Thesis (MScMedSc (Biomedical Sciences. Medical Physiology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: The discovery of the endothelium as a regulator of vascular tone, and the subsequent discovery of nitric oxide (NO) as the major endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), has opened up vast possibilities in the continued efforts to prevent and manage cardiovascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is defined as reduced NO bioavailability and hence the reduced ability of the endothelium to maintain vascular homeostasis. ED represents the first, reversible step in the initiation of atherosclerotic disease and is thus regarded as a strong predictive tool of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). ED and its underlying mechanisms have been largely under-investigated in myocardial capillary-derived endothelial cells (cardiac microvascular endothelial cells, CMECs), and this study aimed to address this gap in the literature. Oleanolic acid (OA) is a bioactive triterpenoid derived from leaf extracts of African medicinal plants such as Syzigium cordatum (Water berry tree), and has been reported to elicit vasodilatory, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic properties. However its effects particularly on CMECs and its putative role in reversing ED remain unclear, and this study aimed to investigate such effects. Aims: The aims of this study were to: (1) Establish an in vitro model of ED in cultured myocardial capillary-derived CMECs by developing protocols for the induction of ED. (2) Asses ED induction by measurement of the following biomarkers: (i) intracellular NO production, (ii) superoxide (O2-) production, (iii) nitrotyrosine expression and (iv) NADPH oxidase expression. (3) Investigate underlying cellular mechanisms of our ED model by measuring and comparing eNOS and PKB/Akt expression and activation in control and dysfunctional CMECs. (4) Investigate the effects of OA derived from leaf extracts obtained from Syzigium cordatum (Hochst.) [Myrtaceace], in both control and dysfunctional CMECs. Methods: (1) To induce ED, hyperglycaemia and inflammation were simulated by incubation with 25 mM glucose (24 hours) and 1 ng/ml TNF-á (24 hours) or 5 ng/ml TNF-á (6 and 24 hours) respectively. Reduced intracellular NO production was used as the main indicator of ED. NO production and cell viability were quantified by FACS analysis of the fluorescent probes, DAF-2/DA and propidium iodide (PI) / Annexin V respectively. Cellular mechanisms were investigated by measurement of O2- levels via FACS analysis of DHE fluorescence, and measurement of total and activated PKB / Akt and eNOS, p22-phox, nitrotyrosine expression via Western blotting. (2) Effects of OA on CMECs were investigated by pre-treatment with 30 or 40 ìM OA for 5 and 20 min followed by NO production and cell viability measurements. To investigate the effects of OA on ED, CMECs were pre-treated with 40 ìM OA 1 hour prior ED induction followed by NO, cell viability, and eNOS expression / activation measurements. Results: (1) 25 mM glucose (24hours), 1 ng/ml TNF-á (24 hours) and 5 ng/ml TNF-á (6 hours) failed to induce ED as verified by an increase in NO production in the treated cells. A model of ED was successfully achieved by incubating CMECs with 5 ng/ml TNF-á (24 hours), as verified by a significant decrease in NO production. Investigations into cellular mechanisms underlying our TNF-á-induced ED model, showed that activated eNOS and PKB / Akt levels were reduced. Furthermore, O2- levels remained unchanged, however p22-phox (NADPH) expression was significantly increased suggesting oxidative stress. Nitrotyrosine levels (an oxidative / nitrosative stress marker and indirect measure of eNOS uncoupling) remained at control levels. (2) Investigations into the effects of OA on CMECs showed that 30 ìM OA increased NO production after 5 and 20 min of incubation whereas 40 ìM increased NO production after 20 min only. Pre-treatment with 40 ìM OA significantly reversed ED by restoring NO production back to control levels. Data from cellular mechanism investigations showed that 40 ìM OA significantly increased eNOS activation in both normal and dysfunctional CMECs. Cellular viability was not negatively affected by any of the above interventions. Discussion and Conclusions: Based on our findings, reduced activation of the PKB / Akt-eNOS pathway appears to be the primary mechanistic pathway of the TNF-á-induced model of ED. Though O2- levels remained at control levels, the significant increase in p22-phox is indicative of increased expression of the O2- producing enzyme, NADPH oxidase, thus suggesting oxidative stress. However, based on our nitrotyrosine expression data, there was no strong evidence of eNOS uncoupling in our ED model. OA significantly stimulated NO production in our model of CMECs. Furthermore, our findings showed that OA is able to reverse ED. The NO production stimulatory effects of OA in our cells appear to be achieved via the increased activation of eNOS. We have, for the first time as far as we are aware, developed a TNF-á-induced model of ED in myocardial capillary-derived endothelial cells. It appears that reduced activation of the PKB/Akt-eNOS pathway is the primary mechanism leading to decreased NO production in this model. However, we did find some evidence of elevated oxidative stress, which led us to believe that eNOS uncoupling cannot be excluded as a mechanism of ED in our model. In this study, we report for the first time convincing evidence that OA has powerful NO-increasing properties in myocardial capillary-derived CMECs. Our study also show novel data, which suggest that OA is able to reverse ED in this model. Follow-up investigations could shed more light on the exact mechanisms underlying OA.s effects in this model. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Die ontdekking dat endoteel 'n reguleerder van vaskulêre tonus is, en die gevolglike ontdekking dat stikstofoksied (NO) die belangrikste endoteel-afgeleide verslappingsfaktor (EDRF) is, het verskeie moontlikhede in aangaande pogings om kardiovaskulêre siektes te voorkom en hanteer, ontsluit. Endoteel-disfunksie (ED), word gedefineer as verlaagde NO biobeskikbaarheid en dus 'n ingekorte vermoë van die endoteel om vaskulêre homeostase te handhaaf. ED verteenwoordig die eerste, omkeerbare stap in die ontstaan van aterosklerotiese siekte en word dus beskou as 'n sterk instrument waarmee isgemiese hartsiekte voorspel kan word. Studies oor ED en sy onderliggende meganismes, veral in miokardiale kapillêre-afgeleide endoteelselle (kardiale mikrovaskulêre endoteelselle, CMECs), word redelik afgeskeep in die literatuur, en hierdie studie het dit ten doel gehad om die gaping in die literatuur aan te spreek. Oleanoliese suur (OA) is 'n bio-aktiewe triterpenoïede wat gevind word in blaar ekstrakte van inheemse medisinale plante soos bv. Syzigium cordatum (Waterbessie boom). OA het bewese vasodilatoriese, hipoglukemiese en hipolipidemiese eienskappe. OA se effekte op CMECs, en sy moontlike rol in die omkering van ED, is egter onbekend, en hierdie studie het dit ten doel gehad om sulke effekte te ondersoek. Doelwitte: Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was: (1) Die vestiging van 'n in vitro model van ED in gekultuurde CMECs afkomstig van miokardiale kapillêre deur protokolle vir die induksie van ED te ontwikkel. (2) Die evaluering van ED induksie deur die volgende bio-merkers te meet: (i) intrasellulêre NO produksie, (ii) superoksied (O2-) produksie, (iii) nitrotirosien uitdrukking en (iv) NADPH oksidase uitdrukking. (3) Die ondersoek na onderliggende sellulere meganismes van ED in ons model deur die meting en vergelyking van eNOS and PKB/Akt uitdrukking en aktivering in kontrole en disfunksionele CMECs. (4) Ondersoek na die effekte van OA afkomstig van blaar ekstrakte verkry van Syzigium cordatum (Hochst.) [Myrtaceace], in beide kontrole en disfunksionele CMECs. Metodes: (1) Daar was gepoog om ED te induseer deur hiperglukemie en inflammasie te simuleer met onderskeidelik 25 mM glukose (24 uur) en 1 ng/ml TNF-a (24 uur) of 5 ng/ml (6 en 24 uur) inkubasie. Verlaagde intrasellulere NO produksie was ingespan as die hoof indikator van ED. NO produksie en sellewensvatbaarheid was gekwantifiseer deur vloeisitometriese analises (FACS) van die fluoresserende agense, DAF-2/DA en propidium jodied (PI) / Annexin V onderskeidelik. Sellulere meganismes was ondersoek deur O2- vlakke via FACS analise van DHE fluoressensie te meet, asook die meting van totale en geaktiveerde PKB / Akt en eNOS, p22-phox, nitrotirosien uitdrukking via Western blot tegnieke. (2) Effekte van OA op CMECs was ondersoek deur vooraf-behandeling met 30 of 40 µM OA vir 5 en 20 min gevolg deur NO produksie en sellewensvatbaarheid metings. Resultate: (1) 25 mM glukose (24 uur), 1 ng/ml TNF-a (24 uur) and 5 ng/ml TNF-ƒaa (6 uur) kon nie daarin slaag om ED te induseer nie, soos blyk uit die verhoogde NO produksie waargeneem in die behandelde selle. 'n Model van ED was suksesvol verkry deur CMECs met 5 ng/ml TNF-a (24 uur) te inkubeer, soos waargeneem deur verlaagde NO produksie. Ondersoek na sellulere meganismes onderliggend tot ons TNF-a-geinduseerde ED model, het getoon dat geaktiveerde eNOS en PKB / Akt vlakke verlaag was. Verder is gevind dat O2- vlakke onveranderd gebly het hoewel p22-phox (NADPH) uitdrukking betekenisvol toegeneem het, wat 'n aanduiding van oksidatiewe skade is. Nitrotirosien vlakke (.n oksidatiewe / nitrosatiewe stres merker en indirekte maatstaf van eNOS ontkoppeling) het onveranderd rondom kontrole vlakke gebly. (2) Ondersoek na die effekte van OA op CMECs het getoon dat 30 µM OA tot verhoogde NO produksie na 5 en 20 min inkubasie gelei het, terwyl 40 µM slegs na 20 min NO-verhogende effekte gehad het. Vooraf behandeling met 40 µM OA het ED betekenisvol omgekeer deur NO terug na kontrole vlakke te laat herstel. Ondersoek na sellulere meganismes het getoon dat 40 µM OA eNOS aktivering betekenisvol verhoog het in beide normale en disfunksionele CMECs. Sellulere lewensvatbaarheid was nie negatief geaffekteer deur enige van bogeneemde ingrepe nie. Bespreking en afleidings: Gebaseer op ons bevindinge, blyk verlaagde aktivering van die PKB/Akt-eNOS pad die primere meganistiese pad in ons TNF-a-geïnduseerde model van ED te wees. Alhoewel O2- vlakke rondom kontrole vlakke gebly het, was die betekenisvolle toename in p22-phox .n aanduiding van verhoogde uitdrukking van die O2- produserende ensiem, NADPH oksidase, wat dus suggererend van oksidatiewe stres was. Aan die ander kant was daar nie sterk bewyse van eNOS ontkoppeling in ons ED model nie, gebaseer op die nitrotirosien uitdrukking data. OA het duidelik NO produksie in ons model van CMECs gestimuleer. Verder wys ons resultate dat OA in staat is om ED om te keer. Die NO produksie-stimulerende effekte van OA in ons selle blyk die gevolg te wees van verhoogde aktivering van die PKB / Akt-eNOS pad. Ons het hier vir die eerste keer, sover ons bewus is, 'n TNF-a-geinduseerde model van ED in CMECs afkomstig van miokardiale kapillere gevestig. Dit blyk dat verlaagde aktivering van die PKB/Akt-eNOS pad die primere meganisme was waardeur verlaagde NO produksie in ons model veroorsaak was. Ons het egter wel bewyse van verhoogde oksidatiewe stress gevind, wat ons laat glo dat eNOS ontkoppeling nie heeltemal as .n meganisme van ED in ons model uitgesluit kan word nie. In hierdie studie toon ons vir die eerste maal oortuigende bewyse dat OA kragtige NO-verhogende eienskappe in miokardiale kapillere-afgeleide CMECs het. Ons studie bring ook nuwe data na vore, wat suggereer dat OA in staat is om ED in hierdie model om te keer. Opvolgstudies sal meer lig kan werp op die onderliggende meganismes van OA in hierdie model.

L'hyperhomoscystéinémie (HHcy) est considérée comme un facteur indépendant de risque cardio-métabolique. Notre travail avait pour objectifs : 1) de déterminer la prévalence de l’HHcy au Bénin; 2) d’étudier sa relation avec les apports de vitamines B12, B9, B6 et B2, la consommation d’alcool, l’âge, le sexe et le niveau socioéconomique (NSE); 3) de vérifier son association avec les facteurs classiques de risque cardio-métabolique. Un total de 541 sujets apparemment en santé et vivant dans trois zones du Bénin ont été étudiés. L’Hcy sérique a été analysée par ELISA. Des rappels de 24h ont servi à évaluer les apports nutritifs. L’obésité et l’hypertension ont été définies selon l’OMS, la dyslipidémie et la dysglycémie selon la NCEP-ATPIII. Les autres données ont été récoltées par questionnaire. La prévalence de l’HHcy était élevée : 52,2% chez les hommes et de 24,7% chez les femmes. Dans les modèles multivariés, l’Hcy était positivement associée à la consommation de bière locale chez les hommes; chez les femmes, elle était associée négativement à l'apport de vitamine B12. L’Hcy était positivement associée à la tension artérielle, au taux de LDL-cholestérol et au cholestérol total chez les hommes, mais seulement avec le rapport cholestérol total/HDL-cholestérol (CT/HDL-c) chez les femmes. Les femmes présentant une HHcy étaient au moins deux fois plus susceptibles de présenter une hypertension ou un rapport CT/HDL-c élevé que celles dont l’Hcy était normale. Un apport suffisant en B12 ainsi qu’une consommation prudente de boissons alcoolisées pourraient réduire l'HHcy et donc contribuer à réduire le risque cardio-métabolique de cette population du sud du Bénin. / Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) appears to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study aims to determine the prevalence of HHcy in Benin, to explore its relationship with intakes of folate, B12, B6 and B2, with alcohol consumption and with socioeconomic status (SES) and to verify whether it is associated with classical risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. 541 apparently healthy subjects were randomly selected in tree areas of Benin. Hcy was measured in serum using ELISA commercial kits. Nutrient intakes were assessed on the basis of three non-consecutive 24-hour recalls. Alcohol consumption, socio-demographics and SES were documented in personal interviews. Obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycaemia were defined according to WHO and NCEP-ATPIII. HHcy (> 12 μmol/L) was detected in 52.2% of men and 24.7% of women. In multivariate models, Hcy in men was positively associated with alcohol intake, but only alcohol in beer. In women, Hcy was negatively related to vitamin B12 intake. HHcy was associated in women with more than twice the odds of hypertension and with the CT/HDL-c ratio. In men, Hcy was positively and independently associated with diastolic blood pressure and with LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol. In this Beninese population, the prevalence of HHcy is particularly high among men, and it appears to be related to alcohol consumption. Inadequate intake of vitamin B12 may be a risk factor for HHcy which could be related to some of cardiovascular factors.

Objetivo: identificar o risco cardiovascular (RCV) e sua associação com fase do climatério, idade, grau de instrução, paridade, nível de atividade física, hábito de fumar e terapia hormonal da menopausa, em mulheres de 40 a 65 anos atendidas em ambulatórios públicos da cidade de São Paulo. Métodos: as variáveis dependentes foram RCV segundo obesidade global, identificada pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) e pelo percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), e RCV segundo obesidade abdominal, identificada pela relação cintura/quadril (RCQ) e pela circunferência da cintura (CC). A variável explanatória principal foi fase do climatério e as variáveis de controle foram: idade, grau de instrução, paridade, nível de atividade física, hábito de fumar e terapia hormonal da menopausa (THM). As análises de regressão logística múltipla foram executadas no programa STATA 9.0, utilizando o processo \"stepwise\". Resultados: constatou-se RCV aumentado, segundo obesidade global, em 32,0% (IMC) e 24,7% (%GC) das mulheres; e, segundo obesidade abdominal em 49,0% (RCQ) e 64,0% (CC) das mulheres. Nos modelos finais, permaneceram associadas ao RCV aumentado, segundo obesidade global (IMC): fase do climatério, nível de atividade física, paridade e grau de instrução e, de acordo com o %GC: nível de atividade física e paridade. Segundo obesidade abdominal (RCQ) permaneceram associadas: nível de atividade física, grau de instrução e idade e, de acordo com a CC: nível de atividade física, paridade e idade. Conclusão: a fase do climatério só foi importante para explicar o RCV aumentado, segundo obesidade global, identificada pelo IMC. A variável explanatória mais importante para explicar o RCV aumentado, tanto segundo obesidade global como abdominal, foi o nível de atividade física; enquanto a paridade foi importante para explicar o RCV aumentado segundo obesidade global e a idade, segundo obesidade abdominal. / Purpose: to identify cardiovascular risk (CVR) and its relationship to climacteric period, age, educational level, parity, physical activity level, tobacco smoking and hormone therapy, in women aged 40-65 years old, attended in outpatient clinics from São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: the dependent variables were: CVR, according to body obesity, assessed by body mass index (BMI) and by body fat percentage (%BF), and CVR, according to abdominal obesity, assessed by waist/hip ratio (WHR) and by waist circumference (WC). The main explanatory variable was climacteric period and the control variables were: age, educational level, parity, physical activity level, tobacco smoking and hormone therapy. The multiple regression analysis were performed at software STATA 9.0, by the stepwise process. Results: higher CVR assessed by body obesity prevalence was 32,0% (BMI) and 24,7% (%GC); according to abdominal obesity, was 49,0% (WHR) and 64,0% (WC). In the final models, the variables associated with higher CVR, assessed by body obesity, were climacteric period, physical activity level, parity and educational level (BMI) and physical activity level and parity (%BF). According to abdominal obesity, the variables associated with higher CVR were physical activity level, educational level and age (WHR) and physical activity level, parity and age (WC). Conclusion: the most important variable to explain higher CVR was physical activity level, according to body and abdominal obesity, while the parity was important to explain higher CVR according to body obesity and the age to explain higher CVR according to abdominal obesity.

A infecção pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) pode predispor à presença de fatores de risco cardiovascular e promover a ativação do sistema imunológico, contribuindo para a formação de lesões ateroscleróticas. A existência de coinfecções, como pelo Citomegalovírus (CMV) e a ativação imunológica inespecífica poderiam intensificar o processo de inflamação crônica e acelerar os danos vasculares decorrentes desta. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar se a recorrência da infecção pelo CMV, a magnitude da resposta imunológica específica ao CMV ou da ativação inespecífica de células T e monócitos associava-se ao aumento da espessura das camadas média e íntima das carótidas (cIMT) em crianças e adolescentes coinfectados pelo HIV e CMV. Consistiu-se de um estudo longitudinal, em que 40 crianças e adolescentes coinfectados pelo HIV e CMV foram acompanhados por 2 anos. Periodicamente avaliou-se a presença de recorrência do CMV, com o uso de detecção de DNA do CMV no soro por meio da técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase; a ativação imunológica perante este vírus com o ensaio do Quantiferon CMVR, a dosagem de anticorpos IgM e IgG contra o CMV. Também, nós medimos a ativação imunológica inespecífica de células T usando a dosagem do receptor I de TNF solúvel (sTNFRI) e a quantificação da presença HLADR+CD38+TCD8+; e a de monócitos por meio da dosagem de CD14 solúvel (sCD14). Para caracterizar adicionalmente as crianças estudadas, outros parâmetros foram registrados periodicamente: 1-Relativos à infecção pelo HIV: parâmetros clínicos e quantificação de linfócitos CD4+/CD8+ e de RNA-HIV; 2-Parâmetros antropométricos: Peso, estatura, circunferência abdominal e Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC); 3-Parâmetros Laboratoriais: lipoproteínas, glicemia, insulinemia, hemoglobina glicosilada e cálculo do índice HOMA IR. Devido à baixa incidência de recorrência da infeção pelo CMV (0,97/100 pessoas-mês) não foi possível analisar este fator no presente estudo. De maneira geral, na entrada do estudo aespessura da íntima/média das artérias carótidas da maioria (70%) dos adolescentes situava- se acima do Percentil 75 da distribuição de referência, sendo que durante o período de 2 anos não ocorreu incremento significativo da medida desse parâmetro arterial. Não foi identificada associação entre a magnitude da ativação da imunidade específica ao CMV e a evolução da cIMT ao longo de dois anos. Apesar de ter sido detectado que pequenos incrementos nos indicadores de ativação imunológica inespecífica (TNRFI, sCD14 e/ou HLADR+CD38+) associaram-se a discretas reduções da cIMT ao final de dois anos, a ativação imunológica de células T e monócitos não se associou ao incremento da espessura da íntima/média arterial durante esse período de tempo. Embora não tenhamos confirmado a nossa hipótese, dados obtidos nesse estudo podem se tornar referencia para planejamento de estudos mais amplos e com maior período de observação. / Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection might predispose the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and promote the activation of the immune system contributing to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. The presence of coinfections, such as by Cytomegalovirus, and the immunological unspecific activation may intensify the process of chronic inflammation and accelerate the vascular damage resulting from it. The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether the recurrence of CMV infection and the degree of the CMV-specific cellular immune response or the unspecific activation of T cells and monocytes were associated with the increase in the thickness of the carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in HIV/CMV-coinfected children and adolescents. A longitudinal study was carried out in which 40 HIV/CMV-coinfected children and adolescents were followed-up for 2 years. Periodically, it was determined the presence of CMV recurrence with the use of CMV-DNA detection in serum by Polymerase Chain Reaction; the specific immunological activation of this virus with the Quantiferon CMVR assay and the dosage of IgM and IgG antibodies against CMV. Also, we measured the nonspecific immunological activation of T cells using the soluble TNF receptor I (sTNFRI), and the presence of HLADR+CD38+TCD8+; and that of monocytes by soluble CD14 dosage (sCD14). To further characterize the studied children, other parameters were periodically evaluated: 1-HIV-related: clinical parameters and quantification of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes and HIV-RNA; 2-Anthropometric parameters: weight, height, abdominal circumference, and Body Mass Index (BMI); 3-Laboratory parameters: lipoproteins, fasting glucose, fasting insulinemia, glycosylated hemoglobin, and calculation of HOMA IR. Due to the low incidence of CMV recurrence (0.97/100 persons-month), it was not possible to analyze this factor in the present study. Overall, the cIMT of most (70%) adolescents were higher than the 75 percentile of the reference distribution at enrollment, and no significant increment occurred over a 2 year period. No association between the degree of CMV-specific immunity activation and the evolution of cIMT over 2 years was identified. Although it was found that small increments on the unspecific immunological activation markers (TNRFI,sCD14 and/or HLADR+CD38+) were associated with discrete reductions of the cIMT at the end of two years, the immunological activation did not associate with an increment of the carotid intima/media thickness over this time period. Even if we have not confirmed our hypothesis, the data obtained in this study can be used for planning bigger studies with a more prolonged observation period.

A infecção pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) pode predispor à presença de fatores de risco cardiovascular e promover a ativação do sistema imunológico, contribuindo para a formação de lesões ateroscleróticas. A existência de coinfecções, como pelo Citomegalovírus (CMV) e a ativação imunológica inespecífica poderiam intensificar o processo de inflamação crônica e acelerar os danos vasculares decorrentes desta. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar se a recorrência da infecção pelo CMV, a magnitude da resposta imunológica específica ao CMV ou da ativação inespecífica de células T e monócitos associava-se ao aumento da espessura das camadas média e íntima das carótidas (cIMT) em crianças e adolescentes coinfectados pelo HIV e CMV. Consistiu-se de um estudo longitudinal, em que 40 crianças e adolescentes coinfectados pelo HIV e CMV foram acompanhados por 2 anos. Periodicamente avaliou-se a presença de recorrência do CMV, com o uso de detecção de DNA do CMV no soro por meio da técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase; a ativação imunológica perante este vírus com o ensaio do Quantiferon CMVR, a dosagem de anticorpos IgM e IgG contra o CMV. Também, nós medimos a ativação imunológica inespecífica de células T usando a dosagem do receptor I de TNF solúvel (sTNFRI) e a quantificação da presença HLADR+CD38+TCD8+; e a de monócitos por meio da dosagem de CD14 solúvel (sCD14). Para caracterizar adicionalmente as crianças estudadas, outros parâmetros foram registrados periodicamente: 1-Relativos à infecção pelo HIV: parâmetros clínicos e quantificação de linfócitos CD4+/CD8+ e de RNA-HIV; 2-Parâmetros antropométricos: Peso, estatura, circunferência abdominal e Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC); 3-Parâmetros Laboratoriais: lipoproteínas, glicemia, insulinemia, hemoglobina glicosilada e cálculo do índice HOMA IR. Devido à baixa incidência de recorrência da infeção pelo CMV (0,97/100 pessoas-mês) não foi possível analisar este fator no presente estudo. De maneira geral, na entrada do estudo aespessura da íntima/média das artérias carótidas da maioria (70%) dos adolescentes situava- se acima do Percentil 75 da distribuição de referência, sendo que durante o período de 2 anos não ocorreu incremento significativo da medida desse parâmetro arterial. Não foi identificada associação entre a magnitude da ativação da imunidade específica ao CMV e a evolução da cIMT ao longo de dois anos. Apesar de ter sido detectado que pequenos incrementos nos indicadores de ativação imunológica inespecífica (TNRFI, sCD14 e/ou HLADR+CD38+) associaram-se a discretas reduções da cIMT ao final de dois anos, a ativação imunológica de células T e monócitos não se associou ao incremento da espessura da íntima/média arterial durante esse período de tempo. Embora não tenhamos confirmado a nossa hipótese, dados obtidos nesse estudo podem se tornar referencia para planejamento de estudos mais amplos e com maior período de observação. / Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection might predispose the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and promote the activation of the immune system contributing to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. The presence of coinfections, such as by Cytomegalovirus, and the immunological unspecific activation may intensify the process of chronic inflammation and accelerate the vascular damage resulting from it. The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether the recurrence of CMV infection and the degree of the CMV-specific cellular immune response or the unspecific activation of T cells and monocytes were associated with the increase in the thickness of the carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in HIV/CMV-coinfected children and adolescents. A longitudinal study was carried out in which 40 HIV/CMV-coinfected children and adolescents were followed-up for 2 years. Periodically, it was determined the presence of CMV recurrence with the use of CMV-DNA detection in serum by Polymerase Chain Reaction; the specific immunological activation of this virus with the Quantiferon CMVR assay and the dosage of IgM and IgG antibodies against CMV. Also, we measured the nonspecific immunological activation of T cells using the soluble TNF receptor I (sTNFRI), and the presence of HLADR+CD38+TCD8+; and that of monocytes by soluble CD14 dosage (sCD14). To further characterize the studied children, other parameters were periodically evaluated: 1-HIV-related: clinical parameters and quantification of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes and HIV-RNA; 2-Anthropometric parameters: weight, height, abdominal circumference, and Body Mass Index (BMI); 3-Laboratory parameters: lipoproteins, fasting glucose, fasting insulinemia, glycosylated hemoglobin, and calculation of HOMA IR. Due to the low incidence of CMV recurrence (0.97/100 persons-month), it was not possible to analyze this factor in the present study. Overall, the cIMT of most (70%) adolescents were higher than the 75 percentile of the reference distribution at enrollment, and no significant increment occurred over a 2 year period. No association between the degree of CMV-specific immunity activation and the evolution of cIMT over 2 years was identified. Although it was found that small increments on the unspecific immunological activation markers (TNRFI,sCD14 and/or HLADR+CD38+) were associated with discrete reductions of the cIMT at the end of two years, the immunological activation did not associate with an increment of the carotid intima/media thickness over this time period. Even if we have not confirmed our hypothesis, the data obtained in this study can be used for planning bigger studies with a more prolonged observation period.

L'obésité est associée à une morbidité cardiovasculaire et métabolique accrue. La littérature récente souligne l'importance du sommeil comme élément contributif de l'obésité. En effet, cette relation est bidirectionnelle : le sommeil peut participer à la pathogenèse de l'obésité et cette dernière joue également un rôle étiologique dans le développement des anomalies respiratoires nocturnes, en particulier du syndrome d'apnées du sommeil (SAOS). L'activité physique régulière constitue une modalité importante de la prise en charge de l'obésité et du SAOS et peut participer à la maîtrise des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires et métaboliques. Cependant, quel que soit l'âge, l'obésité et le SAOS ont souvent été associés à une intolérance à l'effort.Dans ce travail de thèse nous avons donc exploré la relation entre l'activité physique, l'obésité, le sommeil et les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire et métabolique associés chez des adultes en surpoids/obèses présentant un SAOS et des adolescents obèses, population dans laquelle ce risque est en cours d'installation.Après avoir montré l'importance de l'activité physique spontanée dans la maîtrise de l'hypertension artérielle du soir chez des personnes porteurs d'un SAOS à haut risque cardiovasculaire et la faiblesse des niveaux d'AP dans cette population, nous avons vérifié l'effet du SAOS sur la condition physique aérobie et l'oxydation lipidique dans un groupe de participants SAOS non obèses.La surcharge graisseuse thoracique peut majorer la contrainte ventilatoire à l'exercice et contribuer à l'intolérance à l'effort dans l'obésité. Nous avons recherché si les facteurs ventilatoires pouvaient rendre compte de l'intolérance à l'effort de l'adolescent obèse. Cette population dans laquelle la morbidité cardio-métabolique n'est pas encore complètement installée, a été choisie pour limiter l'impact de cette dernière sur la condition physique et isoler les facteurs ventilatoires éventuellement responsables de cette intolérance. Nous avons mis en évidence une respiration à plus bas niveau de volume pulmonaire ainsi qu'une contrainte ventilatoire et un essoufflement majorés lors d'un exercice avec port du poids (marche), réversibles par un programme d'exercice de 12 semaines; réversibilité pouvant expliquer une partie de l'amélioration de la condition physique induite par l'entraînement. Nous avons également confirmé la présence d'anomalies métaboliques et cardiovasculaires précoces chez le jeune obèse (inflammation, stress oxydant, insulino-résistance) et une altération de la qualité et de la durée du sommeil.Compte tenu des difficultés à perdre du poids dans la durée, nous avons étudié l'effet d'un programme d'exercice seul, sans restriction calorique, sur les marqueurs pré-cliniques de morbidité métabolique et vasculaire ainsi que le sommeil dans un groupe d'adolescents obèses. Nous avons montré une correction partielle des anomalies métaboliques et cardiovasculaires, une amélioration des quantité et qualité de sommeil ainsi qu'une augmentation des niveaux d'activité physique malgré l'absence de perte de poids. Les adolescents qui diminuaient le plus leur masse grasse viscérale bénéficiaient le plus d'améliorations métaboliques.Le maintien à long terme des acquis après un réentraînement en clinique constitue un enjeu important. Ainsi, une partie méthodologique de ce travail avait pour but d'évaluer la transférabilité sur le terrain d'indicateurs métaboliques mesurés en laboratoire (i.e. Lipoxmax et point de croisement glucido-lipidique) en vue de favoriser la mise en œuvre d'Activités Physiques Adaptées. Cette étude a permis de souligner la nécessité d'une détermination spécifique en fonction de l'activité physique adaptée envisagée.En conclusion, nos résultats soulignent l'intérêt majeur de l'activité physique et de l'exercice (sans restriction calorique) dans la prise en charge de la personne en surpoids ou obèse présentant ou non un SAOS. / Obesity is a major public health issue and is associated with increased cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity. Recent studies underline the potential bidirectional association between sleep and obesity: sleep seems to contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity also appears to play an etiological role in the development of sleep disturbances, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Physical activity is an important modality for the treatment of obesity and OSA and can contribute to decreasing cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. However, both obesity and OSA have been associated with exercise intolerance.In this thesis, we explored the relation between physical activity, exercise, obesity, sleep and associated cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in overweight/obese adults with OSA and obese adolescents.We showed that physical activity is the major determinant for evening blood pressure in adults with OSA presenting high cardiovascular risk. We then explored the effects of OSA on cardiorespiratory fitness and lipid oxidation in non-obese adults with OSA. Accumulation of chest wall fat can increase ventilatory constraint during exercise and may contribute to exercise intolerance in obesity. Thus, we aimed to verify the role of ventilatory factors in obese adolescents' exercise tolerance. We chose this population because their cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors are not fully established therefore we could isolate the effects of ventilatory factors on exercise tolerance. Our results showed that obese adolescents breathed at lower lung volumes and presented ventilatory constraint during weight-bearing exercise (walking). Exercise training improved breathing strategy by restoring breathing at higher lung volumes and decreasing ventilatory constraint. We also confirmed the presence of cardiovascular and metabolic abnormalities (inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin-resistance) and altered sleep quality and quantity. Long-term maintenance of weight loss is difficult to achieve, thus we examined the effects of exercise training alone, without dietary restriction, on markers of cardiovascular metabolic morbidity and sleep in obese adolescents. In the absence of weight loss, we showed improved metabolic and cardiovascular anomalies, improved sleep quality and quantity as well as increased spontaneous physical activity. The subgroup of participants who lost the most visceral fat demonstrated greater improvements in insulin-resistance and inflammation. Maintaining the beneficial effects of an exercise rehabilitation program is of particular importance. Thus, a methodological part of this thesis focused on the transferability of metabolic indices measured in a laboratory (i.e. Lipoxmax and crossover point) onto the field in order to prescribe Adapted Physical Activities. This study suggests the need to perform specific tests to use these indices outside of a clinical setting.In conclusion, our results highlight the major role of physical activity and exercise (without dietary restriction) in the prevention and treatment of overweight/obesity with or without OSA.

Orientador: Marcos Ferreira Minicucci / Resumo: Introdução: A síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCASSST) é responsável por grande parte das hospitalizações, morbidade e mortalidade no mundo. Diversos estudos sugerem que os escores de risco são ferramentas importantes no manejo das SCASSST e que aperfeiçoamento dos mesmos é fundamental. A literatura tem mostrado correlação entre força muscular (FM), fatores de risco cardiovasculares e mortalidade. É sabido que o teste de força de preensão manual (FPM) é indicador de estado geral de força de fácil aplicabilidade, porém pouco estudado no contexto das síndromes coronarianas agudas. Hipótese: A medida de força de preensão manual pode ser preditora de risco cardiovascular, podendo ser incorporada ao escore de GRACE nos pacientes admitidos com SCASSST. Objetivo: Analisar se a incorporação da FPM ao escore de GRACE, por meio do escore GRACE/FPM, melhora sua performance na predição de risco do desfecho combinado mortalidade, recorrência de angina ou infarto, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e reinternação em 30 dias após a admissão hospitalar, nos pacientes com SCASSST. Casuística e Métodos: Trata-se de estudo prospectivo e observacional com pacientes admitidos com SCASSST na Unidade de Emergências Cardiológicas e na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Coronariana de nossa instituição com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos, durante 6 meses. Na admissão, foi calculado o escore de GRACE e realizado o teste de FPM em até 72h da admissão. Foram realizadas análises... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation (NSTE-ACS) represent a large amount of hospitalizations, morbidity and mortality around the world. Several researches suggest that risk scores are important tools in NSTE-ACS patients management and its improvement is primordial. Literature has shown a correlation between muscle strength, cardiovascular risk factors and death. It is well known that handgrip strength (HGS) is an easily applicable indicator of general muscular strength, but it is poorly studied in the context of ACS. Hypothesis: Handgrip strength measurement would be a good cardiovascular risk predictor and can be incorporated into the GRACE risk score for the patients with NSTE-ACS. Objective: To analyze whether the incorporation of HGS into GRACE risk score, by the score GRACE/HGS, improves its performance in risk predicting of combined outcome death, recurrence of angina or myocardial infarction, stroke and re-hospitalization in 30 days after hospital admission in patients with NSTE-ACS. Methods: This is a prospective and observational study that includes patients admitted with NSTE-ACS in Cardiologic Emergency Unit and in Coronary Intensive Care Unit of our institution aged over 18 years, for 6 months. In admission, GRACE risk score was calculated and HGS was measured within 72 hours of admission. Uni and multivariate analyses were done and ROC curve was built. Significant p value adopted was 5%. Resu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Objetivo: identificar o risco cardiovascular (RCV) e sua associação com fase do climatério, idade, grau de instrução, paridade, nível de atividade física, hábito de fumar e terapia hormonal da menopausa, em mulheres de 40 a 65 anos atendidas em ambulatórios públicos da cidade de São Paulo. Métodos: as variáveis dependentes foram RCV segundo obesidade global, identificada pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) e pelo percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), e RCV segundo obesidade abdominal, identificada pela relação cintura/quadril (RCQ) e pela circunferência da cintura (CC). A variável explanatória principal foi fase do climatério e as variáveis de controle foram: idade, grau de instrução, paridade, nível de atividade física, hábito de fumar e terapia hormonal da menopausa (THM). As análises de regressão logística múltipla foram executadas no programa STATA 9.0, utilizando o processo \"stepwise\". Resultados: constatou-se RCV aumentado, segundo obesidade global, em 32,0% (IMC) e 24,7% (%GC) das mulheres; e, segundo obesidade abdominal em 49,0% (RCQ) e 64,0% (CC) das mulheres. Nos modelos finais, permaneceram associadas ao RCV aumentado, segundo obesidade global (IMC): fase do climatério, nível de atividade física, paridade e grau de instrução e, de acordo com o %GC: nível de atividade física e paridade. Segundo obesidade abdominal (RCQ) permaneceram associadas: nível de atividade física, grau de instrução e idade e, de acordo com a CC: nível de atividade física, paridade e idade. Conclusão: a fase do climatério só foi importante para explicar o RCV aumentado, segundo obesidade global, identificada pelo IMC. A variável explanatória mais importante para explicar o RCV aumentado, tanto segundo obesidade global como abdominal, foi o nível de atividade física; enquanto a paridade foi importante para explicar o RCV aumentado segundo obesidade global e a idade, segundo obesidade abdominal. / Purpose: to identify cardiovascular risk (CVR) and its relationship to climacteric period, age, educational level, parity, physical activity level, tobacco smoking and hormone therapy, in women aged 40-65 years old, attended in outpatient clinics from São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: the dependent variables were: CVR, according to body obesity, assessed by body mass index (BMI) and by body fat percentage (%BF), and CVR, according to abdominal obesity, assessed by waist/hip ratio (WHR) and by waist circumference (WC). The main explanatory variable was climacteric period and the control variables were: age, educational level, parity, physical activity level, tobacco smoking and hormone therapy. The multiple regression analysis were performed at software STATA 9.0, by the stepwise process. Results: higher CVR assessed by body obesity prevalence was 32,0% (BMI) and 24,7% (%GC); according to abdominal obesity, was 49,0% (WHR) and 64,0% (WC). In the final models, the variables associated with higher CVR, assessed by body obesity, were climacteric period, physical activity level, parity and educational level (BMI) and physical activity level and parity (%BF). According to abdominal obesity, the variables associated with higher CVR were physical activity level, educational level and age (WHR) and physical activity level, parity and age (WC). Conclusion: the most important variable to explain higher CVR was physical activity level, according to body and abdominal obesity, while the parity was important to explain higher CVR according to body obesity and the age to explain higher CVR according to abdominal obesity.

INTRODUÇÃO: A cirurgia bariátrica vem a ser uma alternativa, que além da redução do peso dos pacientes, pode reduzir as co-morbidades associadas, como, diabetes mellitus, hipertensão e dislipidemias e assim reduzir o número e os gastos com medicamentos. OBJETIVO: Estimar o impacto do procedimento cirúrgico nos gastos com medicamentos e no risco cardiovascular antes e após a realização da cirurgia bariátrica por pacientes obesos mórbidos. METODOLOGIA: Estudo suplementar, cuja análise dos gastos com medicamentos levou em consideração o gasto médio real do paciente, o gasto médio estimado para o paciente e o gasto médio para o sistema público de saúde. A avaliação do risco cardiovascular foi realizada através da Escala de Framingham. RESULTADOS: Após um período mínimo de 6 meses do procedimento cirúrgico, houve redução significativa nos gastos com medicamentos tanto para o sistema público de saúde (P ≤ 0,016) (R$ 6,71 (0,0-11,1) para R$ 4,2 (0,0-6,9)) como nos gastos estimados para o paciente (P < 0,001) (R$160,0 (58,3 – 225,8) para R$103,1(18,8-144,3)). Considerando o gasto real para o paciente, observou-se diferença somente em relação aos medicamentos adquiridos sem prescrição médica (P < 0,001) (R$ 12,5 (0,0 – 14,6) para R$ 4,9 (0,0 – 13,8)). O risco cardiovascular também reduziu significativamente (P < 0,001) neste período (10,8% (5,8-23,3) para 5,9% (3,4-10,8)), assim como a idade vascular que reduziu em média 11,2 anos (± 10,4) após o procedimento (P < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia bariátrica reduz as co-morbidades, o risco cardiovascular, o uso de medicamentos e consequentemente os gastos para o paciente e para o sistema público com medicamentos. / INTRODUCTION: The bariatric surgery it´s an alternative that besides the reduction of the patient´s weight can reduce the associated co-morbidities, such as, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure and dyslipidemias, reducing the number and expenses with drugs as well. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of the surgical procedure on spendings with drugs and the cardiovascular risk before and after the realization of the bariatric surgery by morbid obese patients. METHODOLOGY: Additional study, which analysis of the spending’s with drugs took into consideration the average real spending of the patient, the estimated average spending of the patient and the average spending of the public health system. The evaluation of the cardiovascular risk was performed through the Scale of Framingham. RESULTS: After a minimum period of six months from the surgical procedure, there was a significant reduction of the spending with drugs for the public health system from (P ≤ 0.016) (U$ 6.71 (0.0-11.1) to U$ 4.2 (0.0-6.9)) as well as for the estimated spending’s of the patient from (P < 0.001) (U$160.0 (58.3 – 225.8) to U$103.1(18.8-144.3)). Considering the real spending of the patient, a difference was observed only within the drugs bought without medical prescription from (P < 0.001) (U$ 12.5 (0.0 –14.6) to U$ 4.9 (0.0 – 13.8)). The cardiovascular risk also reduced significantly (P < 0.001) in this period from (10.8% (5.8-23.3) to 5.9% (3.4-10.8)), as well as the vascular age which reduced in average 11.2 years (± 10.4) after the procedure (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The bariatric surgery reduces the co-morbidities, the cardiovascular risk and, the use of drugs and consequently, the spending’s of the patient and the public system with drugs.

Introdução: A obesidade é um importante problema de Saúde Pública e, segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, representa uma epidemia global. É considerada uma doença crônica, multifatorial, que depende não só de fatores genéticos e fisiopatológicos, mas também de variáveis culturais, sociais e psicológicas associadas à quantidade e a qualidade da alimentação. Nesse contexto, os adolescentes como foco de mudanças fisiológicas, anatômicas e sociais se tornam um grupo com elevada frequência de fatores de risco associados à obesidade. Objetivo: Avaliar o papel da lipoproteína de baixa densidade eletronegativa [LDL(-)], da proteína transportadora de éster de colesterol (CETP) e da resistência à insulina (RI) no risco cardiometabólico de adolescentes. Métodos: Foram recrutados adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária de 10 a 19 anos e, regularmente matriculados em escolas da cidade de São Paulo. Medidas antropométricas, tais como, peso, altura, circunferência da cintura (CC) e composição corporal foram avaliadas, e classificadas considerando sexo e idade. Após jejum (12-15h), foi coletada uma amostra de sangue e a partir do plasma foram realizadas as seguintes análises: glicose, insulina e cálculo do HOMA, perfil lipídico, apolipoproteína A-I e B, atividade da paraoxonase 1 (PON1), ácidos graxos livres (AGL), atividade da CETP e LDL(-). Os resultados obtidos foram analisados por meio dos testes qui-quadrado, Kappa, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t-student, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Bonferroni e de tendência linear, com valor de significância de p< 0,05. Resultados: Os adolescentes eutróficos apresentaram menor atividade de CETP e conteúdo de LDL(-) em relação àqueles com excesso de peso. O IMC apresentou associação positiva e linear com o CT/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, ApoB/ApoA-I, LDL(-) e LDL(-)/CT. Perfil inverso foi observado para HDL-C e ApoA-I. A CC mostrou associação positiva com TG, CT/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, ApoB/ApoA-I, LDL(-), LDL(-)/CT e CETP. Associação negativa foi observada entre CC e HDL-C e ApoA-I. Após o ajuste pela atividade da CETP, associações entre o HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, CT/HDLC e LDL(-)/LDL-C com o IMC ou CC foram modificadas. Ao ajustarmos pela concentração de LDL(-), nenhuma associação sofreu alteração, o que sugere um mecanismo independente para a regulação dessa partícula durante a obesidade.Ao analisarmos os adolescentes segundo CC, verificamos que os adolescentes com CCALTA apresentaram elevado IMC, por cento de gordura corporal, pressão arterial sistólica, conteúdo de insulina, HOMA, TG, TG/HDL-C, CT/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, ApoB/ApoA-I, AGL, LDL(-), LDL(-)/CT e atividade da CETP, quando comparados aqueles com CCBAIXA. Perfil inverso foi observado para por cento de massa magra, HDL-C, ApoA-I, HDL/ApoA-I e PON-1. Quando classificados segundo HOMA (resistente à insulina - RI e sensível à insulina - SI), os adolescentes RI mostraram um impacto negativo sobre o IMC, CC, por cento de gordura corporal, pressão arterial, TG e TG/HDL-C, e resultado inverso para por cento de massa magra e PON1. O índice de risco cardiovascular proposto mostrou que o grupo CCALTA-RI = CCALTA-SI > CCBAIXA-RI = CCBAIXASI. Conclusões: Portanto, a concentração de LDL(-) e a atividade da CETP associada à obesidade, principalmente abdominal, alteram o risco cardiometabólico de adolescentes / Introduction: Obesity is a major public health problem and, according to World Health Organization, represents a global epidemic. It is considered a chronic, multifactorial disease, which depends not only of genetic and pathophysiology factors, but also of cultural, social and psychological associated with diet profile variables. In this context, adolescents as the focus of physiological, anatomical and social changes become a group with high frequency of risk factor for obesity. Objective: To evaluate the role of the electronegative low-density lipoprotein [LDL(-)] concentration, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity and insulin resistance on cardiometabolic risk of adolescents. Methods: We recruited adolescents of both sexes, aged 10 to 19 years and enrolled in schools in the city of São Paulo. Anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and body composition were evaluated and classified according to sex and age. After fasting (12-15h) was analyzed from plasma: glucose, insulin and HOMA, lipid profile, apolipoprotein A-I and B, paraoxonase 1 activity (PON1), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), CETP activity and LDL(-). The results were analyzed by chi-square, Kappa, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t-student, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Bonferroni and linear tendency test, with p< 0.05. Results: The subjects with normal weight had lower CETP activity and content of LDL(-) than excess weight adolescents. BMI showed positive and linear association with TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, ApoB/ApoA-I, LDL(-) and LDL(-)/TC. Profile opposite was observed for HDL-C and ApoA-I. The WC was positively associated with TG, TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, ApoB/ApoA-I, LDL(-), LDL(-)/CT and CETP. Negative association was observed between WC and HDL-C and ApoA-I. After adjustment for CETP, associations between HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C and LDL(-)/LDL-C with BMI or WC were modified. Adjustment for LDL(-) content was not able to change these associations, suggesting an independent mechanism for regulation of the levels of this particle during obesity. Analysis second WC, it was found that adolescents 10 with WCHIGH showed higher BMI, per cent body fat, systolic blood pressure, insulin, HOMA, TG, TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, ApoB/ApoA-I, NEFA, LDL(-), LDL(-)/TC and CETP activity than WCLOW group. Profile opposite was observed for per cent lean body mass, HDL-C, ApoA-I, HDL/ApoA-I and PON-1. When it classified according to HOMA (insulin resistant IR and insulin sensitive IS), IR group showed a negative impact on BMI, WC, per cent body fat, blood pressure, TG and TG/HDL-C, and contrary result for per cent mass lean and PON1. The cardiovascular risk index propose showed that WCHIGH IR = WCHIGH IS > WCLOW IR = WCLOW IS group. Conclusions: Therefore, LDL(-) content and CETP activity associated with obesity, mainly abdominal, alter the cardiometabolic risk of adolescents