По мере развития идей инклюзивного образования остро встает вопрос изучения и сопровождения детей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья. Особое место здесь занимают дети с менее выраженными и более перспективными в части коррекции имеющихся нарушений, в первую очередь, дети и подростки с тяжелыми нарушениями речи. В статье описываются психологические особенности жизнестойкости подростков с тяжелыми нарушениями речи (ТНР). С опорой на исследования Т.Н. Волковской, В.А. Калягина, С.В. Лауткиной, Р.Е. Левиной, Т.С. Овчинниковой, Г.Х. Юсуповой и др., в статье анализируются психологические особенности детей и подростков с ТНР, которые в дальнейшем подтверждаются эмпирическими данными, собранными авторами. Исследование проводилось с применением модифицированного теста жизнестойкости С. Мадди, опросника «Способы совладающего поведения» Р. Лазаруса и С. Фолкман, личностного опросника Г. Айзенка, методики диагностики самооценки личности Дембо-Рубинштейн. Для выявления расширенного психологического содержания жизнестойкости подростков с ТНР изучались дополнительные психологические характеристики, такие как уровни самооценки и притязаний, экстраверсии-нейротизма, а также способов совладающего поведения. Анализ данных проводился с применением корреляционного и факторного анализа. На основе теоретических и эмпирических данных появляется возможность внести в содержание работы с данной категорией детей и подростков направления деятельности, позволяющие научить их преодолевать трудности, правильно относиться к получаемому опыту, накапливать уверенность в своих силах и осваивать адаптивные способы совладающего поведения. На основе материалов исследования могут быть разработаны рекомендации для педагогов и родителей. / With the development of the ideas of inclusive education is very important for study and supporting children with disabilities. A special place is occupied by children with less severe and more promising in terms of correcting existing violations, primarily children and adolescents with severe speech disorders. The article describes the psychological characteristics of resilience in adolescents with severe speech disorders (SSD). Based on the research of T. N. The Volkov, V. A. Kalyagin, S. V. Laudino, R. E. Levina, T. S. Ovchinnikova, Gulnara Yusupova, and others, the article analyzes the psychological characteristics of children and adolescents with TNR, which further confirmed the empirical data collected by the authors. The study was conducted with the use of a modified test of resilience S. muddy, questionnaire "Ways of coping" by R. Lazarus and S. Folkman, personal questionnaire G. Eysenck, methods of diagnostics of self-identity Dembo-Rubinstein. For identifying enhanced the content of the psychological resilience of adolescents with SSD studied additional psychological characteristics, such as levels of self-esteem and claims of extroversion-neuroticism, as well as ways of coping behavior. The data were analyzed using correlation and factor analysis. Based on theoretical and empirical data an opportunity to amend the content of the work with this category of children and adolescents the interventions that teach them to overcome difficulties, the right attitude to experience, to gain confidence and learn adaptive ways of coping behavior. Based on the research materials can be developed recommendations for teachers and parents.

Объектом исследования явилась жизнестойкость подростков с нарушениями опорно-двигательного аппарата как психологический феномен. Предметом исследования стало психологическое содержание жизнестойкости подростков с НОДА. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (38 источника) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 75 страниц, на которых размещены 14 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база. Первая глава включает в себя обзор литературы по теме исследования, описание теоретических подходов к изучению жизнестойкости. Представлены разделы, посвященные факторам жизнестойкости личности, роли жизнестойкости в преодолении возникающих трудностей и психолого-педагогическим особенностям подростков с НОДА. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: Тесту жизнестойкости С. Мадди (в адаптации Д. А. Леонтьева, Е. И. Рассказовой), Личностному опроснику Г. Айзенка (EPI), методике Дембо-Рубинштейн (в модификации А. М. Прихожан), копинг-тесту Р. Лазаруса и С. Фолкман (в адаптации Л. И. Вассермана). Также в главе представлены сравнительный, корреляционный и факторный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам. / The subject matter of the study is hardiness in adolescents with disorders of the musculoskeletal system as a psychological phenomenon. The object matter of the study is psychological content of hardiness of adolescents with disorders of the musculoskeletal system. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusions, a list of references (38 sources) and an annex including the blank forms of the applied methods. The volume of the master`s thesis is 75 pages, which includes 14 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the chosen research problem, the level of development of the problematics; the objective and the tasks of the study are set, the subject matter and the scope of the research are determined, hypotheses are formulated, the methods and the empirical base are defined. The first chapter includes a review of literature on the research topic, a description of theoretical approaches to the study of hardiness. The sections devoted to the factors of the hardiness of the individual, the role of hardiness in overcoming the emerging difficulties and the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of adolescents with disorders of the musculoskeletal system, are presented. Conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It includes a description of the organization and methods of the study, as well as the results obtained due to the applied methods: a Hardiness Test by S. Maddi (adapted by D. Leontiev, E. Rasskazova), a G. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPI), a Method of Self-Esteem Measurement by Dembo-Rubinstein (in the modification of A.Prikhozhan), a Ways of Coping Questionnaire by R. Lazarus and S. Folkman (adapted by L. Wasserman). Also, the chapter presents a comparative, correlation and factor analysis of the results of the study. The findings of Chapter 2 are the main results of the empirical study. In the conclusion, brief results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses.

Die Arbeit soll zeigen, dass es zu einer breiteren Durchsetzung von Schadensersatzansprüchen wegen kartellrechtswidrigem Verhalten eines eigenständigen Informationsanspruchs des Rechtsanwalts als Organ der Rechtspflege gegenüber der EU-Kommission und den deutschen Kartellbehörden bedarf, und zwar sowohl aus tatsächlicher Notwendigkeit, als auch auf Grund europarechtlicher und grundgesetzlicher Vorgaben. Anhand des europarechtlichen Effektivitätsgrundsatzes aus Art. 4 Abs. 3 EUV und des Rechts auf effektiven Rechtsschutz aus Art. 47 der EU-Grundrechtecharta bzw. des Justizgewährungsanspruchs als Ausfluss des Rechtsstaatsprinzips, Art. 20 Abs. 3 GG, wird erörtert, wie ein solcher Anspruch mindestens beschaffen sein muss. Die Untersuchung bestehender, sekundärrechtlicher und einfachgesetzlicher Dokumentenzugangs-, Auskunfts- und Akteneinsichtsansprüche ergibt, dass bereits nach geltender Rechtslage dem Rechtsanwalt ein Informationsanspruch gegenüber der Europäischen Kommission und den deutschen Kartellbehörden zusteht. Die Interpretation der betreffenden Tatbestände nimmt hierbei die europarechtlichen und grundgesetzlichen Vorgaben auf und bewegt sich im Rahmen zulässiger Auslegung. Daneben wird ein Vorschlag unterbreitet, wie der Informationsanspruch über die Mindestvorgaben hinaus ausgestaltet werden könnte. / The work reveals that a for a better private enforcement of competition law in the form of damages claims an independent right of information vis-à-vis the EU-Commission and the German Cartel Authorities for an attorney without a client and a mandate is needed. This need not only derives from the factual necessity but also from European primary law and the German Grundgesetz. In light of the European principle of effectiveness, Article 4 para. 3 TEU, and the right to effective judicial protection, Article 47 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and Article 20 para. 3 German Grundgesetz respectively, the author develops the right and its boundaries. The examination of information rights and rights to access documents in EU secondary law and German law then shows that an independent right of information and access to documents for an attorney without a client and a mandate already exists if the law is interpreted in accordance with the EU primary law and the German Grundgesetz. The author further develops a recommendation as to how such an information right could be extended beyond its core that is determined by EU primary law and the German Grundgesetz.

Les mécanismes de soft law ont joué un rôle central dans le développement de la notion actuelle de la responsabilité des entreprises transnationales en droits de l’homme telle qu’elle est définie dans les Principes directeurs relatifs aux entreprises et aux droits de l’homme, une initiative approuvé par le Conseil des droits de l’homme des Nations unies en juin 2011. La responsabilité des entreprises de respecter les droits de l’homme, telle qu’elle a été conçue par le Représentant spécial, repose sur les attentes de la société plutôt que sur une obligation juridique. Cela signifie que les entreprises « devraient éviter de porter atteinte aux droits de l’homme d’autrui et remédier aux incidences négatives sur les droits de l’homme dans lesquelles elles ont une part ». Les limites de cette approche sont importantes à moyen et à long terme. Même si l’approche pragmatique adopté par le Représentant spécial a permis de surmonter le débat au sein de la communauté internationale autour du Projet de normes sur la responsabilité en matière de droits de l’homme des sociétés transnationales et autres entreprises, elle a aussi éloigné la possibilité d’élaborer un instrument international imposant aux entreprises transnationales des obligations contraignantes en droits de l’homme. Construire la notion de la responsabilité des entreprises transnationales en matière de droits de l’homme uniquement sur les attentes de la société semble insuffisant et dangereux face aux victimes des abus de ces acteurs économiques. La responsabilité de respecter les droits de l’homme, telle que définie aujourd’hui, renforce l’acceptation d’un système international où les entreprises transnationales sont encouragées mais pas obligées à respecter les droits de l’homme, une solution qui laisse les victimes des abus dépourvues de toute action en justice et de réparation. L’objet de cette thèse est de présenter de manière succincte l’évolution de la problématique complexe de la responsabilité des entreprises transnationales du secteur énergétique en matière de droit international des droits de l’homme et de droit international humanitaire depuis son origine jusqu’à nos jours, ainsi que de comprendre les principales limites de l’approche actuelle à la question, afin d’envisager des potentielles solutions. / Soft law mechanisms have played a central role in developing the current notion of the responsibility of transnational corporations in human rights as defined in the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, an initiative approved by the United Nations Human Rights Council in June 2011. Corporate responsibility to respect human rights, as defined by the Special Representative, is based on social expectations rather than on legal obligations. It means that companies should “avoid prejudice to the rights of others and to address adverse impacts on human rights in which they are involved”. The limitations of this approach are important in medium and long term. Although the pragmatic approach adopted by the Special Representative has closed the international community debate on the Draft Norms on the responsibility for human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, it also ends the chances of developing an international instrument requiring binding obligations in human rights for transnational corporations. Setting the notion of the responsibility of transnational corporations in human rights exclusively on social expectations seems unsatisfactory and dangerous towards victims of violations committed by these economic actors. Responsibility to respect human rights as defined today reinforces the acceptance of a system where transnational corporations are encouraged but are not compelled to respect human rights, a solution that leaves victims of abuse devoid of any legal action and redress. The purpose of this PhD thesis is to present briefly the evolution of the responsibility of transnational corporations in the energy sector in human rights and international humanitarian law from its origins to our days, as well as to understand the main limitations of the current concept in order to explore potential solutions.

Obesity is one of the major public health issues in the United States, often regarded as part of a global crisis. Companies invest billions of dollars each year towards television advertising campaigns aimed at convincing audiences how their ground-breaking discovery 'battles the bulge' or somehow offers an increased health benefit. This study examined how advertisers presented health-related claims, including health and nutrient-content claims, in U.S. adult-targeted television food commercials. The claims were compared to FTC, FDA, and USDA laws, regulations, and recommendations. A content analysis of food advertising was conducted of commercials from major and cable network programs broadcast during prime-time in the first quarter of 2009. The majority of claims match current regulations when compared to Federal references. The results show that Nutrient and Wellness claims were the most frequently cited. The type of benefit, Healthy Eating, emerged almost 3 times more than any other benefit type. This is also similar to those results which suggest advertisers' intentions were to promote overall wellness in their content delivery. As such, the Wellness Approach was identified and conceptualized, leading towards full development of a Wellness Effect theory. Implications and future research opportunities are discussed on both a theoretical and practical level.

This study briefly discusses land restitution in several countries in Europe and the Americas, the history of land deprivation in South Africa, and the legislation introduced to remedy the inequality of land ownership. Differing interpretations of the legislation in respect of the valuation of land to be purchased by the state for restitution purposes and the valuation formulae recommended at various times by the state and its advisors are discussed. Some of the problems encountered in the implementation of the South African restitution program, including the highly emotional expropriation/confiscation issues, are mentioned. Three case studies based on these differing interpretations are given. The case studies illustrate the evolution of the interpretations of the legislation concerning land restitution valuations in South Africa. / School: Management sciences / M. Tech. (Real Estate)

This study sought to investigate and to record any recurring patterns in the form and communicative impact of Shona advertisements. Motivation to carry out the study came from a realisation of a growing interest in using the Shona language for advertising and the fact that very few studies have been done on Shona advertisements. For methodology, examples of Shona advertisements were qualitatively analysed using some communications and discourse analysis approaches of the speech act theory and text linguistics. A structured interview with advertising agencies randomly selected and a questionnaire on the impact of advertisements were also used. The findings of the research included that Shona was used in advertisements in order to reach out to the majority of the Zimbabwean population. In addition, Shona was also found to have been developed enough to handle formal issues like advertisements. This finding further shows that Shona advertisements reflect an instance of diglossia leakage from Shona L(ow) to Shona H(igh). Another finding is that Shona advertisements reflect some characteristics of the Shona speech community in form. These include code-switching, slang and word- division problems. An innovation in code-switching noted in some Shona advertisements is the use of three languages, namely, English, Shona and Ndebele in one advertisement. It was also established that everything about the elements of Shona advertisements communicate. For instance, the message may be visual, tactile and olfactory. It also emerged that the Shona commercial advertisements had a presenting and a hidden agenda at the same time. To achieve this the advertisements used persuasive techniques such as advertising claims, cultural hooks and personalities as spokespersons. It was also noted that most readers of advertisements do not interpret them up to the hidden persuaders but end with the direct meaning. On the other hand the Shona advertisements that gave information such as health issues have no hidden agenda. One recommendation made is that advertisements be read and studied to raise the level of awareness about the persuasive techniques used in order to distinguish between misleading advertising and those that give useful information. Some recommendations were made for future research such as carrying out similar studies of informal Shona advertisements, advertisements by n'angas/inyangas (traditional healers), prophets and political campaigns. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

生物科技之專利對於生物科技產業之重要性更是不可言喻。由於生物科技發展之特性，例如：高度不確定性、研究週期長、投資成本高等因素，許多發明人在申請生物科技專利時，都試圖擬定較廣泛的申請專利範圍。「延展性申請專利範圍」（reach-through claims）為基於目前專利說明書揭露之內容來涵蓋所有「未來」可能衍生之產物；或是某特定化合物尚未被確認前，試圖藉由一個上游基礎研究「先驅型發明」之申請專利範圍擴大延展至下游後續發明之商業產品，這非但會箝制技術後續之發展，更可對已存在之先前技術主張侵權，影響範圍極廣。從2004年University of Rochester v. G.D. Searle案 和2010年Ariad v. Eli Lilly案 ，美國聯邦巡迴上訴法院皆認為「延展性申請專利範圍」無效，歸因於專利內容未清楚揭露而不符合美國專利法第112條第1段中所規定的「可據以實施性」和「書面說明要件」。2013年德國聯邦最高法院對同是屬於「延展性申請專利範圍」之Probiodrug案與前述兩件美國相關判例有分歧之見解和判決。有鑑於此，本文以比較法觀點分析國外相關判例及實踐標準，全面性針對生物科技領域「延展性申請專利範圍」問題進行探討，嘗試建立一最適的法律模式，並期許未來可作為我國對其相關法制與解決方案之參考依據。

勞動基準法、勞工退休金條例課予雇主於成就一定要件下，有給付勞工退休金、資遣費之責，以保護照顧勞工。然時至今日，為因應全球化趨勢，經營者透過交互協力的經營網絡，使人事調動亦趨於頻繁，產生多法人格經營組織形態下的調職。惟勞工退休金與資遣費係本於勞動契約之請求，故其求償對象為「勞動契約上雇主」，當事人一方(事業單位)改變，工作年資重新計算，將衍生應以誰承擔雇主責任及工作年資併計、平均工資計算等債權範圍問題。甚或雇主透過關係企業交叉控制，濫用公司法人格、掏空資產，導致關廠歇業，勞工之債權求償無門。 勞動基準法各條文所規範之雇主(責任主體)，須斟酌各該法條的立法意旨與目的予以審酌認定，且未包含多重勞動關係之處理。我國公司法第154條第2項規定引進揭穿公司面紗原則，惟勞工如係因關係企業、家族企業調動，導致工作年資中斷或勞動條件不利益變更，損及其權益，尚難逕以該法條要求控制股東負清償之責，以擴張雇主責任。又104年2月4日修正公布勞動基準法第28條規定，提升退休金與資遣費之受償順位，並納入墊償，該條文對勞動債權之保護及施行以來之適用問題，亦為本文關切之重點。 　　本文將從雇主範圍、跨法人格企業調動、經營主體消滅等變動因素下，探討勞工退休金及資遣費之求償對象、求償範圍及債權保護等，並透過檢視現行勞動法制、公司法關係企業債權人保護之規定，介紹美國「揭穿公司面紗原則」、日本「法人格否認理論」、我國實務發展「實體同一性」概念等，試圖描繪擴充退休金與資遣費求償與保護法制之輪廓，並對於擴張勞工退休金與資遣費追償對象之可能，提出相關建議以供參考。

Le présent mémoire est consacré à l'étude des chevauchements entre revendications territoriales autochtones. On s'y interroge sur l’origine et l’évolution de ces chevauchements ainsi que sur les mécanismes qui pourraient être employés pour trouver des solutions acceptables pour toutes les parties. Notre étude retrace d'abord l'évolution du critère d’exclusivité élaboré par les politiques et décisions judiciaires canadiennes relativement à l’octroi du titre autochtone, concluant que ce critère d’exclusivité est devenu un enjeu déterminant dans l’élaboration d’une solution relative aux chevauchements entre revendications territoriales. En observant la manière dont les différents paliers de gouvernement ont échoué dans leurs tentatives de solutionner les enjeux de chevauchement, nous constatons que les traditions juridiques autochtones doivent être intégrées à la résolution des conflits et à l’interprétation du critère d’exclusivité. Ceci exige de percevoir l’institution juridique de la résolution de conflits selon une certaine vision du droit. Nous utilisons ici celle de Lon Fuller, qui présente une approche permettant de réconcilier plusieurs traditions juridiques. Notre étude nous conduit à proposer le système du Indigenous Legal Lodge comme mécanisme de résolution de conflit permettant aux autochtones de faire appel à leurs traditions juridiques dans la résolution des chevauchements, permettant ainsi de réconcilier ces traditions diverses. / This thesis is dedicated to the study of overlapping aboriginal land claims. We question the origin and evolution of these overlaps and study the mechanisms which could be used in order to determine a solution acceptable to all parties. Our study first discusses the evolution of the exclusivity criterion developed in Canadian policy and case law relating to the granting of an aboriginal title, concluding that the criterion of exclusivity has become a defining issue in the development of a solution to overlaps between land claims. By observing the failures of the various levels of government in their attempts to develop solutions to overlapping claims, we find that Aboriginal legal traditions must be integrated into conflict resolution and be used when interpreting the exclusivity criterion. This requires us to perceive conflict resolution, as a legal institution, according to a certain understanding of the law. We use Lon Fuller’s vision, who presents an approach for reconciling various legal traditions. Our study brings us to propose the Indigenous Legal Lodge as a conflict resolution mechanism enabling Aboriginal groups to call upon their own legal traditions in resolving overlaps and to reconcile their differing traditions.