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The political history of U.S. commercial remote sensing began in 1984 when the U.S. government first attempted to commercialize its civil earth observation satellite system " Landsat. Since then, the high technology of earth imaging satellite systems has generated intense debates and policy conflicts, primarily centered on U.S. government concerns over the national security and foreign policy implications of high-resolution commercial satellite systems. Conversely, proponents of commercial observation satellites have urged U.S. policymakers to recognize the scientific and socio-economic utility of commercial remote sensing and thus craft and implement regulatory regimes that allow for a greater degree of information openness and transparency in using earth observation satellite imagery. This dissertation traces and analyzes that tumultuous political history and examines the policy issues and social construction of commercial remote sensing to determine the role of knowledge in the effective crafting and execution of commercial remote sensing laws and policies. Although individual and organizational perspectives, interests, missions, and cultures play a significant role in the social construction of commercial observation satellite systems and programs, the problem of insufficient knowledge of the myriad dimensions and complex nature of commercial remote sensing is a little studied but important component of this social construction process. Knowledge gaps concerning commercial remote sensing extend to various dimensions of the subject matter, such as the global, economic, technical, and legal/policy aspects. Numerous examples of knowledge voids are examined to suggest a connection between deficient knowledge and divergent policy perceptions as they relate to commercial remote sensing. Relevant knowledge voids are then structurally categorized to demonstrate the vastness and complexity of commercial remote sensing policy issues and to offer recommendations on how to fill such knowledge gaps to effect increased collaboration between the US government and the U.S. commercial remote sensing industry. Finally, the dissertation offers suggestions for future STS studies on policy issues, particularly those that focus on the global dimensions of commercial remote sensing or on applying the knowledge gap concept advanced by this dissertation to other areas of science and technology policymaking. / Ph. D.

[pt] Na última década, o setor elétrico brasileiro tem enfrentado desafios regulatórios e operacionais devido à necessidade de adaptação às mudanças na matriz elétrica, que apresenta uma participação crescente de energias renováveis intermitentes, como a solar fotovoltaica e a eólica. Além disso, restrições sociais e ambientais para a construção de novos reservatórios hidrelétricos exigem o desenvolvimento de novos modelos para a gestão do risco hidrológico. Esta tese é composta por quatro estudos e tem como objetivo desenvolver modelos de apoio à decisão que contribuam para a gestão do sistema interligado nacional e para a otimização de processos relevantes do setor, considerando o cenário atual. O primeiro estudo, ao definir uma metodologia de acesso aos parâmetros do funcional ECP_G, contribui para a inovação e o aprimoramento de modelos teóricos, com resultados práticos para o setor. O segundo estudo contribui para o processo de sazonalização da garantia física e revela uma estratégia ótima que maximiza simultaneamente os resultados dos agentes geradores, prevenindo reduções nos payoffs resultantes de movimentos individuais de concorrentes. O terceiro estudo propõe um modelo de otimização de portfólio de comercialização, que permite aos agentes uma exposição adequada ao risco, contribuindo para uma gestão comercial mais eficiente. Finalmente, o quarto estudo apresenta um modelo de operação de uma bolsa de futuros de energia, fornecendo informações relevantes para agentes interessados em implementar um empreendimento desse tipo no Brasil, que ainda não possui uma bolsa de futuros de energia. / [en] In the last decade, the Brazilian electricity sector has faced regulatory and operational challenges due to the need to adapt to changes in the energy matrix, which shows a growing share of intermittent renewable energies, such as solar photovoltaic and wind energy. Additionally, social and environmental restrictions on the construction of new hydroelectric reservoirs require the development of new models for hydrological risk management. This thesis comprises four studies and aims to develop decision support models that contribute to the management of the national interconnected system and the optimization of relevant processes in the sector, considering the current scenario. The first study, by defining a methodology for accessing the parameters of the ECP_G functional, contributes to the innovation and improvement of theoretical models, with practical results for the sector. The second study contributes to the process of seasonalizing the physical guarantee and reveals an optimal strategy that simultaneously maximizes the results of generating agents, preventing reductions in payoffs resulting from individual movements of competitors. The third study proposes a commercialization portfolio optimization model, which allows agents to adequately expose themselves to risk, contributing to more efficient commercial management. Finally, the fourth study presents an operational model for an energy futures clearing house, offering valuable insights for stakeholders interested in establishing such a project in Brazil, where no energy futures clearing house currently exists.

I mitt examensarbete 2023 på 15hp för programmet Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap: Medieaktivism, strategi och entreprenörskap analyserade jag kopplingarna mellan unga aspirerande musikskapares syn på artificiell intelligens (AI) och musikindustrin och deras estetiska upplevelser. Detta utfördes genom att hålla en fokusgrupp där deltagarna blev introducerade till AI-generad musik och AI-programmet Soundraw samt fick diskutera om deras åsikter om AI, estetiska upplevelser och musikindustrin. Materialet från studien analyserades sedan utifrån Actor Network teorin. Utifrån min studie uttryckte deltagarna att de hade svårare att skapa estetiska upplevelser av den AI-generade musiken. Det fanns tecken på att detta kan kopplas till att musiken enligt dem hade en låg estetisk och emotionell kvalitet, men även att detta kan vara kopplat till den erkända partiskheten emot AI inom industrin. Studien visade också på att ingen av deltagarna var mot AI:s utveckling inom industrin, något som blev intressant då AI var kritiserat under studien. Däremot är detta något som kommer behöva fortsättas studeras för att få en djupare förståelse över hur dessa aktörer är kopplade till varandra, samt vilka andra aktörer och egenskaper som går att koppla. / In my final exam project 2023 for 15hp in the Media and Communication Studies I studied the connections between young aspiring music creators’ view of artificial intelligence (AI) and the music industry and their aesthetic experience. This study was based on a focus group where the participants were introduced to AI-generated music and the AI-program Soundraw, along with being able to discuss their opinions of AI, aesthetic experiences, and the music industry. This focus group was later analyzed through the Actor Network Theory. Through my study participants voiced that they have a harder time creating aesthetic experiences through AI-generated music. There were signs that this was connected to what the participants saw as low aesthetic and emotional quality of the music, but it can also be connected to the admitted bias against AI in the music industry. The study also showed that no of the participants had much against AI’s involvement in the industry, which was interesting given that AI was still criticized through out the study. But this is something that still needs to continue to be studied to gain a lager understanding of how these actors are connected to each other and what other actors and factors are connected.

台灣近年來在社會服務工作上的發展，有越來越以引進商業經營模式來振興刺激供應不足的人群服務工作，尤其是「托兒」與「養老」被視為可企業化經營以滿足市場需求的兩大產業。不過社會福利事業和一般汽車香水商品在本質上有不同的特性與不同的存在價值，以強調利潤的商業經營模式導入社會服務的工作，是否會模糊社會福利事業的基本精神，是否會造成福利事業的階層化，都是必須考慮的重點。相對於福利的「營利化」方式，福利「社區化」也是最近相當熱門的服務供給模式，此兩種方式背後則隱含右派與左派的意識型態，無論從理論上或者實務上的探討對話，都可以給現階段台灣社會福利服務的發展一些啟發。 為了對福利「社區化」與「營利化」的內含有更深入的探討，本研究以實證研究方式進行，將彭婉如基金會近一年來所推動的「台北市國小學童課後照顧系統」以及「民間業者在國小校園內提供課後活動方案」做了比較，前者是非營利組織以社區動員方式推動課後照顧系統，後者則代表營利業者的商業化方式來提供服務，不過以社區與非營利機構結合所形成的福利「社區化」以及商業組織提供服務的「營利化」僅表示福利社區化與營利化的其中一種模式，政府、社區團體、工會團體也可以推動福利的社區化工作。 根據上述的研究問題，本研究希望能達到的研究目的如下： 1. 探討台灣國小學童課後照顧的需求、台北市政府課後照顧方案，以及「課後活動實施要點」到「公私協營辦法」的事件始末，以及目前公私協營辦法的執行狀況。 2. 探討福利民營化與非營利組織等相關概念，並希望釐清福利社區化與市場化在理論上的概念。 3. 透過教育局官員、基金會的負責人與承辦人員、在公私協營辦法下，運用學校空間提供服務的機構負責人、參與社區照顧的社區人士、學校校長等人的訪談，探討福利社區化與福利市場化的內涵。 資料的收集以深度訪談方法為主，研究範圍主要鎖定在台北市內與「課後照顧」相關的對象，由於事件發展至今約一年，「公私協營辦法」亦在試辦階段，訪談對象的選取以參與「課後活動實施要點」、「公私協營試辦要點」的對象為主，含教育局、主辦學校、合作單位、社區人士等，共計深度訪談對象十七位。 本研究主要針對台北市課後照顧政策（學校課後活動、安親課輔班、才藝班等設置）以及由社區力量與民間業者提供服務的兩種不同模式做分析討論，並在研究中達成以下成果： 1. 根據研究結果給予國小學童課後照顧政策與公私協營辦法建議。 2. 福利社區化與營利化之概念澄清與意識型態的討論。 3. 以台北市課後照顧系統為例，整理實務上福利社區化與營利化之運作方式與實質效果。 4. 根據研究結果提出關於台灣社會福利事業社區化與營利化之建言。 本研究結果認為因為社會福利事業含有以下幾項特質，應避免以講求利潤來方式經營。 1. 用商品化方式經營社會服務事業而得到利潤的來源有兩種，一是提供高品質的服務以增加收費；一是透過成本的降低來達到利潤，但是這兩種得到營收的方式都和社會福利的特質南轅北轍： □ 提供高品質的服務來增加利潤：社會服務的對象大部分是家庭經濟、背景不好、缺乏社會支持系統與生活在較差的環境中，無法擁有比較好的商品與享受高級服務，一但市場上的服務價格太高，就會剝削這些弱勢者受到照顧權力，並且加深社會的階層化。 □ 由降低成本來求取利潤：社會服務產業（例如安親課輔）多屬於勞動密集產業，無法像一般產品透過模組化的大量生產，來降低成本以求利潤，除非經營者將勞動者或接受服務者視為物品來管理，而一但制式化的員工、客戶與服務流程產生，受服務者將無法接受到「全人」與「愛心」的對待，員工的工作也產生「異化」。 2. 西方國家所推動的「住屋券」、「教育券」等是由政府幫弱勢族群出錢，讓下層階級的人在自由市場上購買服務的一種方式，在我們的研究實務中，社會局每月給予低收入戶學童5000-7000的課後輔導津貼，可以在「營利化」市場下運作，但是卻造成「烙印」、「政府責任不足、監督太弱」等缺點。在台北市課後照顧系統為例，政府在政策上的規範為了著重開放原則，必須給予民間足夠的空間來經營，所以將監督的責任交給學校單位達成，所以在各民間單位向學校提案申請公私協營的合作時，校長、各處室主任、家長會為主要的監督審核者，雖然不乏公正客觀的學校認真的審核這些競標對象，但是也有許多學校因為受制於原本校內與校外的特殊權利關係，無法客觀的監督服務的提供狀況，而服務的使用者，即這些學童及家長卻多半在審核競標與監督過程中所擁有的權力太小，沒有表達意見的空間，只好接受不好的服務品質。 本研究認為福利原本所含有的「社會正義」、「社會權」等價值，必須透過政府的力量來實踐，無論福利的輸送者為政府或民間單位，政府都不能規避責任。契約外包或公設民營只是一種由政府單位將服務委託給民間辦理的民營化政策之一。民間主動辦理福利服務的力量，也視為福利民營化政策潮流下所催生的產物。不過本篇論文的分析結果指出，「照顧」的工作性質並不合適完全轉移到市場上來提供；如果將福利服務營利化，政府為符合自由主義的鬆綁開放原則，非常難扮演好監督角色，在原本的社會權力結構下，也很難制定遊戲規則；福利營利化勢必犧牲弱勢族群等中下階層的人，形成「烙印」與「標籤」，而抹滅福利中強調正義的精神。 福利社區化所面臨到的問題是來自於「效率」的挑戰，以及服務專業與品質的掌控。福利市場化所面臨的最大挑戰卻是來自於福利中的「公平正義」概念，尤其是公平與分配的議題。值得思考的是，個人得到福利的身份是公民或者消費者？公民資格係依賴國家的法定保障，所有公民皆能享有官僚所提供的標準化照顧，不同於市場的必然付費關係。而市場的福利通常是付得起費用才得享有的福利，對於沒有付費能力者便成為限制所在。由於市場可決定產品提供的內容、標示的價格以利潤為導向，致使人民需要的滿足實際上是由場所決定。 「老人安養照顧」、「幼兒托育」政策希望能以民營化的方式來提供，有些學者也認為這些服務具有商業市場的服務特性，可以回歸市場運作。希望本篇研究協助福利民營化的概念有更清楚的瞭解，如果要將「老人安養」、「幼兒托育」交給市場來提供服務，勢必會造成福利階層化的問題，靠政府監督、領航、協助，依然是讓「價格來決定需要」，真正需要的人依然沒有受到照顧。如果這些服務營利化是不可避免的趨勢，政府就應該相對提供大量的公辦服務，並且扶植社區的力量，以確保人們可以享有普及、平價、有尊嚴的服務。 第一章 前言 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 兒童課後照顧需求的社會環境背景 第二節 福利民營化—福利社區化與福利營利化 第三節 非營利組織的相關理論 第三章 研究方法 第四章 台北市的課後照顧系統 第五章 訪談結果探討 第一節 「福利」、「教育」、「社區」關係的探討 第二節 公私協營辦法之下，課後照顧的內涵與實施評估 第三節 在公私協營辦法下，不同方案的評選與價值 第四節 福利民營化下，社區化與商品化的討論 第六章 結論 第一節 分析結果摘要 一、「福利」與「教育」的關係 二、「課後活動實施要點」與「公私協營辦法」的討論 三、公私協營辦法實施的困難 四、福利商品化的討論 五、福利社區化的討論 第二節 結論與建議 一、福利社區化與商品化的利弊討論與政策建議 二、對台北市課後照顧系統的評價與建議 參考文獻

本論文旨在探討台灣運動節目性別偏差之成因，從運動產業複合體運作過程的角度切入，了解運動產業中資本流動對於節目性別偏差的影響為何。本論文主要有兩個研究問題：（一）了解台灣的運動產業複合體的運作情況；（二）台灣的運動產業複合體架構對運動節目性別偏差之影響。本論文所採用的研究方法為深度訪談法，來了解運動產業複合體三者（運動組織－媒體組織－企業組織）之間的互動關係，針對性別偏差的部分則是以文本分析為主、深度訪談為輔。 　本論文以SBL及WSBL為研究案例。研究結果發現，台灣運動產業複合體的運作邏輯，大致符合西方文獻中所述的運動與資本的關係，三者間的資金流動造成其相互依賴；而性別偏差的部分，從量與質兩大面向的分析結果，發現台灣運動轉播節目確實有性別偏差的現象，且造成此一現象的原因，是因為運動產業三者間存有「群眾≒利潤」的思考邏輯，使得運動組織、媒體組織、企業組織皆以男籃為主、忽視女籃，而形成了節目偏異的結果。 / This paper purposes to discuss the reasons of the gender disproportion of the sports programs in Taiwan. The main direction of this paper is the sport/industry complex, and this paper tried to understand how the capital circulating in the complex effects the gender disproportion of sports programs. The two main questions include: (1) How the Taiwan sport/industry complex works? (2) How the framework of Taiwan sport/industry complex influences the gender disproportion of sports programs? I used the method of in-depth interviewing to find out the relationship within the three parts of sport/industry complex (sport organizations-media organizations-enterprise organizations). Text analysis is the major method to analyze the gender deviation, and the secondary method is in-depth interviewing. 　The study cases are SBL and WSBL in this paper. The result reveals that the logic of working sport/industry complex approximately conforms with the relationship of sport and capital described in the west literature. From two directions of quality and quantity, the observing results show that there is gender disproportion in Taiwan sport programs. More important, the logic “audience≒profit” within the three kinds of organizations is the reason of gender deviation. It also makes the sport, media, enterprise organizations put their resources on the male basketball games and ignore the female basketball games. Therefore, the gender disproportion in the Taiwan sport programs forms.

2007 年1 月9 日的MacWorld 活動中，Apple 公司的執行長在其每一屆Macworld 活動都會給予的演說 (Keynote) 中，介紹了一款Apple 公司最新的、具革命性的研究成果－iPhone。iPhone 隨及引爆了話題，並在2007 年 7 月上市時引爆了搶購熱潮，這是第一款能讓手機廠商和營運商分享利潤的手機，也是極少數的一款毛利高達50%以上的手機，更直接影響了整個手機產業。本研究從iPhone 的產品、技術探討iPhone 包含軟體、硬體的研發成果暨智慧財產，從商品化與商業模式的角度試圖討論Apple 公司如何以手機產業的新進入者而推出高附加價值的手機並在短時間內建立品牌，進而與營運商分享利潤，更以手機廠商的身份建立內容服務平台而創造高價值。最後，本研究將總結Apple 公司iPhone 研發成果與智慧財產的商品化與商業模式，以及iPhone 為產業帶來的衝擊，並給予台灣廠商幾點建議，僅供參考。 / In the Keynote of Macworld 2007 on January 9th, Steve Jobs, the CEO of Apple Company introduced the latest and revolutionary product of Apple Company whitch is actually a mobile phone, and its name is iPhone. The term“iPhone” was getting hot soon. On Junly 29th, iPhone was onto the market, and its sales soared in the market. No doubt, iPhone is the first phone earns Apple the shared revenue from mobile operater, a very small number of phones with a more-than-50% profit margin rate, and a phone changes the whole communication industry. This article starts from the product structure and technology view of iPhone, and then tries to discuss the commercialization and the business model of iPhone. It would try to probe into the key elements of the commercial success of iPhone, including the high value-added product feature, the branding of iPhone, the innovated platform providing contents and services to iPhone user, and the cooperation and revenue share with mobile operators. Finally, the article would summarize the Research on the Commercialization and Business Model of R&D results and Intellectual Properties of Apple iPhone with an additional discuss on the impact that iPhone brings to the communication industry, then give some suggestions to the Taiwan companies.

This thesis examines product innovation processes in small established enterprises. The research questions are: (1) what motivates small established enterprises to innovate, (2) how do small established enterprises perform product innovation, and (3) how do small established enterprises manage resource scarcity in their product innovation processes? To answer the research questions, a multiple case study approach was chosen with three small established enterprises as cases and different product innovation processes as embedded units of study. The data collection method used was observation during a period of five months, complemented by interviews and secondary data. Product innovation in small established enterprises seems to be motivated by solving existing customers’ problems and the need for a sustained steady cash flow. A steady cash flow is also found to be a prerequisite during the product innovation processes. Product innovation seems to occur when there is a risk of decreased cash flow and/or when existing customers can be satisfied with new products that increase their loyalty so as to secure future sales, cash flow, and the enterprise’s survival in the long run. Promising innovation ideas alone do not result in product innovation. An innovation idea must also have supportive existing customers for product innovation to occur. Product innovation processes in the studied small established enterprises are found highly context dependent, intertwined in operational processes and made possible by a small organic organization and closeness to existing customers. The product innovation processes are further found to follow a flexible and informal overall scheme optimized for decreasing market and technology uncertainty and risk, dealing with resource scarcity, and facilitating fast and easy commercialization to avoid or moderate dips in cash flow. The design processes within the innovation processes can be linearly structured or cyclical and experimental, depending on the experienced novelty. To manage resource scarcity during the product innovation processes, the studied small enterprises used many different bootstrapping methods in combination. These methods can be divided into three categories according to their overall functions: for using existing resources more efficiently, for increasing resources and to secure a fast payback on resources invested in NPD. The studied small enterprises were due to their resource scarcity further found to favor an innovation strategy, only involving new products done with known technology and targeting existing markets. This way to innovate, which creates new products in a resource-efficient way that are accepted by the enterprises’ existing markets, seems to prevent unsuccessful product innovation, while at the same time excluding technologically radical innovation and innovation targeting new markets.

Cet essai est présenté en tant que mémoire de maîtrise dans le cadre du programme de droit des technologies de l’information. Ce mémoire traite de différents modèles d’affaires qui ont pour caractéristique commune de commercialiser les données dans le contexte des technologies de l’information. Les pratiques commerciales observées sont peu connues et l’un des objectifs est d’informer le lecteur quant au fonctionnement de ces pratiques. Dans le but de bien situer les enjeux, cet essai discutera d’abord des concepts théoriques de vie privée et de protection des renseignements personnels. Une fois ce survol tracé, les pratiques de « data brokerage », de « cloud computing » et des solutions « analytics » seront décortiquées. Au cours de cette description, les enjeux juridiques soulevés par chaque aspect de la pratique en question seront étudiés. Enfin, le dernier chapitre de cet essai sera réservé à deux enjeux, soit le rôle du consentement et la sécurité des données, qui ne relèvent pas d’une pratique commerciale spécifique, mais qui sont avant tout des conséquences directes de l’évolution des technologies de l’information. / This essay is submitted as part of a master's thesis in Information Technology Law. This thesis discusses different business models that have the common feature of commercializing data in the context of Information Technologies. One of the goals of this thesis is to inform the reader about the workings of the studied business practices, as they are not widely known. First, in order to situate the issues, this essay will consider the theoretical concepts of Privacy and Personal Information Protection. Once the review of Data Protection and Privacy has been established, this thesis will further explore Data Brokerage, Cloud Computing and Analytic Solutions as practices. Over the course of this description, the legal issues raised by each aspect of the aforementioned practices will be studied. Finally, the last chapter of the thesis will be dedicated to two issues that are not limited to the scope of a specific business practice, but are direct consequences of the evolution of Information Technologies: the role of Consent and Data Security.

Large resources are invested in healthcare research, but despite this there is a wide gap between research knowledge and healthcare practice. Implementation researchers have addressed this gap, focusing mostly on the role of healthcare practitioners. However, a narrow focus on implementation does not take into consideration the preceding stages and the roles of different actors during the whole innovation process, which starts from research and ends with implementation. The aim of this thesis is to examine the behaviors of three key actors during an innovation process and to explore the influence of selected contextual factors on their behavior. Study I (n=10 funders) identifies several facilitative roles for funders and suggests that implementation risks becoming no one’s responsibility as the funders identify six different actors responsible for implementation, the majority of whom embody a collective or an organization. Study II finds that the implementation knowledge of Swedish funding managers (n=18) is mostly based on experience-based knowledge. The majority of the funding managers define implementation as a process and express limited knowledge of implementation. The findings of Study III (n=4 innovation cases) show that the roles and involvement of academic inventors and ISAs (innovation-supporting actors) are more connected to intellectual property (IP) nature than to intellectual property rights (IPR) ownership. Study IV (n=4 innovation cases) identifies three different logics that influence the behavior of academic inventors: market, academic and care logics. A pattern emerges where the behavior of academic inventors is guided by a unique logic and there is no interaction between logics, despite the existence of multiple logics. The individual strategies to handle multiple logics coincide with the influence of logics. In addition, IP nature, distinguishing between high-tech and low-tech innovations, is connected to the influence of institutional logics: low-tech connected to the care logic and high-tech connected to the market logic. This thesis has three main theoretical and practical implications relevant for practitioners, policymakers and researchers. First, implementation responsibility is an important issue to study and discuss, because without clearly defined responsibilities and management of responsibilities, responsibility might become no one’s responsibility. Second, the finding that experience-based implementation knowledge contributes heavily to policymakers’ knowledge encourages further studies and discussions regarding this relatively neglected issue. Third, the importance of IP nature in shaping innovation processes should be considered and further examined, not only as a factor influencing inventors and ISAs’ roles and involvement, but also as influencing the prevalence of different institutional logics. Further, the relevance of a distinction between low-tech and high-tech IP should be reflected on.