alternative income in retirement. Guided by the human capital theory, the purpose of this case study was to explore how 15 civil service employees in Grade Levels 15-17 at the public service attained small scale business information before retirement. All employees had knowledge, training, and experience in small-scale business operation. Fifteen employees participated in individual interviews and 5 participated in a focus group; data were also gathered from, employee training records, organizational policy documents on training, and public service documents regarding capacity building. Using Yin's 5 step data analysis process, member checking, and triangulation, key findings emerged on financial institutions, mentoring, and vocational training opportunities as avenues employees can attain small scale business information required for entrepreneurship. The study findings may create awareness on how employees can attain small scale business information regarding sources of funding, mentorship, and vocational training during their final years of employment. This awareness may promote positive social change by preparing these individuals for entrepreneurship in retirement, thereby reducing the rate of post-retirement poverty.

<p>Studiens syfte är att belysa hur fyra unga individer, i ålder 18- 25 resonerar kring sin valprocess retrospektivt och i nutid. Studien har fokus på individens egna berättelser, dvs. erfarenheter, förväntningar och drömmar om framtiden. Den illustrerar även individens syn på samhällets stödjande funktioner i samband med studie- och yrkesval. För studien tillämpas en induktiv kvalitativ metod. Resultatet visar att valet sker i samspel mellan individernas egna preferenser och deras omgivning och att valet till både utbildning och yrke kan vara spännande men också svårt. Där finns förväntningar men också en känsla av ovisshet. Det visar även en utbredd upplevelse av att de inte får, eller har fått det stöd som de anser att de behöver. En slutsats som kan dras är att unga individer behöver verktyg för att kunna navigera mellan dröm och verklighet.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study is to illuminate how four young individuals in the age of 18 to 25 reason about their career choices both retrospectively and today. The focus of the study is on their own stories, i.e. their experiences, expectations and dreams of the future. It also illustrates their view on society’s supporting functions in relation to career choices. An inductive qualitative method is used for the study. The results show that choices are made in an interaction between the individuals own preferences and their context, and that career choices can be difficult as well as exciting. The results also show an extensive feeling of not getting the help or the support they consider necessary and that they need tools to be able to navigate from dream to reality.</p>

Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2006.

Studiens syfte är att belysa hur fyra unga individer, i ålder 18- 25 resonerar kring sin valprocess retrospektivt och i nutid. Studien har fokus på individens egna berättelser, dvs. erfarenheter, förväntningar och drömmar om framtiden. Den illustrerar även individens syn på samhällets stödjande funktioner i samband med studie- och yrkesval. För studien tillämpas en induktiv kvalitativ metod. Resultatet visar att valet sker i samspel mellan individernas egna preferenser och deras omgivning och att valet till både utbildning och yrke kan vara spännande men också svårt. Där finns förväntningar men också en känsla av ovisshet. Det visar även en utbredd upplevelse av att de inte får, eller har fått det stöd som de anser att de behöver. En slutsats som kan dras är att unga individer behöver verktyg för att kunna navigera mellan dröm och verklighet. / The purpose of this study is to illuminate how four young individuals in the age of 18 to 25 reason about their career choices both retrospectively and today. The focus of the study is on their own stories, i.e. their experiences, expectations and dreams of the future. It also illustrates their view on society’s supporting functions in relation to career choices. An inductive qualitative method is used for the study. The results show that choices are made in an interaction between the individuals own preferences and their context, and that career choices can be difficult as well as exciting. The results also show an extensive feeling of not getting the help or the support they consider necessary and that they need tools to be able to navigate from dream to reality.

Studie- och yrkesvägledningenhar de senaste åren varit utsatt för politisk debatt. Många experter, forskare och politiker har uttalat kritik kring verksamheten, framförallt för att granskningar visat att engagemanget kring området varit bristfälligt på skolorna. Utredningar har gjorts, projektarbeten har satts igång och rekommendationer har getts ut, allt för att öka måluppfyllelsen enligt områdets styrdokument. Syftet med studien är att granska problematiken från skolans eget perspektiv, genom att dokumentera röster från skolans insida. Elever, lärare och studie- och yrkesvägledare har genom enkäter fått uttala sig om sina personliga erfarenheter, uppfattningar och preferenser angående verksamhetsområdet. Resultatet visar på att studie- och yrkesväglednings verksamheten anses som viktig av skolans elever och personal. Den visar emellertid också på att samsynen av verksamheten är dålig mellan de olika grupperna, där lärarna står längst bort från styrdokumentens intentioner. Resultaten visar dessutom att delar av skolans omvärldsorientering, angående kultur och föreningsliv, inte riktigt uppfattas som studie- och yrkesvägledande aktiviteter. / Study and vocational guidancehas in recent years been subject to political debate. Many experts, researchers and politicians have expressed criticism about the guidance, mainly because studies have shown that the engagement of the area has been inadequate at schools. Investigations have been made, projects have been undertaken and recommendations were released, all to increase the compliance rate, according to the area's governing documents. The purpose if this study is to examine the problem from the school´s own perspective, by documenting the voices from those inside the school. Students, teachers and guidance counselors have through questionnaires been able to express their own personal view of experiences, perceptions and preferences regarding counseling activities at school. The result shows that guidance and counseling activities are deemed as important by the school's students and staff. The result also, however, shows that the convergence of educational and vocational guidance is poor between the different groups at school, whereteachers are furthest away from the policy documents intentions. Furthermore they also show that parts of the school's social orientation, regarding culture and clubs, are not really perceived as educational and vocational guidance activities.

Quelle est la structure décisionnelle de la compétence à s’orienter ? Après avoir analysé les modèles existants et parcouru plusieurs recherches étudiant l’impact de différentes variables, nous avons proposé un modèle général qui pourrait se baser à la fois sur des modèles structuraux différenciant des axes d’internalité et d’externalité, sur des modèles hiérarchiques et sur des modèles dynamiques. La validation de ce modèle repose sur deux études empiriques distinctes. Une première expérimentation avec groupe témoin a été réalisée auprès de 665 étudiants issus de trois filières universitaires (psychologie, sciences et lettres) et a permis d’observer la mobilité de la maturité de carrière au cours d’une action d’orientation. La seconde, menée auprès de 322 étudiants en psychologie et en sciences, a montré l’interaction de nombreuses variables internes, comme le locus de contrôle, le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle, l’autonomie, l’anxiété décisionnelle et la maturité de carrière, cette dernière pouvant s’inscrire comme une composante d’un modèle général, hiérarchique, dynamique et multivarié de la compétence à s’orienter. Une recherche complémentaire auprès de 186 étudiants a montré l’aspect à la fois modérateur et conflictuel des valeurs d’ouverture au changement (autonomie et stimulation) et de continuité (tradition et conformité) à l’œuvre lors du processus décisionnel. / What is the decision-making structure that underpins career self-determination? Having examined existing models and various studies of the impact of their respective variables, we propose a general model which is inspired by three others: a structural model differentiating between internal and external axes, a hierarchical model and a dynamic model. In order to confirm this hypothesis, we have conducted two distinct experiments. The first of these, with a sample group of 665 students from three university backgrounds (psychology, general science and humanities), enabled us to observe the changing dynamics of career maturity during a career guidance activity. The second experiment, carried out with 322 psychology and science students, showed the interaction of numerous internal personal characteristics, such as the locus of control, the feeling of self-efficacy, autonomy, decision stress and career maturity. As opposed to earlier general preconceptions, we suggest that this last characteristic (career maturity) is just one of the components of a general self-determination model based on hierarchy, dynamics and multiple variables. Subsequent research, carried out with 186 students, has shown the moderating and conflictual aspects of the values (autonomy and stimulation) adopted by persons open to change and the values (tradition and conformity) of persons preferring to continue without change within the decision process.

The objective of the study was to determine the impact of a train-the-trainer career education programme on educators and black grade eleven learners in the Ekurhuleni districts of Gauteng. The context of career education in South Africa is such that learners have little exposure to career information and planning. This is a result of an education system which historically has placed little emphasis on the preparation of learners for the world of work. In the past little or no career guidance was conducted in black schools. To overcome this dilemma a train-the-trainer career education programme was developed and implemented with educators in the Ekurhuleni district. The results showed that educators felt empowered by the programme and that it provided them with resources and information. The impact on the learners in terms of the programme was achieved by means of a pre- and post-test on the Career Development Questionnaire (CDQ). A convenience sample of grade eleven learners (n = 5 1) in the Ekurhuleni East district of Gauteng was taken. The results indicate that the learner's career maturity scores increased after their exposure to the programme. This research serves as a model for the development and implementation of a train the trainer career education programme and demonstrates how an action-oriented research design can empower educators in the implementation of such a programme. The study also highlights the importance of providing adequate resources as part of career education intervention in the South Africa context. Recommendations for organisations and future research are made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2006.

The objective of the study was to determine the impact of a train-the-trainer career education programme on educators and black grade eleven learners in the Ekurhuleni districts of Gauteng. The context of career education in South Africa is such that learners have little exposure to career information and planning. This is a result of an education system which historically has placed little emphasis on the preparation of learners for the world of work. In the past little or no career guidance was conducted in black schools. To overcome this dilemma a train-the-trainer career education programme was developed and implemented with educators in the Ekurhuleni district. The results showed that educators felt empowered by the programme and that it provided them with resources and information. The impact on the learners in terms of the programme was achieved by means of a pre- and post-test on the Career Development Questionnaire (CDQ). A convenience sample of grade eleven learners (n = 5 1) in the Ekurhuleni East district of Gauteng was taken. The results indicate that the learner's career maturity scores increased after their exposure to the programme. This research serves as a model for the development and implementation of a train the trainer career education programme and demonstrates how an action-oriented research design can empower educators in the implementation of such a programme. The study also highlights the importance of providing adequate resources as part of career education intervention in the South Africa context. Recommendations for organisations and future research are made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2006.