The City of Stockholm’s energy and climate goals are analyzed and projected in several scenarios. Using the year 2015 as the baseline year, a database covering the energy performance and fuel use within the City is created. This starting point is used to project the performance of the City until the year 2050. The projection is made with the use of scenarios and the simulation software LEAP by formulating scenarios that combine ongoing, planned and conceivable measures. All these scenarios aim to the reduction of emissions with the long term aim to set the City of Stockholm a fossil fuel free city by 2050. Various paths can be followed towards that goal and these are analyzed and classified based on cost and applicability. According to the simulation of scenarios, the immediate action and the long-term planning are shown to play an essential role in achieving the City’s goals. In addition, the significance of policy, the behavioral aspect and the continuous gradual development are found to be three basic pillars towards the target that the City has set. Specifically, the City should focus on energy efficiency in both generation and utilization. Available technology can help to this direction at an affordable cost and with remarkable potential. However, in order to achieve the target of an entirely fossil fuel free city by the year 2050, the City of Stockholm needs to support a shift of transportation modes towards public transport. Currently, the transportation sector has a low share of clean fuels and is likely going to be the most challenging sector to affect. Among the challenges in the transportation sector comes the fact that there is always a given risk when trying to introduce a new dominant fuel, based on assumptions of future car fleets and volatility of markets. Biofuels may for instance lead to a shortage in the market with higher biofuel and food prices as a result while changing the entire vehicle fleet takes 20 years on average. The best possible scenario does demonstrate one possible path toward a fossil fuel free City of Stockholm 2050 by taking a number of aggressive actions. This does not account for possible new technologies nor changes in the economy at large.

This thesis explores the building energy performance of the domestic sector in the city of Stockholm based on the building energy declaration database. The aims of this master thesis are to analyze the big data sets of around 20,000 buildings in Stockholm region, explore the correlation between building energy performance and different internal and external affecting factors on building energy consumption, such as building energy systems, building vintages and etc. By using clustering method, buildings with different energy consumptions can be easily identified. Thereafter, energy saving potential is estimated by setting step-by-step target, while feasible energy saving solutions can also be proposed in order to drive building energy performance at city level. A brief introduction of several key concepts, energy consumption in buildings, building energy declaration and big data, serves as the background information, which helps to clarify the necessity of conducting this master thesis. The methods used in this thesis include data processing, descriptive analysis, regression analysis, clustering analysis and energy saving potential analysis. The provided building energy declaration data is firstly processed in MS Excel then reorganized in MS Access. As for the data analysis process, IBM SPSS is further introduced for the descriptive analysis and graphical representation. By defining different energy performance indicators, the descriptive analysis presents the energy consumption and composition for different building classifications. The results also give the application details of different ventilation systems in different building types. Thereafter, the correlation between building energy performance and five different independent variables is analyzed by using a linear regression model. Clustering analysis is further performed on studied buildings for the purpose of targeting low energy efficiency groups, and the buildings with various energy consumptions are well identified and grouped based on their energy performance. It proves that clustering method is quite useful in the big data analysis, however some parameters in the process of clustering needs to be further adjusted in order to achieve more satisfied results. Energy saving potential for the studied buildings is calculated as well. The conclusion shows that the maximal potential for energy savings in the studied buildings is estimated at 43% (2.35 TWh) for residential buildings and 54% (1.68 TWh) for non-residential premises, and the saving potential is calculated for different building categories and different clusters as well.

The residential sector was accountable for the consumption of 143 TWh in 2007, comprising35 % of Sweden’s total final energy use. The City of Stockholm has high ambitions in the environmental area. Miljöhuset is a web based energy calculation tool that helps to manage energy use, choose energy and cost efficient measures as well as present the environmental impacts of a building. This study had the aim to analyze the energy calculation tool from a scientific − and userperspective and to suggest potential further improvement of the tool. This was done in two maindirections: The first was to examine issues related to the tool itself such as user-friendliness,environmental impacts presentation, results transparency etc. The second direction was to explore potential future development possibilities for Miljöhuset and the possibility of using it asa support in energy declarations. The educational aspect of the tool was examined too, by attempting to identify whether there is a possibility for Miljöhuset to be utilized for this purpose too. In order to examine the aforementioned issues, a Stakeholders Opinion Assessment (SOA)method was used: 18 persons representing 18 different stakeholders answered a questionnaire and gave an interview. Through this procedure, it was possible to identify strengths and weaknesses of Miljöhuset and analyse stakeholders’ opinions on the same. The findings of this study are that Miljöhuset has a good user interface and a holistic approach towards the operation of a house by integrating economic, environmental and energy aspects into one tool. Furthermore, the participants’ perception is that Miljöhuset is understandable and itsvalues/parameters relevant. However, improvements will be necessary in order to increase itsacceptance. Such improvements include both user friendliness and accuracy of the results. A number of stakeholders that are interested in the tool have been identified and further discussions were suggested in order to specify the type of interest these stakeholders expressed. A morethorough discussion and analysis of suitable future target groups would be valuable since future development should be tailored to them. Such an analysis could also more clearly define the potential of Miljöhuset as an educational tool or as a support in energy declarations. The possibility of whether or not the introduction of a fee for Miljöhuset would be beneficial hasbeen studied. The results did not allow drawing firm conclusions about this aspect, however, and further research is suggested. Finally since there are other tools that fulfil similar functions as Miljöhuset, further study about the competition in the web based energy calculation environment is also suggested. / <p>www.ima.kth.se</p>

As human activity continues to cause significant global issues, such as the decline of biodiversity, there is an increasing demand to engage with desirable visions of the future. Sustainability research emphasizes the significance of participatory approaches prioritizing nature and incorporating diverse human-nature relationships to promote more inclusive and sustainable paths to a positive future. However, the involvement of youth in current future studies is limited. Urban national parks provide valuable opportunities to investigate people-nature relations and their future. This study conducted a participatory futures workshop that combined the Natures Futures Framework and the Three Horizons Framework with fifteen young individuals living in Stockholm to capture their diverse nature relationships and positive future visions of the Royal National City Park in Stockholm. The workshop identified several aspects of nature in the park appreciated by the group, such as biodiversity, calmness, and the opportunity for recreation and connection to nature. If those values are projected onto a desirable future, this group of youth envisions the park to include reduced pollution, increased biodiversity, stronger protection and regulation, and prioritization of nature, with societal involvement and better accessibility. To support value-inclusive decision-making for the sustainable future of the Royal National City Park, collected values and visions were shared with park stakeholders. By collecting diverse nature value perspectives on a local scale using the Nature Futures Framework, this work contributes to the generation of a global perspective of desirable nature futures. While the Natures Futures Framework proved effective in generating rich value perspectives, a reflection survey revealed that not all participants found the framework easy to understand, particularly the difference between the different value perspectives presented in the framework. In conclusion, this study provides insights into possible futures and inspires actions toward a sustainable future where humans and nature coexist in harmony.

Detta är en undersökning som är gjord för att jämföra prissättningen av fastigheter som är till salu i Sverige och Spanien. För att avgränsa oss har vi valt att jämföra Stockholms innerstads prissättning med prissättningen i Palma på Mallorca i Spanien. Lockpris fenomenet har fått hård kritik under den senaste tiden i media. På grund av denna kritik så har många mäklare, speciellt i Stockholms innerstad, gått ihop och arbetar mot att undvika lockpriser och har infört begreppet accepterat pris. Dock kan accepterat pris uppfattas som ett nytt ersättningsnamn på lockpriser. Trots att Mäklarsamfundet tar bestämt avstånd från användning av lockpriser så har vi genom intervjuer med mäklare i Stockholms innerstad fått fram att detta används fortfarande vid prissättning av bostäder. Vi har genom våra intervjuer med fastighetsägare i Stockholm och Palma, mött flera fastighetsägare som har känt sig lurade då de har köpt en fastighet till ett avsevärt mycket högre slutpris än utgångspris. Samtidigt har vi mött flera fastighetsägare som är nöjda med Sveriges budgivningssystem. De flesta föredrar dock att köpa eller sälja en fastighet till verkligt accepterat pris. Det spanska budgivningssystemet där budgivningen går nedåt har, trots att de flesta fastighetsköpare som vi intervjuat lyckats förhandla ned slutpriset, mötts med en del kritik. Största delen av kritiken bygger på att priset inte sätts relaterat till marknadspriset, vilket det trots lockpriser, görs i Sverige. / This is a survey where we compare the pricing of properties that are for sale in Sweden and Spain. To make delimitation, we have chosen to compare the pricing in the inner city of Stockholm of Sweden with the pricing in Palma in Mallorca, Spain. The cap rates phenomenon has been very criticized in the Swedish media in the latest couple of years. Because of this criticism, many real estate agents in the inner city of Stockholm are working to avoid cap rates and introduced the concept of using acceptable prices. However, acceptable price rates are perceived as a replacement name for the cap prices. Although the Mäklarsamfundet, of Sweden, disagrees with the use of cap rates, we have trough our interviews with real estate agents in the inner city of Stockholm received that this concept is still used in the pricing of properties. We have, through our interviews with property owners in Stockholm and Palma, met several property owners who have felt cheated when they bought a property at a significantly higher final price than the asking price. We have as well met several property owners who are satisfied with the Swedish pricing. But most people prefer to buy or sell a property at fair agreed price, using acceptable pricing. Many of the Spanish property buyers who we have interviewed are critical to the Spanish pricing, where the bidding goes down. This despite that most of them, managed to negotiate down the final price. Most of the criticism is based on that the prices are not related to market price, which, despite the cap rates, is in Sweden.

Uppvärmningen av klimatet resulterar i att havsnivån stiger globalt. Detta riskerar att få omfattande sociala, ekonomiska och ekologiska konsekvenser, i synnerhet för områden som angränsar mot kusten. I Sverige har kommunerna planmonopol och förväntas ta ett stort ansvar för klimatanpassning. I Stockholm antas havet stiga cirka 0,5 meter till år 2100 och det kommer troligtvis att fortsätta stiga efter det. Denna studie bygger främst på intervjuer i syftet att utreda huruvida det råder konsensus mellan stadens planerare och politikerna i Stockholms stad gällande hur hantering av en förhöjd havsnivå bör ske. Frågan är relativt ny och i ett spekulativt stadium vilket gör att det är svårt att se tydliga skiljelinjer. Samtliga personer som ingått i denna studie är dock överens om att problematiken kring ett stigande hav är en viktig fråga i behov av mer djupgående utredningar. Även att det i slutänden kommer att bli en samhällsekonomisk analys som blir avgörande för vad, när och hur något ska genomföras. / The warming of the climate will result in rising sea levels globally. This is likely to result in widespread social, economic and environmental consequences, especially for areas adjacent to the coast. In Sweden the municipalities have a monopoly for planning and the municipalities are expected to take a substantial responsibility for the city’s adaptation to the new sea levels. In Stockholm, the expected sea level rise is approximately 0.5 meters until 2100 and the sea is expected to continue to rise after 2100. This study is based on interviews with the purpose to investigate whether there is consensus between the city planners and the politicians in the City of Stockholm in how the management of the rising sea levels should be handled. The question is relatively new and rather in a speculative stage which makes it difficult to see clear dividing lines. However all interviewees in this study agreed that the problem of rising sea levels is an important issue that is in need of more in-depth investigation. Although it will ultimately become an economic analysis that will determine what, when, and how something should be implemented.

Urban green space is of substantial importance in regards to the development of sustainable cities. Both the UNs Agenda 2030 and the Swedish environmental goal of A Good Built Environment identify that the city's green space is important for the well-being of humans. According to the World Health Organization, urban green space contributes to mental and physical health and reduce the risk of disease and poor health amongst the urban inhabitants.  Today, Europe is experiencing a high rate of urbanization in several parts of the continent and according to the EU the rate is at its highest in the Stockholm region. The city's share of green space area has decreased in recent decades and according to government authority Boverket this negative trend is part of the reason why the goal of A Good Built Environment won't be reached in 2030. 2030 also marks the end year for the goal of building 130 000 new housing units in the municipality of the City of Stockholm, a goal the municipality has set in order to meet the increase in housing demand. The capital's green space is of importance for the inhabitants' well-being. At the same time, a race against the interest of increased development in the city is in full swing. In light of this, this essay aims to investigate how the issue of urban green space is handled by city planners and how the question is regarded by the citizens in the context of planning.  The focus of the essay lays on the municipality of the City of Stockholm and by conducting a case study, three different planning programs are investigated within the municipality. Background work, program proposals and public feedback reports are analyzed. Initially, a theoretical framework is presented together with the municipality’s guideline document Grönare Stockholm (“Greener Stockholm”) with the purpose of aiding the conclusions that are made in the essay. Conclusions show that there are similarities in regards to planning approaches between the municipality’s guideline document Greener Stockholm and the contents of the program proposals. This could be an indication that the guideline document is of importance when it comes to the result of urban green space planning in practice.  There are also similarities between the management of green space in the program proposals and the result from the early background work, that is the planning of green space tends to be based on the conditions that have been identified on site in the early stages, where the needs and wishes amongst citizens are of importance. Finally, the question of urban green space tends to be of big interest amongst citizens, based on the analysis of public feedback reports. Furthermore, the subject also seem to be sensitive amongst citizens due to the overwhelming negative feedback on the municipality's program proposals. / Tillgången av urbana grönytor är av stor betydelse i utvecklingen av hållbara städer. Både FN:s Agenda 2030 och Sveriges miljömål God Bebyggd Miljö pekar ut stadens grönytor som viktiga för människans välbefinnande. Enligt Världshälsoorganisationen kan urbana grönytor främja mental och fysisk hälsa och minska risken för sjukdomar och försämrad hälsa hos stadsbor. I Europa sker idag en hög urbaniseringsgrad i flera delar av kontinenten och enligt EU är denna som allra högst i Stockholmsregionen. Andelen grönyteareal har minskat i huvudstaden de senaste decennierna och enligt Boverket bidrar den negativa trenden till att målet om God Bebyggd Miljö ej kommer uppnås fram till år 2030. År 2030 markerar även det slutliga årtalet för målet om 130 000 nya bostäder i kommunen Stockholm stad, vilket kommunen har satt i syfte att möta den ökande bostadsefterfrågan. Huvudstadens grönytor kan ses vara av betydelse för stockholmarnas välbefinnande. Samtidigt sker en kapplöpning gentemot intresset för ny exploatering i syftet att möta bostadsbehovet. Mot bakgrund av detta har denna uppsats som syfte att undersöka hur frågan om grönytor hanteras av planerare och även hur stadens invånare ser på frågan i planeringssammanhanget.  Uppsatsen fokuserar på kommunen Stockholm stad och genom en fallstudie undersöks tre olika planprogram inom kommunen. Underlagsarbeten, programförslag och yttranden från samråd analyseras. Inledningsvis presenteras ett teoretiskt ramverk tillsammans med Stockholms stads riktlinjedokument Grönare Stockholm för hantering av grönytor i syfte att understödja uppsatsens slutsatser. Uppsatsen visar på att det förekommer likheter i förhållningssätt mellan Stockholm stads riktlinjedokument Grönare Stockholm och innehållet i de programförslag som undersökts i uppsatsen. Detta kan vara en indikation på att riktlinjedokument Grönare Stockholm är av betydelse för hur utfallet för grönytor ter sig i praktiken.  Vad gäller likheter framgår även en genomgående överensstämmelse i hanteringen av grönytor i programförslaget med resultat från det tidiga underlagsarbetet. Det vill säga hanteringen av grönytor tenderar att utgå från förhållanden som identifierats på platsen i ett tidigt skede, där behov och önskemål bland medborgare är av betydelse.  Slutligen utgör frågan om grönytor ett stort intresse bland medborgarna, utifrån analys av yttranden som inkommit under samråd. Vidare framgår ämnet om grönytor vara en känslig fråga eftersom en betydande andel av synpunkterna är kritiska till hur stadsbyggnadskontoret valt att hantera grönytor i de olika programförslagen.

Den pågående urbaniseringen leder till att städer förtätas mer och mer. Samtidigt som det behövs nya bostäder är stadens invånare i behov av gröna miljöer för rekreation och produktion av ekosystemtjänster. En plats i staden som erbjuder bland annat rekreationsmöjligheter, ekosystemtjänster och biologisk mångfald är koloniområden. Odlingsintresset har ökat kraftigt de senaste åren vilket inte minst är märkbart genom de långa köerna till koloniträdgårdar i Stockholm. Även om koloniträdgårdar medför flertalet fördelar är koloniområden inte alltid inkluderande eller tillgängliga för alla stadens invånare. Detta arbete syftar därför till att undersöka koloniträdgårdens framtida plats i staden utifrån ett socialt hållbarhetsperspektiv. Koloniträdgårdens roll i staden utifrån tillgänglighet och inkludering undersöks liksom hur olika aktörer i staden ser på koloniträdgårdarnas värden och framtid i Stockholm. Genom att studera litteratur och tidigare forskning identifieras några av koloniträdgårdens funktioner och värden i staden. Dessutom genomförs en fallstudie om koloniträdgårdar i Stockholms stad vilken innefattar både en dokumentstudie och intervjuer med aktörer verksamma i Stockholmsregionen. Resultaten från fallstudien visar på att koloniträdgårdar i Stockholm kan tillskrivas många olika värden: bland annat biologisk mångfald, ekosystemtjänster, rekreationsytor, vackra promenadstråk och trygghet i staden. Flera av aktörerna framhäver vikten av öppna och tillgängliga områden för promenader, likaså vikten av att kolonistugor och arrenden hålls rimligt prissatta. Ingen av aktörerna tror att nya koloniområden med stuglotter kommer att anläggas men möjligtvis områden med mindre odlingslotter. Däremot är det troligt att befintliga områden finns kvar de närmaste 20 åren och att åtgärder som ökar tillgängligheten till stadens koloniområden kommer att genomföras. / The ongoing urbanization leads to more and more densified cities. While new housing is needed, the city's residents need green environments for recreation and production of ecosystem services. One place in the city that, among other things, offers recreational opportunities, ecosystem services and biodiversity are allotment gardens. The gardening interest has increased substantially in recent years, which is made apparent through the long queues for allotments in Stockholm. Even though allotments bring multiple benefits, allotment gardens are not always inclusive or accessible to all city residents. This work therefore aims to investigate the future space for the allotment in the city from a social sustainability perspective. The role of the allotment in the city based on accessibility and inclusion is examined, as well as how different actors in the city consider the values and future of the allotments in Stockholm. By studying literature and previous research, some of the allotments' functions and values in the city are identified. In addition, a case study on allotments in The City of Stockholm is carried out, which includes both a document study and interviews with actors who operate in the Stockholm region. The results from the case study show that allotments in Stockholm can be ascribed to many different values: biodiversity, ecosystem services, recreational areas, beautiful walking paths and safety in the city among others. Several of the actors emphasize the importance of open and accessible areas for walking, as well as the importance of keeping allotment cottages and rents reasonably priced. None of the actors believe that new allotment gardens with cottage plots will be built, but possibly areas with cultivation plots. On the other hand, it is likely that existing areas will remain for the next 20 years and that measures for increasing accessibility to the city's allotment gardens will be implemented.

Socio-ekologisk resiliens är ett begrepp som bör integreras i en större omfattning i dagens stadsplanering då extremväder till följd av klimatförändringar, samt Covid-19 pandemin har förändrat behoven i stadens offentliga rum. Ett sätt att bemöta de nya behoven är att öka andelen grönområden. Denna studie fokuserar på Stockholms mest centrala delar, Vasastan, Norrmalm och Östermalm som har ett väldigt begränsat utbud av grönområden, sett till hur många som bor där. Stockholms stads rekommendation är att boende ska ha maximalt 200 meter till närmsta grönområde, vilket studiens fokusområden inte uppfyller idag. Dessutom är dessa områden utsatta för värmeöar och översvämningsrisker, vilket var ytterligare en orsak till varför studieområdet valdes.  Att få loss mark och implementera nya grönområden i ett redan högt exploaterat område är en utmaning. Denna studie syftar därför till att undersöka var urbana grönområden såsom mikroparker kan införas i syfte att öka den socio-ekologiska resiliensen, men även att undersöka hur Stockholms stad arbetar med resiliensstrategier idag samt hur dessa kan förbättras. Vidare undersöktes vilka faktorer som ett urbant grönområde ska ha för att bidra till resiliens. Med resultatet av intervjuer och spatiala analyser som underlag, kan denna studie konstatera att Stockholms stads arbete med socio-ekologisk resiliens har förbättringsmöjligheter, och att det finns flertalet spillytor att anlägga mikroparker på. Dessutom har de viktigaste framgångsfaktorerna när det kommer till grönområden, ur ett socio- ekologiskt perspektiv, presenterats vilket framför allt handlar om mångfunktionalitet. Dock visar studien på att man behöver ta vissa bilvägar i anspråk för att säkerställa ekologisk resiliens. / Socio-ecological resilience is a concept that should be integrated to a greater extent in today's urban planning since extreme weather as a result of climate change, and the Covid-19 pandemic have changed the needs of the city's public spaces. One way to meet the new needs is to increase the proportion of green areas. This study focuses on Stockholm's most central parts, ON, Norrmalm and Östermalm, which have a very limited range of green areas, in comparison to how many people live there. The City of Stockholm's recommendation is that residents should have a maximum of 200 meters to the nearest green area, which the study's focus areas do not meet today. In addition, these areas are exposed to heat islands and flood risks, which was another reason why the study area was chosen.  To implement new green areas in an already highly developed area is a challenge. Therefore, this study aims to investigate where urban green areas, such as micro parks, can be introduced to increase social-ecological resilience. It also aims to investigate how the City of Stockholm works with resilience strategies today and how these can be improved. Furthermore, it was investigated what factors an urban green area should have to contribute to resilience. With the results of interviews and spatial analysis as a basis, this study can point out that the City of Stockholm's work with socio-ecological resilience has room for improvement, and that there are several available areas to build micro parks on. In addition, the most important success factors when it comes to green areas, from a socio-ecological perspective, have been presented, which is primarily about multifunctionality. However, the study shows that it is necessary to develop some car roads into greener areas, to ensure socio-ecological resilience.