Die Diskussion um die Rückgabe von Kulturgut aus kolonialen Kontexten hat in den letzten Jahren wieder verstärkt an Aufmerksamkeit gewonnen. Zwar wurden einige Kulturgüter an die Ursprungsländer zurückgegeben, doch der Großteil des unter kolonialen Bedingungen entwendeten Kulturguts befindet sich weiterhin in westlichen Sammlungen. Die Rückgabe dieser Kulturgüter könnte einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Lösung postkolonialer Konflikte leisten. Diese Arbeit betrachtet die Rückgabedebatte aus einer völkerrechtlichen Perspektive und geht der Frage nach, inwiefern das Völkerrecht einen allgemeinen Rückgabeanspruch seitens der Ursprungsländer auf ihr unter kolonialen Bedingungen verbrachtes Kulturgut beinhaltet. Dazu werden zunächst die völkerrechtlichen Grundlagen auf mögliche Rückgabeansprüche untersucht. Anschließend erfolgt eine Analyse der praktischen Anwendung dieser Grundlagen. Abschließend wird kritisch geprüft, ob andere, rechtspolitische Instrumente, wie eine Lockerung des Prinzips der Intertemporalität oder die Berücksichtigung präkolonialen Rechts, förderlich für Rückgaben sein können und ob Reformbedarf besteht. Die Analyse zeigt, dass das Völkerrecht zwar einen wertvollen Rahmen für den Schutz und die Rückgabe von Kulturgut bietet, jedoch bisher keinen allgemeinen Rückgabeanspruch auf unter kolonialen Bedingungen verbrachtes Kulturgut bereithält. Insbesondere das Prinzip der Nichtrückwirkung verhindert eine Anwendung der Rechtsgrundlagen auf Kulturgüter aus kolonialen Kontexten. Alternative rechtspolitische Ansätze stoßen auf praktische und völkerrechtliche Herausforderungen und konnten sich bislang nicht als Lösung durchsetzen. Der Beitrag fordert daher verstärkte freiwillige Rückgaben und ein proaktives sowie verantwortungsbewusstes Handeln der ehemaligen Kolonialmächte, um eine Kooperation auf Augenhöhe zu ermöglichen und zur Lösung postkolonialer Konflikte beizutragen.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis i A. Einleitung 1 B. Völkerrechtliche Rückgabeansprüche (lex lata) 2 I. Vertragsrecht 2 1. Die Haager Konvention zum Schutz von Kulturgut bei bewaffneten Konflikten von 1954 2 2. Das UNESCO-Übereinkommen über Maßnahmen zum Verbot und zur Verhütung der unzulässigen Einfuhr, Ausfuhr und Übereignung von Kulturgut von 1970 3 3. Die UNIDROIT-Konvention über gestohlene oder rechtswidrig ausgeführte Kulturgüter von 1995 4 4. Zwischenergebnis 5 II. Völkergewohnheitsrecht 5 1. Völkergewohnheitsrechtlicher Anspruch auf in Kriegszeiten verbrachtes Kulturgut 6 2. Völkergewohnheitsrechtlicher Anspruch auf in Friedenszeiten verbrachtes Kulturgut 6 a) Untersuchung der Staatenpraxis und Opinio Juris 6 b) Prinzip der Wiedergutmachung 8 3. Zwischenergebnis 9 III. Soft Law 9 1. Resolution 3187 (XXVIII) der UN-Generalversammlung von 1973 und Folgeresolutionen 10 2. UN-Erklärung über die Rechte indigener Völker von 2007 10 3. Ethikkodizes 11 a) Ethische Richtlinien für Museen des ICOM (ICOM-Kodex) von 1986 11 b) Die Bedeutung der Ethikkodizes 12 4. Schlussfolgerungen 13 IV. Zwischenergebnis 13 C. Praxis: Rückgabe von Kulturgütern an Ursprungsstaaten 13 I. Eine Bestandsaufnahme bisheriger Rückgaben 13 II. Der fehlende Rechtsbezug von Rückgaben 14 III. Freiwillige Rückgaben als Alternative? 15 IV. Zwischenergebnis 15 D. Weiterführende Überlegungen (de lege ferenda) 15 I. Fehlende Rückgabeverpflichtung als Anlass für postkoloniale Konflikte? 15 II. Aufweichung des Prinzips der Intertemporalität? 16 III. Berücksichtigung präkolonialen Rechts? 17 IV. Prinzip des „Common Heritage of Mankind” 19 V. Zwischenergebnis 20 E. Fazit und Ausblick 20 Literaturverzeichnis 22 / The discussion about the return of cultural property from colonial contexts has gained increased attention in recent years. While some cultural objects removed under colonial conditions have been returned to countries of origin, the majority of them remain in Western collections. The return of these cultural objects could play a critical role in addressing post-colonial conflicts. This paper approaches the return debate from an international law perspective, examining the extent to which international law contains a general right of return for countries of origin regarding their cultural property removed under colonial conditions. To this end, the foundations of international law are first examined with regard to potential return claims. Subsequently, the paper will analyze the practical application of these legal frameworks. Finally, the author will evaluate whether other legal policy instruments, such as exceptions to the principle of intertemporality or the consideration of pre-colonial law, could be conducive to returns and whether there is a need for reform. The analysis shows that although international law provides a valuable framework for the protection and return of cultural property, it does not yet provide a general right of return for cultural property removed under colonial conditions. In particular, the principle of non-retroactivity hinders the application of the legal principles to cultural property from colonial contexts. Alternative legal policy approaches face both practical and legal challenges and have not yet been able to establish a solution. Therefore, the paper calls for increased voluntary returns and proactive and responsible actions by former colonial powers in order to enable cooperation on an equal footing and contribute to the resolution of post-colonial conflicts.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis i A. Einleitung 1 B. Völkerrechtliche Rückgabeansprüche (lex lata) 2 I. Vertragsrecht 2 1. Die Haager Konvention zum Schutz von Kulturgut bei bewaffneten Konflikten von 1954 2 2. Das UNESCO-Übereinkommen über Maßnahmen zum Verbot und zur Verhütung der unzulässigen Einfuhr, Ausfuhr und Übereignung von Kulturgut von 1970 3 3. Die UNIDROIT-Konvention über gestohlene oder rechtswidrig ausgeführte Kulturgüter von 1995 4 4. Zwischenergebnis 5 II. Völkergewohnheitsrecht 5 1. Völkergewohnheitsrechtlicher Anspruch auf in Kriegszeiten verbrachtes Kulturgut 6 2. Völkergewohnheitsrechtlicher Anspruch auf in Friedenszeiten verbrachtes Kulturgut 6 a) Untersuchung der Staatenpraxis und Opinio Juris 6 b) Prinzip der Wiedergutmachung 8 3. Zwischenergebnis 9 III. Soft Law 9 1. Resolution 3187 (XXVIII) der UN-Generalversammlung von 1973 und Folgeresolutionen 10 2. UN-Erklärung über die Rechte indigener Völker von 2007 10 3. Ethikkodizes 11 a) Ethische Richtlinien für Museen des ICOM (ICOM-Kodex) von 1986 11 b) Die Bedeutung der Ethikkodizes 12 4. Schlussfolgerungen 13 IV. Zwischenergebnis 13 C. Praxis: Rückgabe von Kulturgütern an Ursprungsstaaten 13 I. Eine Bestandsaufnahme bisheriger Rückgaben 13 II. Der fehlende Rechtsbezug von Rückgaben 14 III. Freiwillige Rückgaben als Alternative? 15 IV. Zwischenergebnis 15 D. Weiterführende Überlegungen (de lege ferenda) 15 I. Fehlende Rückgabeverpflichtung als Anlass für postkoloniale Konflikte? 15 II. Aufweichung des Prinzips der Intertemporalität? 16 III. Berücksichtigung präkolonialen Rechts? 17 IV. Prinzip des „Common Heritage of Mankind” 19 V. Zwischenergebnis 20 E. Fazit und Ausblick 20 Literaturverzeichnis 22

We derive formulas for the moments of the ruin time in a Lévy risk model and use these to determine the asymptotic behavior of the moments of the ruin time as the initial capital tends to infinity. In the special case of the perturbed Cramér-Lundberg model with phase-type or even exponentially distributed claims, we explicitly compute the first two moments of the ruin time. All our considerations distinguish between the profitable and the unprofitable setting.

Tribal water rights and instream flows for species listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) have been a source of tensions in the western United States, particularly when tribes have undetermined water rights to support tribal fisheries listed under the ESA. Understanding the mechanics of past tribal settlements and their strengths and weaknesses in resolving disputes over instream flows for tribal trust fisheries listed under the ESA will allow parties involved in negotiations to evaluate whether similar provisions should be incorporated into future settlements. A review of the 27 congressionally approved tribal water settlements for instream flow and ESA provisions revealed that instream rights were either established as junior rights or reallocated from existing rights. The ESA was a factor in many of the settlements; however, only one actively incorporated ESA tools as part of the benefits of the settlement. After this preliminary evaluation, a comparative analysis framework with 28 criteria for evaluating environmental conflict resolution was applied to the Nez Perce Water Rights Settlement and Pyramid Lake Paiute Water Rights Settlement to identify strengths and weaknesses of using tribal water settlements as a means to resolve disputes involving instream flow claims. From my analysis, I conclude that tribal water settlements offer unique opportunities to shift the status quo and address historic inequities while minimizing harm to existing water users; however, settlement agreements may not result in an outcome that reduces conflict without a concerted effort to establish a fair process and minimize the impacts of the agreement on other parties. Furthermore, despite the many benefits of settlement agreements, since they have not delivered time-immemorial rights for fisheries, other options will likely be a continued consideration for tribes seeking to restore fisheries. However, while litigation presents a risky though lucrative outcome, rights under state law are in line with what has been granted in settlements. Given the time, effort and cost associated with settlements, I suggest that since tribal water right settlements generally use state tools to establish instream flows, states and tribes may reduce future conflict by proactively working together to establish instream flows through existing state water reallocation mechanisms. / Graduation date: 2012

No description available.

This thesis examines Tse Keh Nay (Sekani) ethnic identity over three periods of Aboriginal-European relations: the fur trade period, the missionary period, and the treaty and reserve period. It examines the affects these three periods have had on the Tse Keh Nay as an ethnic group in four chapters, the first two dealing with the fur trade and missionary periods, and the last two with the treaty and reserve aspects of the treaty and reserve period. In it I argue that during the first two periods wider Tse Keh Nay ethnic identity was reinforced, while during the latter period local Tse Keh Nay identities were reinforced through government policies that dealt with Tse Keh Nay subgroups on a regional and localized basis. Despite this shift in emphasis, wider Tse Keh Nay ethnic identity has remained, proving that Tse Keh Nay ethnic identity is both situational and dynamic. / History

The medical scheme industry in South Africa is competitive in relation to international standards. The medical scheme sector, as part of the healthcare industry, is negatively affected by the high rate of fraud perpetrated by providers, members and syndicates, which results in medical schemes funding fraudulent claims. The purpose of the study was to explore strategies to mitigate fraud in medical scheme claims. A qualitative research methodology was followed in this study, which adopted a case study approach. Empirical data was analysed through thematic analysis, with the aid of ATLAS.ti software. The study found that healthcare service providers mainly defraud medical schemes by submitting false claims. A holistic approach should be followed to mitigate fraud in medical scheme claims. This approach should encompass regularly identifying trends in fraudulent claims and implementing appropriate control strategies. Collaboration within the medical scheme industry and with other stakeholders would also help to elevate the fight against medical scheme fraud to a new level. Implementing the recommendations from the study will assist medical schemes to reduce the funds expended on fraudulent claims, thereby improving their financial viability and decreasing the rate of increase in medical scheme contributions for members. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

No description available.

In the nineteenth century, theatre and newspapers were the dominant expressions of popular culture in the northeastern United States, and together formed a crucial discursive node in the ongoing negotiation of American national identity. Focusing on the five decades between 1820 and 1870, during which touring stars from Great Britain enjoyed their most lucrative years of popularity on United States stages, this dissertation examines three instances in which English performers entered into this nationalizing forum and became flashpoints for journalists seeking to define the nature and bounds of American citizenship and culture. In 1821, Edmund Kean’s refusal to perform in Boston caused a scandal that revealed a widespread fixation among social elites with delineating the ethnic and economic limits of citizenship in a republican nation. In 1849, an ongoing rivalry between the English tragedian William Charles Macready and his American competitor Edwin Forrest culminated in the deadly Astor Place riot. By configuring the actors as champions in a struggle between bourgeois authority and working-class populism, the New York press inserted these local events into international patterns of economic conflict and revolutionary violence. Nearly twenty years later, the arrival of the Lydia Thompson Burlesque Troupe in 1868 drew rhetoric that reflected the popular press’ growing preoccupation with gender, particularly the question of woman suffrage and the preservation of the United States’ international reputation as a powerfully masculine nation in the wake of the Civil War. Three distinct cultural currents pervade each of these case studies: the new nation’s anxieties about its former colonizer’s cultural influence, competing political and cultural ideologies within the United States, and the changing perspectives and agendas of the ascendant popular press. Exploring the points where these forces intersect, this dissertation aims to contribute to an understanding of how popular culture helped shape an emerging sense of American national identity. Ultimately, this dissertation argues that in the mid-nineteenth century northeastern United States, popular theatre, newspapers, and audiences all contributed to a single media formation in which controversial English performers became a rhetorical antipode against which “American” identity could be defined. / text

I uppsatsen utreds vad försäkring är samt vad affärsrisker är och hur de försäkras inom ramen för ansvarsförsäkringen. Viktiga frågor är var, och varför, gränsen för affärsriskers försäkringsbarhet dras som den gör, samt huruvida en ny struktur och systematik kan ge upphov till en mer ändamålsenlig gränsdragning. För att kunna förstå och argumentera kring behandlingen av affärsrisker i ansvarsförsäkringen, samt för att kunna omfamna ämnessfären med ett helhetsgrepp, måste först en relation till försäkringens väsen byggas. Kunskapen om vad försäkring är och varför försäkring finns utgör oumbärliga fundament i argumentationen om affärsriskers försäkringsbara vara eller icke vara. De försäkringsrättsliga principerna och den normativa bas som bygger upp rättsområdet synliggör ramen för försäkringsavtalsparternas förhållande och rekvisiten för försäkringsbarheten. Dessa principer och normer utgör sedermera bakgrunden som affärsriskerna ses emot i analysen. Ansvarsförsäkringen täcker den försäkrades skadeståndsansvar. En uppdelning kan göras mellan hur täckning sker av kontraktuella skadestånds- och ersättningsansvar respektive utomobligatoriska skadeståndsansvar. I och med att professions- och rådgivningsansvaret behandlas annorlunda än ansvaret i andra tjänsteverksamheter finns det en principiell vinst i att belysa det separat. Affärsriskerna leder fram till ett eventuellt ansvar och hur de behandlas kan ses i de omfattnings- och undantagsvillkor som återfinns i den vanliga ansvarsförsäkringen och i GLI-försäkringen. I uppsatsen genomgås följande utvidgande och undantagande villkor: undantaget för ren förmögenhetsskada, undantaget för omhändertagen egendom, undantaget för garantier och utfästelser, undantaget för förutsebar skada, undantaget för skada på levererad egendom, tillägget för ren förmögenhetsskada, återkallelsetillägget, tillägget för ingrediens- och komponentskada, åtkomst- och återställandetillägget samt goodwilltillägget. Gränsdragningen för täckning av affärsrisker i ansvarsförsäkringen är spretig och förefaller inte utgå ifrån en bakomliggande systematik. De gemensamma nämnarna analyseras dock, vilket ger en uppfattning av de syften som försäkringsbranschen vill uppnå med avgränsningen mot vissa affärsrisker. Med erfarenheter från vad försäkringens väsen är, hur och varför gränsdragningen görs samt dess, ur ändamålssynpunkt, inte helt tillfredställande resultat, kan en ny struktur och systematik föreslås. Förhoppningsvis leder det till en mer genomtänkt och förståelig hantering av affärsrisker i ansvarsförsäkringsfrågor. / In this thesis, I examine what insurance is, together with what business risk is and how business risks are insured in the context of liability insurance. Important questions are where, and why, the boundaries of the insurability of business risks are set as they are, and also whether a new structure and systematics could give rise to a more suitable delimitation. To be able to understand and argue about how business risks are treated in the context of liability insurance, and also to be able to approach the sphere of the subject holistically, a relation to the essence of insurance must first be built. The knowledge about what insurance is and why it exists is an indispensable foundation for the argumentation around the insurability of business risks. The principles and the normative base that make up the legal area of insurance law reveal the framework of the relationship between the parties of the insurance contract and the requirements of insurability. These principles and norms subsequently form the background against which the business risks are seen in the analysis. The liability insurance covers the liability of the insured. A distinction can be made between how the insurance covers contractual liability and non-contractual liability. Since professional liability, such as the liability of advisors, is treated differently from the liability of other service businesses, there is a principal benefit in elucidating it separately. The business risks lead to a potential liability, and how they are treated can be seen in the regular and global liability insurance policies. In this thesis, the following expanding and excluding policies are covered. Exclusion of pure financial loss, property in trust, promise or guarantee, foreseeable damage and damage to delivered property. Addition of pure financial loss, recall, claims due to ingredients or components, access and restoration costs, and goodwill. The boundary of coverage of business risks in the context of liability insurance is fuzzy and does not appear to be set based upon any underlying systematics. The common denominators are, however, analyzed which gives an idea of the ends that the insurance industry wants to achieve through the delimitation against certain business risks. With knowledge of what constitutes the essence of insurance, of how and why the boundaries are set as they are and of their, from a purpose-oriented point of view, not entirely satisfactory results, a new structure and systematics can be proposed. Hopefully, it leads to a more thought-out and comprehensible treatment of business risks in matters regarding liability insurance.

Le travail réalisé a pris en considération en premier lieu le droit international privé de l'UE, puis des aspects plus à proprement parler de « droit international procédural », en se concrétisant par une « systémisation » et une cartographie des voies de recours proposées au consommateur par le droit européen pour les litiges transfrontaliers. La première partie, concernant la loi applicable aux contrats internationaux du consommateur et le tribunal compétent dans le droit international privé de l'Union européenne, permit d'identifier les problématiques de droit international privé sous-jacentes aux contrats et aux litiges internationaux en matière de consommation, qui sont exacerbées dans le domaine du commerce électronique. La thèse traite deuxièmement la protection du consommateur par l'assouplissement et la simplification des procédures ordinaires et la protection du consommateur par des procédures collectives transfrontalières. Enfin, la thèse concerne la protection du consommateur par les procédures alternatives au contentieux ordinaire. / The thesis analyzes, under various aspects related to private international law and international civil procedure of the European Union, the status of the protection offered to the European consumers in their international contracts, in particular in relation to the objectives and in the context of the single market. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with consumer protection in the international private law of European Union (regulation (UE) 1215/2012 and regulation (CE) 593/2008). The second chapter deals with the protection offered to consumers by european international civil procedure with reference to individual and collective litigations. The third chapter deals with alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and with on-line dispute resolution (ODR) and analyzes EU directive 2013/11/UE and regulation (EU) 524/2013. / La tesi analizza, sotto vari aspetti relativi al diritto internazionale privato e processuale dell’Unione Europea, lo stato della protezione offerta al consumatore europeo nei contratti e nelle controversie internazionali, con uno specifico riguardo alle tutele di carattere processuale e giurisdizionale. La tesi si articola in tre capitoli, che investono gli ambiti in cui tale tutela può esplicarsi, ovvero, l’individuazione di un foro e di una legge applicabile favorevoli agli interessi del consumatore, la semplificazione delle regole di procedura nelle controversie individuali internazionali, la possibilità di dare luogo a procedimenti transfrontalieri collettivi e la creazione di un sistema efficace di risoluzione delle controversie internazionali in via stragiudiziale anche on-line. Il primo capitolo ricostruisce dapprima il sistema di diritto internazionale privatodell'Unione europea in materia di contratti di consumo, dando conto del contesto politico ed economico in cui si inserisce ed alla cui luce devono esserne letti gli obiettivi. Vengono quindi individuati i principi e gli obiettivi che fondano le norme di diritto internazionale privato in materia di contratti internazionali del consumatore, le quali si caratterizzano per l’essere ispirate a finalità materiali, ovvero, volte a permettere di individuare un foro competente ed una legge applicabile che siano in grado di bilanciare tra loro le esigenze dei consumatori e degli operatori del mercato, con la conseguenza di favorire l’esplicarsi degli scambi commerciali e della concorrenza nel mercato unico. Ciò avviene garantendo al consumatore l’applicazione della legge e la competenza del foro a lui più prossimi, ovvero quelli del suo paese di residenza abituale (la cui coincidenza permette peraltro una riduzione dei costi delle liti transfrontaliere) e la prevedibilità delle soluzioni agli operatori del mercato.Il capitolo traccia quindi lo sviluppo normativo e giurisprudenziale delle norme di diritto internazionale privato europee in materia di contratti del consumatore, prendendo in particolare in considerazione le più recenti sentenze della Corte di Giustizia che, dal 2010 ad oggi, hanno ridefinito l’ambito di applicazione delle norme contenute nel regolamento (CE) 44/2001 (Bruxelles I), oggi rifuso nel regolamento (UE) 1215/2012 (Bruxelles I-bis), e nel regolamento (CE) 593/2008 (Roma I), insistendo sulla definizione del concetto, volutamente aleatorio, di “attività diretta” e sul suo ruolo di preminenza nel connettere la fattispecie contrattuale allo Stato della residenza del consumatore per permetterne la competenza dei giudici e l’applicabilità della relativa legge. Viene svolta infine una analisi critica sull’interpretazione fornita dalla Corte di Giustizia che rischia, nel concreto, di rendere le norme in oggetto applicabili in maniera variabile dai giudici nazionali, garantendo alle volte una tutela troppo estesa o troppo ristretta al consumatore, senza riguardo per l’esigenza di certezza giuridica degli operatori del mercato.