Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Tomas_Jane_final_1_.pdf: 2090486 bytes, checksum: fb9ef4729841fedf92aaaf77930d37a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The work “Communication for development: the roll of the community radios and televisions in the education for development of the communities of Mozambique” is meant to observe, analyze and describe the importance and the contribution of community radios and televisions in the consciencialization of the Mozambican populations for the accomplishment of actions towards local development. The studied period comprehend the last 15 years (1991 - 2005) of existence of the first media law, approved by the parliament. The research was centered in the actions taken both by the government and by civil society in general, and the meaning that the community radios and televisions have for the local population, based on theoretical and practical knowledge acquired during the present study. Community radio and television are education instruments and understanding of the community's people. They have an important part in the citizens' life, mobilizing them to involve on taken actions in the combat process of the absolute poverty that the population lives in their community. They are community goods contributing to the sustainable development of the own communities. / Trata-se de um estudo sobre as rádios e televisões comunitárias em Moçambique. São investigadas as ações implementadas tanto pelo governo como pela sociedade civil, bem como o significado que essas emissoras têm para as populações locais. O objetivo é analisar a importância e a contribuição das rádios e televisões comunitárias para a conscientização das populações moçambicanas e para a realização com vistas ao desenvolvimento local. A metodologia privilegiou a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além de entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto a coordenadores das emissoras, entre outros. Foram estudadas 8 emissoras sediadas nas províncias de Zambézia, Sofala, Inhambane, Maputo e Maputo Cidade, de 2004 a 2005, além de ter sido feito um breve resgate do percurso histórico da comunicação em Moçambique nos últimos 15 anos, desde a promulgação da primeira Lei de Imprensa aprovada pela Assembléia da República. Conclui-se que as rádios e a televisões comunitárias são instrumentos de educação e conscientização das pessoas das comunidades investigadas. Elas desempenham um papel importante na vida dos cidadãos, mobilizando-os a se envolverem nas ações de combate à pobreza absoluta que se vive no seu país. São bens comunitários contribuindo para o desenvolvimento sustentável das próprias comunidades

A tese apresenta e analisa os conteúdos programáticos e a trajetória administrativa, entre 2005 e 2013, do projeto urbanístico Nova Luz, elaborado pela Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo para o antigo bairro de Santa Ifigênia, localizado no centro da cidade. Duas hipóteses principais e complementares são aqui verificadas. A primeira insere o projeto na tradição das intervenções saneadoras e embelezadoras do urbanismo moderno, tipificadas pelas intervenções de Haussmann na Paris da segunda metade do século XIX ou no Rio de Janeiro e em São Paulo no início do XX, supondo que, tal como nesses paradigmas, o aprimoramento físico do local combinar-­-se-­-ia com a expulsão dos antigos moradores pobres em favor da valorização imobiliária e de usos elitistas do patrimônio arquitetônico da região. O saneamento físico, neste caso, implicaria doença social e degradação em outras partes da cidade. A segunda hipótese leva em conta diferenças significativas nos contextos histórico e social dos dois períodos tratados, exigindo o exame de alternativas que considerem o momento atual, ou seja, as relações entre sociedade civil e Estado no Brasil, a situação da gestão pública urbana após a Constituinte de 1988 e, particularmente, as formas de participação popular em projetos públicos constatadas na cidade de São Paulo nos últimos anos. Assim, as condições atuais da legislação sobre planejamento urbano, suas relações com políticas neoliberais aplicadas às cidades e a fiscalização pela população no encaminhamento do Nova Luz estariam impedindo o desfecho do projeto e as consequências esperadas pela primeira hipótese. A tese defende que o conceito de salubridade aplicado sob a rubrica de modernização já não encontra o mesmo apoio e terreno limpo do passado. Vitórias palpáveis de organização popular contra o Nova Luz fazem crer que o direito à cidade não mais constitui um ideal inalcançável para as classes populares no Brasil, ou pelo menos em sua maior metrópole. Nesse sentido, o conceito de saúde é ampliado para saúde política, pela maior participação e conquista de direitos às condições urbanas de vida digna pelo conjunto da população. / The thesis presentes and analyzes the planning and administrative trajectory of the Nova Luz (New Light) city planning Project in the period between 2005 and 2013, undertaken by the Municipality of São Paulo for the old Santa Ifigênia neighborhood, located in the city center. Two main and complementary hypotheses are verified here. The first inserts the Project in the tradition of beautifying and sanitizing interventions of modern urbanism, typified by Haussmann\'s interventions in the Paris of the second half of the nineteenth century or in the Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo of the early twentieth, assuming that such as in these paradigms, the physical improvement of the place would combine with the expulsion of the former poor residentes favoring real estate valuation and elitist uses of the architectural heritage of the region. The physical sanitation in this case would imply social illness and degradation in other parts of the city. The second hypothesis takes into account significant diferences in the historical and social contexts of the two periods discussed, requiring an examination of alternatives that take into account the presente moment, that is, the relationship between civil society and the state in Brazil, the situation of urban public management after Constituent Assembly of 1988, and particularly the forms of popular participation in public projects found in the City of São Paulo in recente years. Therefore, the current conditions of the legislation on urban planning, its relations with neoliberal policies applied to cities and monitoring by the population of the execution of the Nova Luz Project would be preventing the conclusion of the Project and the expected consequences of the first hypothesis. The thesis argues that the concept of wholesomeness applied under the rubric of modernization no longer meets the same support and free range it had in the past. Tangible victories of grassroots organizing against the Nova Luz Project lead do believe that the right to the city is no longer an unattainable ideal for the popular classes in Brazil, or at least in its largest metropolis. In this sense, the concept of health is extended to political health, for greater participation and achievement of rights to decente urban living conditions for the whole population.

O objetivo do estudo foi construir o perfil dos indicados pelos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa - CEPs - para membros da Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa - CONEP, líderes no sistema de controle da ética em pesquisa no Brasil, quanto à representação de grupos sociais, formação e experiência profissional e experiência e conhecimento em ética na pesquisa. Enquanto informantes-chave, buscou-se conhecer práticas correntes no sistema, e compreensão da regulamentação. Foram aplicados questionários, via correio ou via eletrônica, aos 188 componentes da lista de 2003, obtendo-se 94 respostas válidas, que representaram 80% dos CEPs. O questionário constou de 4 partes - a parte I, de caracterização pessoal, mostrou proporção semelhante de gênero, alta qualificação acadêmica, participação em cursos de pequena duração sobre ética em pesquisa/ bioética, e sensibilidade social. Dos respondentes, 50% tinham cargos de gestão na instituição, 18% deles ligados diretamente à pesquisa, apenas 4% eram representantes de usuários, 90% participaram de pesquisas nos últimos 10 anos, sendo um terço em pesquisa clínica. A parte II correspondeu a uma auto-avaliação de sua participação como membros de CEPs, que mostrou satisfação com a relevância do trabalho, valorização de qualidades como responsabilidade, compromisso, habilidade para trabalho em equipe, sendo que 89% e 85% consideraram-se preparados e competentes respectivamente, apesar de percepção variada da representatividade e compreensão política de sua atuação. Identificaram-se áreas de maior dificuldade na análise de projetos, e encontros, seminários e discussão de casos como formas preferenciais de preparação. A parte III identificou as percepções sobre o funcionamento do sistema de avaliação ética das pesquisas no Brasil, evidenciando a utilização das diretrizes e normas do CNS na análise dos projetos. A mais efetiva participação dos representantes de usuários e o monitoramento das pesquisas são dificuldades freqüentes. Sugestões de melhoria do sistema referiram a abordagem dos projetos da área de ciências humanas, pré-requisitos e preparação para membros de CEPs, integração e melhoria da comunicação entre CEPs e com a Comissão Nacional. A parte IV foram estudos de casos, que evidenciaram convergência de posicionamentos na grande maioria das situações apresentadas. Conclui-se que o reconhecimento da liderança desses indicados nos CEPs institucionais tem reflexos da cultura institucional, mais comumente universidades, e que a indicação de membros reconhecidos pelos seus pares, pode conformar um perfil favorável à atuação na Comissão Nacional. / The objective of the study was to analyze the profile of the persons indicated by the research ethics institutional review boards to become members of the National Commission of Research Ethics (Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa/CONEP), considered as leaders in the research ethics evaluation system in Brazil, as to their social group representation, professional experience, experience in research ethics, views about current practices in the system and relations to formal regulations. Questionnaires were sent by mail and electronically to the 188 members of IRBs indicated as candidates in 2003 for nomination as member of CONEP, with 94 answers, representing 80% of the IRB universe at that time. The questionnaire was composed of 4 parts, with part 1 dedicated to personal characterization. The results indicated equal gender proportions, high academic qualification, and frequent participation in short courses about research and bioethics. About 50% occupied institutional positions, 18% directly related to research, and only 4% were representatives of the patients. About 90% had involvement with research in the last 10 years, a third with clinical research. Part II was dedicated to their self-evaluation as members of IRBs, revealing feelings of satisfaction and gratification with their work, and valorization of attributes such as responsibility, compromise, team work capabilities, and 89% and 85% considered themselves prepared and competent for their functions, although with differing perceptions regarding representation and political understandings about their work. Some areas present more difficulties in the analysis of the projects and meetings, seminars and case discussions were mentioned as preferential mechanisms for development. Part III identified perceptions about the functioning of the national research ethics evaluation system, and the utilization of official regulations in project analysis. A more effective participation of the patient representatives and the monitoring of projects are major problems. Areas of necessary investment: how to deal with social sciences research projects, pre-requisites and preparation of IRB members and improved communication of IRBs with each other and the National Commission. Part IV consisted of case studies dedicated to frequent ethical dilemmas in research and the majority had convergent positions as to how to deal with them. The profile of these members as leaders in their IRBs reflects also very strong institutional cultures.

Den här uppsatsen har för avsikt att undersöka vad invånares samhällsengagemang i ett ”särskilt utsatt område” i form av trygghetsvandringar och samrådsmöten kan säga om integration. Genom etnografiskt fältarbete och deltagande observation ämnar studien fånga deltagarnas perspektiv på sitt engagemang, undersöka vad engagemanget har för inverkan på lokalsamhället och invånarnas känsla av trygghet, samt vad samhällsdeltagandet och dess inverkan kan säga om integration. Det empiriska materialet analyseras och diskuteras utifrån relevanta teorier om gemenskap, sociala gränser, trygghet samt social respektive strukturell integration. Invånarnas verksamhet och engagemang syftar till att öka tryggheten i stadsdelen, och skapar parallellt ett forum för språkövande och personliga möten över sociala och etniska gränser. Relationsskapandet bland invånare i stadsdelen tycks i sig indirekt leda till ökad trygghet, samt en känsla av gemenskap. Strukturella faktorer på makronivå uppenbarar sig emellertid som barriärer för invånarnas deltagande och delaktighet i en övergripande samhällelig och nationell gemenskap. / The aim of this thesis is to examine what residents’ community participation by way of local night patrol for social reassurance and community meetings in a “deprived neighborhood” has to say about integration. Through ethnographic field study and participant observation the study aims to capture the participants’ perspective of the participation, examine what impact the engagement has on the local community as well as what the affects and participation has to say about integration. The empirical material is analyzed and discussed from the basis of relevant theories of community, social boundaries, social reassurance as well as structural respectively social integration. The engagement of the residents aims to increase the feeling of social security and reassurance in the local community, and parallelly it creates forum for language practice and social encounters that goes beyond social and ethnic boundaries. The increasement of personal relationships seems to indirectly lead to a higher level of social reassurance as well as a feeling of solidarity in the community. Structural factors on a macro level, however, seems to work as barriers for the residents’ participation and involvement in a general societal and national fellowship and community. / الهدف من هذا الأنشاء هو الوصول لكيفية تأثير اهتمام المواطنين لحالة المجتمع في " الضاحيه الخاضعة للأستضعاف الخاص عن طريق التجول لتأمين الأمان ولقائات التشاورية على موظوع الاندماج العرقي   عن طريق استخدام التكنيك للادراسات العليا التي يتم عن طريق الحضور في المكان المناسب للمشاركه الشخصيه والأنتباه المباشر على طريقة اشتراك واهتمام المواطنين لفهم جدية اهتمامهم وتأثير هذا الاهتمام لحصول المواطنين على المزيد بلاحساس بلأمان وكيف يؤدي هذا لفهم حالة الاندماج العرقي                                                                                                                                 المواد التي تحصل عن طريق التجربة تدرس وتناقش عن طريق نضريات وثيقة الصل .التحديات الأجتماعيه،الأمان والاندماج العرقي الاجتماعي التركيبي بموضوع المشاركه هدف اهتمام وعمل المواطنين هو توفير الأمان الأكثر في ضواحي المدينه وإيجاد امكان الغه ولقائات                                                           .اجتماعيه خارجه عن المعدوديات العرقي     بناء العلاقات مابين المواطنين في الضواحي تؤدي بطريقه غير مباشرة على مزيد من الأمان .وإحساس المشاركه العوامل الأنشائيه الغير قادرة للتغير تظهر وتؤدي الى ايجاد حواجز أمام حضور ومساهمة .المواطنين للمشاركة الوطنية

Community policing is a joint community and police effort to reduce the incidents of crime, to the benefit of the basic human need of safety. Without community assistance, police alone cannot reduce the crime levels. Since 2012, there have been attempts to implement community policing in Westonaria. However, the success of the implementation thereof has proved to be problematic. The question arose as to what the reason for this limited success is. The researcher formulated research questions to determine the meaning of community policing, as well as the factors affecting the successful implementation thereof in the Westonaria policing precinct. To achieve the desired results, the researcher used different methodologies, and identified target groups and data collection techniques, which was analysed and interpreted. Literature and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Primary sources such as written materials of the South African Police Service (SAPS), National Development Plan 2030 and other documents that relate to community policing and crime prevention strategies were analysed. In addition, secondary sources such as dissertations and theses, newspaper articles and text books on community policing were also consulted. Interviews were conducted with SAPS members and local community members. The purposive sampling procedure was used to select participants who was knowledgeable and had experience on the research topic. This study gives an overall explanation of what community policing is, from the literature reviewed relevant to the study, with the aim to strengthen partnership between the SAPS and local community of Westonaria. Inhibiting factors in the police, as well as in the community, were identified and recommendations are made for the successful implementation of community policing in the area. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminal Justice)

Institute for Rural Development / PHDRDV

MENVSC / Department of Ecology and Resource Management / Solid waste management (SWM) has become an issue of increasing worldwide concern as urban populations continue to rise and consumption patterns change. The health and environmental effects associated with SWM are escalating, predominantly in the perspective of developing countries. The rise in rural-urban migration rates in developing countries has left local authorities overwhelmed and failing to cope with the increase in solid waste. This has led to a shift from conventional systems of solid waste management to contemporary systems such as community based solid waste management (CBSWM). Despite the shift, it seems local authorities in developing countries still fail to manage suburban waste effectively. This study investigated the performance of a CBSWM scheme in Nkulumane, a high-density suburb in Bulawayo. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, hence a mixed methods approach employed. The study incorporated systematic sampling and purposive sampling in the selection of research participants. Data was collected through qualitative questionnaires, semi structured interviews and field observations. Thematic content analysis and descriptive statistics from SPSS version 25 were used in data analysis. The study revealed that community members from Nkulumane had sound knowledge on what CBSWM entails, however the community members had negative attitude towards CBSWM and traditional notions on SWM had an influence of their perception of CBSWM concepts. The study also revealed that Bulawayo City Council had managed to create employment for the community through a CBSWM scheme. Furthermore, operating expenses of the city council had decreased over the years. The level of environmental awareness had improved in the study area as well. However, Bulawayo City Council has battled with community participation problems, financial constraints and inter-institutional infighting. This study provides a comprehensive report on the performance of the CBSWM scheme in Nkulumane high density suburb, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. / NRF

MAdmin / Department of Public and Development Administration / The study focusses on the challenges militating against community participation on the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) process in Thulamela Local Municipality (TLM) and to find strategies to be used to enhance community participation on Integrated Development Plan. The study is based on matters of community participation and IDP in order to find out how community participation in the municipalities can influence the planning process in an integrated manner. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996) mandates local government to encourage the involvement of communities and community organisations in the matters of local government. IDP is the rightful platform to fulfil the aforementioned mandate in the local government. In this study, the researcher made use of a mixed research method where both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used. The research is qualitative in nature, but the quantitative method is also used in data interpretation, because data collected was based on the views and opinions of a large number of respondents and the analysis of results based on statistical significance. The researcher used the non-probability sampling and its subtype purposive sampling method to select the participants in this study. Questionnaires, interviews as well as literature were used to gather data in this research. Two types of data analysis were used when analysing the data. For data collected through interview, the researcher used thematic analysis (Narrative form) and for data collected through questionnaire, the researcher used International Business Machinery (IBM)- Statistical Product in Service Solutions (SPSS) Statistics V25. The researcher followed research ethics before conducting the study. The major findings of the study are: • The study found out that 38 (76%) of the respondents agreed that community members actively participate in IDP process. This is an indication that community members of Thulamela Local Municipality actively participate in IDP process. • The researcher found out that the majority of the respondents at 45 which constitutes 90% agreed that active community participation in IDP process plays an important role in the improvement of the basic service delivery. • The researcher found out that majority of the respondents at 35 which constitutes 70% of the respondents in the study agreed that community members are well informed about different types of participation in IDP process. • The researcher found out that majority of the respondents at 38 which constitutes 76% of the respondents in the study disagreed that there are enough resources to capacitate community members in order to participate actively in IDP process. v The main recommendations are: • The researcher recommends that community members should take a share of responsibility to actively participate in IDP process. Thus, the community members should consider it necessary that they strive to make community participation on IDP process fashionable. • The researcher recommends that there should be active community participation in IDP process because it plays an important role in the improvement of basic service delivery. Community participation in IDP process needs to be active for the basic service delivery to be improved. • The researcher recommends that community members should be well informed about different types of participation on IDP process. It is the responsibility of the municipality to inform community members about different types of community participation that they can use to participate in IDP process. • The researcher recommends that the municipality should make enough resources to capacitate community members in order to participate actively in IDP process available. The municipality should embark on a journey to raise funds either from other government sectors and/or private sectors. / NRF

Contexte L’aphasie, conséquence d’une lésion neurologique, est une difficulté à parler, comprendre, lire ou écrire. La diminution de qualité de vie des personnes vivant avec une aphasie (PVA) ne serait pas associée à la sévérité de l’aphasie, mais à leur participation - c’est à dire la façon dont une personne fonctionne dans la société. Les PVA réalisent moins d’activités sociales, et s’en montrent insatisfaites. Elles éprouvent de la difficulté à communiquer dans leurs échanges du quotidien, y compris avec des personnes non familières de la communauté comme les commis, serveurs, etc. Quand ces interactions sont jugées trop difficiles, les PVA peuvent en venir à éviter de communiquer avec d’autres interlocuteurs que leurs proches et s’enfermer dans un environnement de communication protégé mais limité. Ceci ne leur permet plus de s'engager dans la société autant qu’elles le souhaiteraient. En s’isolant ainsi, leur qualité de vie est menacée. Il est donc à la fois nécessaire et important de favoriser les interactions des PVA en dehors du domicile, ce qui est encore peu courant dans les interventions orthophoniques proposées en réadaptation. Pour cela, il faut pouvoir comprendre les situations dans lesquelles les PVA peuvent s'engager dans le cadre de leurs activités quotidiennes. Or peu d’écrits ont étudié en détail les situations d'interaction entre des PVA et les interlocuteurs non familiers de leur communauté. Objectif L’objectif de ce projet doctoral est de comprendre la situation d’interaction entre des PVA et des interlocuteurs non familiers de leur communauté. Méthodologie Trois études furent réalisées. - Nous avons effectué une première étude à visée exploratoire avec l'objectif de décrire, grâce à l'analyse de conversation, la structure de ces interactions de service récoltées auprès de 6 PVA (étude 1).  - À partir de la première étude et toujours grâce à l'analyse de conversation, nous avons réalisé une nouvelle étude, visant à décrire comment ces 6 PVA faisaient comprendre leurs requêtes lors des interactions de service malgré leur aphasie (étude 2). - Enfin, dans une troisième étude nous avons cherché à comprendre - avec une étude de cas - comment une personne dont l'aphasie était sévère vivait la situation d’interaction de service au quotidien (étude 3). Résultats Dans l'étude 1, nous avons décrit les situations d’interaction de service de la vie quotidienne (ISQ) pour les PVA, et en avons notamment relevé la structure en quatre étapes sur le plan de la communication. Les interlocuteurs doivent s’entendre sur : 1) leur disponibilité à réaliser l’interaction, 2) l’objet de l’achat, 3) son prix, 4) le fait que l’interaction commerciale est terminée. Cette étude a également révélé que : - Les étapes 1 et 4, au cours desquelles la PVA doit faire comprendre à l’interlocuteur qu’elle est prête à commencer / clore l’interaction, ne représentent pas de défi spécifique pour les PVA. - Les étapes 2 et 3 peuvent pour leur part représenter des défis sur le plan de la communication. L'étape 2 visant à faire comprendre à l’interlocuteur l’objet de l’achat ou de l’intérêt de la PVA, l’interaction sera facilitée si la PVA peut se servir elle-même ou pointer sur des supports visuels. L'étape 3 sera facilitée si le montant est visible au moment où la PVA prend connaissance du prix qu'elle doit payer. Cette première étude a ainsi permis de mieux circonscrire les sources de défis sur le plan de la communication pour les PVA lors d’interactions à la caisse. Dans la deuxième étude, nous nous sommes spécifiquement penchées sur l'étape 2 des interactions de service afin d'analyser comment les PVA font comprendre l’objet de leur intérêt à leurs interlocuteurs. Nous avons examiné comment la PVA exprimait sa requête, et comment l’interlocuteur y réagissait. Cette étude mit en lumière la façon dont les personnes vivant avec une aphasie même sévère pouvaient faire comprendre l’objet de leur requête lors des interactions de service en appuyant leur communication non verbale dans le contexte et l’environnement physique de l’interaction. Dans notre étude 3, nous avons montré que la participation aux interactions de service de la vie quotidienne (ISQ) semblait liée chez le participant de cette étude de cas à la confiance qu’il avait dans sa capacité à réaliser l’ISQ malgré son trouble du langage. Ce participant a démontré un éventail de savoir-être et savoir-faire lissant l’interaction là où l’aphasie aurait pu l’écorcher, lui permettant d'obtenir le bien ou le service qu'il désirait, tout en donnant l'image d'un bon client, et ce malgré son aphasie. Conclusions Les interactions de service représenteraient une situation de communication dans laquelle les PVA pourraient participer de façon autonome et efficace. Leur structure, contexte et environnement physique pourraient permettre d'appuyer la communication non-verbale des PVA, et la relation de service orienterait les interlocuteurs vers une collaboration dans l'échange. Il est possible pour les PVA - mêmes celles dont l'aphasie est sévère - d'avoir confiance dans leur communication dans les situations d’interactions de service avec des personnes non familières, et de participer dans leur communauté de façon plus satisfaisante. / Background Aphasia is a difficulty in speaking, understanding, reading or writing as a result of neurological damage. The quality of life of people living with aphasia (PLWA) is not related to the severity of aphasia, but to their participation - that is, how well a person functions in society. PLWA perform fewer social activities and are less satisfied with them. They find it difficult to communicate in their daily interactions, including with people unfamiliar within their community such as clerks, waiters, etc. They have difficulty communicating in their daily interactions. If these interactions are felt to be too difficult, PLWA may avoid communicating with people other than their relatives, and remain in a protected but limited communication environment. This does not allow them to engage in society as much as they would like. By isolating themselves this way, their quality of life is threatened. It is therefore important to encourage PLWA’s interactions outside their home, which is still uncommon in speech-language pathology interventions offered in rehabilitation. This requires an understanding of the situations in which PLWA may engage in their daily activities. However, there is little literature that has examined in detail the situations in which PLWA interact with unfamiliar people in their community. Objective The objective of this Ph.D. project is to understand the situation of interaction between PLWA and unfamiliar people within their community. Methodology Three studies were carried out. The first is an exploratory study whose objective is to describe through conversation analysis the structure of service encounters collected from 6 PLWA (study 1). Based on Study 1 and still using conversation analysis, we conducted a new study to describe how these 6 PLWA made their requests understood during service interactions despite their aphasia (study 2). Finally, in a third study we sought to understand with a case study how a person with severe aphasia experienced this communication situation in everyday life (study 3). Results In Study 1, we described the Daily Service Encounter (DSE) situations for PLWA, including the four-step communication structure. Interlocutors must agree on: 1) their availability to perform the interaction, 2) the purpose of the purchase, 3) the price, 4) that the business interaction is complete. This study also found that: -Steps 1 and 4, where the PLWA must make the interlocutor understand that they are ready to begin/end the interaction, do not present specific challenges for PLWA. -Steps 2 and 3 however may present communication challenges. Since Step 2 aims to make the clerk understand the purpose of the purchase, the interaction will be facilitated if PLWA can help themselves or point to visual aids. Step 3 will be facilitated if the price is visible when PLWA are ready to pay. This initial study thus made it possible to better identify the sources of communication challenges for PLWA at the checkout. In the second study, we specifically looked at Step 2 of the service interactions in order to analyze how PLWA make the clerks understand the purpose of their interest. We looked at how the PLWA expressed their request, and how the clerks responded to it. This study highlighted how PLWA – even severe aphasia - could make the subject of their request understood during service encounters by supporting their non-verbal communication in the context and physical environment of the interaction. In our third study, we found that participation in DSE appeared to be related - in this case study - to the confidence of the participant in his ability to perform the DSE despite his language impairment. This participant demonstrated a range of interpersonal skills and abilities that smoothed interaction where aphasia might have nicked it, enabling him to obtain the good or service he wanted, while still presenting the image of a good customer, despite his aphasia. Conclusion Service encounters provide communication situations in which PLWA could participate effectively. Their structure, context, and physical environment would support the non-verbal communication of PLWA, and the service relationship would direct the interlocutors towards collaborative exchange. It is possible for PLWA - even those with severe aphasia - to be confident in their communication with unfamiliar people in service encounters, and to participate in their community in a more satisfying manner.

This thesis proposes a DIY environmental sensing approach that empowers citizens to reinvigorate people's awareness of, and concern for, pollution. Current air pollution measuring techniques are described, and a new concept of participatory sensing is presented. I argue that technological advances in sensing, computation, storage, and communication now have the power to turn the near-ubiquitous mobile phone into a global mobile sensing device, and commence the participatory paradigm employing amateurs in environmental data collection. To test the thesis, PAIR, a prototype with interchangeable sensor, was developed. It aims to enable people to sense environment on-the-go and provide users with immediate feedback. Such data can make people learn about their environment, make them aware of air pollution causes, and eventually even bring behavioral changes. Consequently, a user survey and interviews identify strengths and weaknesses of the mobile sensing device, and based on the usability requirements, we conclude design recommendations for further development. Finally, we identify the main benefits amateur data collection and participatory sensing represent for urban dwellers, and we evaluate issues and challenges they have yet to overcome.