SAMMANFATTNING Trakeotomi är ett operativt ingrepp och innebär att man gör ett strupsnitt på halsens framsida för att skapa fri luftväg. Denna öppning, trakeostoma, som skapats på halsen hålls öppen av en trakealkanyl. Trakealkanylen sitter i luftstrupen och skapar patientens artificiella andningsväg. Trakeostomi är ett ingrepp som ökar i Sverige och görs när sjukdomar eller skador i luftvägarna eller i centrala nervsystemet försämrar eller hindrar patienten från att andas genom näsan och munnen. Ingreppet genomförs också på patienter som behöver långvarig respiratorbehandling. Komplikationer av olika allvarlighetsgrad förekommer hos trakeostomerade patienter. Vård av trakeostomerade patienter är komplext och kräver ibland fördjupad förståelse och specialistkunskap av varje enskilt aspekt och därför kan samverkan i team mellan olika professioner behövas för professionellt omhändertagande. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva vilken effekt multidisciplinärt trakeostomiteam har på vården av trakeostomerade patienter. Studien är en litteraturöversikt och sökning av de 15 inkluderade artiklarna genomfördes i PubMed och CINAHL. Majoriteten av de inkluderade artiklarna är baserade på observationsstudier där data insamlades retrospektivt. Litteraturöversikten resulterade i följande beskrivna effekter av multidisciplinärt trakeostomiteam på vården av trakeostomerade patienter, minskade komplikationer av olika allvarlighetsgrad. De minskade vårdtiden, den totala längden på sjukhusvistelse, vistelsetid efter utskrivning från intensivvårdsavdelningen och den totala tiden på intensivvårdsavdelningen. Teamet bidrog även till snabbare handläggning och beslut om dekanylering, förbättrade kommunikationsmöjligheter för patienten men även bättre kommunikation inom teamet. Utöver detta utarbetade och implementerade teamet kliniska riktlinjer och ansvarade för utbildning av personal, patienter och anhöriga. Några få studier visade även på kostnadseffektivitet. Resultatet av denna litteraturöversikt visade att multidisciplinärt trakeostomiteam har positiva effekter i vården av trakeostomerade patienter framförallt i form av minskade komplikationer och reducerad vårdtid. Teamet bidrar även till effektivare dekanyleringsprocess och snabbare initiering av talventil. Men dessa effekter måste tolkas med stor försiktighet pga. de inkluderade studiernas metodologiska svaghet och för att resultaten inte rakt av går att generalisera och överföra till svenska förhållanden och sjukvård.

The diploma thesis deals with one of the cross-cutting issues in RVP ZV. It is devoted to the education which results in active citizenship in a democracy. A theoretical part is related to the following topics: education for citizenship, curriculum reform, core competencies, education for democratic citizenship and civics textbooks. A practical part contains a unique survey about the education for democratic citizenship at secondary school and worksheet drafts, which lead to anticipated results in such education.

The thesis is divided into several chapters. Through the first to third chapter, it is possible to get acquainted with the concepts of drama education, methods of drama education, theater and core competencies. There is also a comparison of the desired outcomes of core competencies and objectives of drama education. The fourth chapter consists original research that relates to the specified research problem, namely contribution of selected methods of drama education for the development of core competencies of children.

Submitted by José Carlos Paula Correia (jcpcorreia@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-15T02:00:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao JC.pdf: 13814116 bytes, checksum: b31819ef74fce7aae7ed173f2d7402a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2013-05-20T13:26:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao JC.pdf: 13814116 bytes, checksum: b31819ef74fce7aae7ed173f2d7402a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-05-22T19:22:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao JC.pdf: 13814116 bytes, checksum: b31819ef74fce7aae7ed173f2d7402a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-22T19:22:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao JC.pdf: 13814116 bytes, checksum: b31819ef74fce7aae7ed173f2d7402a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-29 / O papel da Tecnologia da Informação (TI) no dia-a-dia das organizações torna-se cada vez mais importante e, consequentemente, o papel de seus profissionais. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal investigar a percepção dos profissionais de TI brasileiros acerca das competências essenciais que o principal executivo de TI (Chief Information Officer - CIO, em Inglês) atuante no mercado brasileiro deve ter para desempenhar adequadamente suas funções. O levantamento dessa percepção foi feito tendo por base a Teoria das Representações Sociais, por meio do método de evocação de palavras. Por intermédio da análise das percepções, foi possível identificar as competências e compará-las àquelas identificadas na literatura científica. / The role of Information Technology (IT) in organizations day-to-day activities becomes increasingly important and therefore the role of its professionals. The present study aims at investigating the perception of IT professionals about the core competencies the CIOs working in Brazil must have to adequately perform their duties. That perception will be obtained via the Theory of Social Representations, by using the words evoking method. Through the analysis of that perception, the study will identify the afore mentioned competencies and compare them to those identified in the literature.

Notre projet de recherche vise à comprendre comment les organisations peuvent s’adapter à leur environnement et le faire évoluer en tirant partie de la richesse d’informations auxquelles le marketing a accès. Pour cela, nous avons mobilisé un cadre d’analyse croisant la littérature sur l’agilité en marketing, sur les capacités dynamiques et les compétences, et sur l’apprentissage organisationnel. Grâce à une démarche abductive, qui se compose de trois études qualitatives, nous répondons à la problématique : Quelles sont les ressources, capacités et compétences qui influencent la compétence d’agilité pour le marketing ? Nos résultats mettent en évidence l’importance de facilitateurs de l’agilité en termes de structure, de culture et de technologie. Ils montrent par ailleurs que l’objectif du transfert d’informations entre les chargés d’études et le marketing opérationnel, ainsi que le degré de contrôle sur l’interprétation des informations par le marketing opérationnel influence la coordination des activités qui composent l’agilité. / The aim of this project is to understand how organizations are able to adapt to their environment and to make it evolve in making use of the wealth of market information. For that purpose, we used an analytical framework based on the literature on customer agility, on dynamic capabilities and core competencies, and on organizational learning.An abductive approach based on three qualitative studies helped us answer the following research problem: What resources, capabilities and competencies influence customer agility?Our results show that micro-foundations of customer agility, in terms of structure, culture and technologies, are needed.We also show the importance of the objective of the intra-organizational transfer between market analysts and product managers and of the level of control over the receiver on the coordination of the two activities of customer agility.

The thesis deals with initial reading literacy in the first and second grade of elementary schools. The theoretical part defines the basic concepts related to the reading literacy. Some major studies, published from 1996 till 2015 and dealing with the reading literacy development are introduced further. The research chapter describes the qualitative research metodology identifies research goals and hypotheses, presents the timing of the research and the research sample. The methodological recommendations based on the data analysis obtained from the survey were organized into a handbook usable for all teachers. The whole research is summarized in the final chapter, the hypothesis have been confirmed . The answer to the key question, "How is the initial reading literacy developed by the teachers in the reading instruction?" revealed that the trend in the initial reading literacy development is the gradual comprehensive development of all the reading competences levels with the emphasis on the communication skills from the first school day. KEYWORDS core competencies, curriculum, educational programme, initial reading literacy, levels of reading literacy, reading literacy

Introduction. The aim of this thesis is to investigate problems that users face when using a library discovery service, and determine which problems can be solved by UX design and which problems must be solved by information literacy teaching. A second aim is to examine how UX specialists and user instruction specialists cooperate and how these two specialties are shaped by each other and by the discovery service. Method. User problems were identified by analyzing documented reference questions from the library support chat. A survey based on the user problems was sent to UX specialists and user instruction specialists. The survey was followed by a focus group interview with the same participants. Survey data and transcripts of the focus group interview formed the data for analysis. Analysis. Qualitative analyses were carried out on the data. Theories on organizational structure and professional specialization formed the basis for analysis. Results. The results imply that UX design can be used to solve problems related to wayfinding and problems that can be solved by providing short on-screen instructions, while information literacy teaching can be used to solve problems that require a wide set of information literacy skills. Conclusion. Users’ successful use of the library discovery service requires information literacy teaching as well as continuous UX assessment and design. In the studied organization, UX specialists and user instruction specialists have found ways to cooperate in providing users with high quality services. For UX to be successful, a ”UX mindset” must be employed by all members of the organization. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.

In light of the many environmental challenges that the world currently faces, new sustainable solutions are called for. The concept of autonomous heavy vehicles (AVs) is considered to be one of the next megatrends within transportation and this technology shift is predicted to improve safety and logistics as well as to cut driver costs and reduce CO2-emissions. However, from a company's perspective, technology shifts are not without risks as technical disruptions can cause core competencies to become obsolete and radical technology innovation can be fatal to a company that does not innovate its business models simultaneously. Due to the complexity and novelty of the AV technology, business model innovation within the field has been lagging behind and there is an area of uncertainty regarding how a future business model for AVs could be formulated. In order to investigate potential business models for AV applications, this study has been carried out as an exploratory case study of two industry specific applications for goods transports within confined areas at the heavy vehicle manufacturer Scania in Södertälje, Sweden. The Business Model Canvas tool developed by Osterwalder and Pigneur (2010) has been used to map the business models of these two cases with the purpose of combining them into a general model. Furthermore, four important capabilities at the company have been identified and determined as to whether they qualify as core competencies based on the criteria presented by Prahalad and Hamel (1990) and then discussed in relation to how they can be leveraged in a future business model. The findings of this study help to formulate a business model perspective for future AV goods transport applications that consists of a service-based model characterised by a focus on collaboration and value co-creation, an adaptable level of integration with the customers' systems, transfer of ownership of products to the manufacturer and a value-driven source of differentiation. Lastly, the study concludes that Lean production and modularity are two existing core competencies of Scania that could be leveraged dynamically in a future business model connected to this technology shift. / Mot bakgrunden av de många miljömässiga utmaningar som världen står inför idag krävs nya hållbara lösningar. Konceptet självkörande tunga fordon (eng. autonomous heavy vehicle - AV) anses vara en av de nästa megatrenderna inom transportindustrin och detta teknikskifte förutspås förbättra säkerhet och logistiksystem samt sänka förarkostnader och minska koldioxidutsläpp. Från ett företags perspektiv är teknikförändringar dock inte utan risker då tekniska disruptioner kan göra kärnkompetenser föråldrade och radikal teknisk innovation rentav kan innebära en dödsdom för ett företag som inte simultant innoverar sina affärsmodeller. Till följd av teknikens komplexitet och låga mognadsgrad har affärsmodellsinnovation inom fältet hamnat efter och det finns ett område av osäkerhet gällande hur en framtida affärsmodell för självkörande fordon skulle kunna formuleras. I syfte att undersöka potentiella affärsmodeller för AV-applikationer har denna studie genomförts som en utforskande fallstudie av två industrispecifika applikationer för godstransporter inom avgränsade områden hos lastbilstillverkaren Scania i Södertälje, Sverige. Verktyget Business Model Canvas, utvecklat av Osterwalder och Pigneur (2010), har använts för att kartlägga affärsmodellerna för dessa två applikationer i syfte att kombinera dem till en generell modell. Vidare har fyra viktiga kapabiliteter i företaget identifierats och fastställts huruvida de kvalificerar som kärnkompetenser baserat på kriterierna som presenteras av Prahalad och Hamel (1990) och sedan diskuterats i relation till hur de kan utnyttjas i en framtida affärsmodell. Resultaten av denna studie hjälper till att formulera ett affärsmodellsperspektiv för framtida AV-godsapplikationer som innebär en servicebaserad modell kännetecknad av ett fokus på samarbete och värdesamskapande, en anpassningsbar integration till kundernas system, överföring av ägandeskap av produkter till tillverkaren och en värdedriven differentiering. Slutligen dras slutsatsen att Lean produktion och modularitet är två befintliga kärnkompetenser hos Scania som skulle kunna utnyttjas dynamiskt i en framtida affärsmodell kopplat till detta teknikskifte. / <p>Affiliation party: ITRL (Integrated Transport Research Lab)</p>

In light of the many environmental challenges that the world currently faces, new sustainable solutions are called for. The concept of autonomous heavy vehicles (AVs) is considered to be one of the next megatrends within transportation and this technology shift is predicted to improve safety and logistics as well as to cut driver costs and reduce CO2-emissions. However, from a company's perspective, technology shifts are not without risks as technical disruptions can cause core competencies to become obsolete and radical technology innovation can be fatal to a company that does not innovate its business models simultaneously. Due to the complexity and novelty of the AV technology, business model innovation within the field has been lagging behind and there is an area of uncertainty regarding how a future business model for AVs could be formulated. In order to investigate potential business models for AV applications, this study has been carried out as an exploratory case study of two industry specific applications for goods transports within confined areas at the heavy vehicle manufacturer Scania in Södertälje, Sweden. The Business Model Canvas tool  developed by Osterwalder and Pigneur (2010) has been used to map the business models of these two cases with the purpose of combining them into a general model. Furthermore, four important capabilities at the company have been identified and determined as to whether they qualify as core competencies based on the criteria presented by Prahalad and Hamel (1990) and then discussed in relation to how they can be leveraged in a future business model. The findings of this study help to formulate a business model perspective for future AV goods transport applications that consists of a service-based model characterised by a focus on collaboration and value co-creation, an adaptable level of integration with the customers' systems, transfer of ownership of products to the manufacturer and a value-driven source of differentiation. Lastly, the study concludes that Lean production and modularity are two existing core competencies of Scania that could be leveraged dynamically in a future business model connected to this technology shift. / Mot bakgrunden av de många miljömässiga utmaningar som världen står inför idag krävs nya hållbara lösningar. Konceptet självkörande tunga fordon (eng. autonomous heavy vehicle - AV) anses vara en av de nästa megatrenderna inom transportindustrin och detta teknikskifte förutspås förbättra säkerhet och logistiksystem samt sänka förarkostnader och minska koldioxidutsläpp. Från ett företags perspektiv är teknikförändringar dock inte utan risker då tekniska disruptioner kan göra kärnkompetenser föråldrade och radikal teknisk innovation rentav kan innebära en dödsdom för ett företag som inte simultant innoverar sina affärsmodeller. Till följd av teknikens komplexitet och låga mognadsgrad har affärsmodellsinnovation inom fältet hamnat efter och det finns ett område av osäkerhet gällande hur en framtida affärsmodell för självkörande fordon skulle kunna formuleras. I syfte att undersöka potentiella affärsmodeller för AV-applikationer har denna studie genomförts som en utforskande fallstudie av två industrispecifika applikationer för godstransporter inom avgränsade områden hos lastbilstillverkaren Scania i Södertälje, Sverige. Verktyget Business Model Canvas, utvecklat av Osterwalder och Pigneur (2010), har använts för att kartlägga affärsmodellerna för dessa två applikationer i syfte att kombinera dem till en generell modell. Vidare har fyra viktiga kapabiliteter i företaget identifierats och fastställts huruvida de kvalificerar som kärnkompetenser baserat på kriterierna som presenteras av Prahalad och Hamel (1990) och sedan diskuterats i relation till hur de kan utnyttjas i en framtida affärsmodell. Resultaten av denna studie hjälper till att formulera ett affärsmodellsperspektiv för framtida AVgodsapplikationer som innebär en servicebaserad modell kännetecknad av ett fokus på samarbete och värdesamskapande, en anpassningsbar integration till kundernas system, överföring av ägandeskap av produkter till tillverkaren och en värdedriven differentiering. Slutligen dras slutsatsen att Lean produktion och modularitet är två befintliga kärnkompetenser hos Scania som skulle kunna utnyttjas dynamiskt i en framtida affärsmodell kopplat till detta teknikskifte.

台灣中小企業的發展歷程，從創造台灣經濟奇蹟的原始動力到1980年代後期起，因國內外環境改變而面對嚴重的挑戰並歷經重大的改變。直至今天更因全球化的衝擊，正面臨嚴苛的考驗。其中能成長為跨國大企業者，實在寥寥可數，而大部份均歷經生存與滅亡的不斷輪迴。加上台灣企業逐漸大型化，大型企業開始獲得台灣經濟的主導權，中小企業在台灣經濟的比重逐漸降低。然而，在全球供應鏈上，台灣不論是大型企業或中小企業大部份均只是扮演中段生產與代工的角色，供應鏈上的上游原料與材料技術卻無法占有一席之地。這樣的現況我們似乎只歸因於市場機制的優勝劣敗而鮮有進一步的具體解決方案與實際創新商業模式之深入探討。然而，從一些成功的案例我們發現其實有一些具特異性與價值性資源及能耐的中小企業在面對常態資源不足，市場生態丕變、與組織對應不良的困境中，善用自己的核心能力，從理論與應用科學的發展、核心能力的延伸與擴張，競爭策略的預應彈性與組織能力的強化做為變革的基礎，逐步發展其成功的創新商業模式。 本研究以”台灣中小型科技公司之競爭策略與競爭優勢”為架構，以” 噴墨列印產業 ”之利基創造為導入實例，進行對台灣中小企業科技核心能力的認知，應用策略、經營模式、與變革創新的階段性探討與分析。期能從競爭策略的面向，提出問題與理論驗證，並提出一成功營運模式的研擬。此外，再以其在高競爭障礙市場的成功實績，進一步探討台灣中小企業如何善用獨持資源與策略轉折，創新創造利基市場，由小做大，建立跨國的成功創新商業模式，甚至建立自有品牌。最後，期望本研究的理論參據與實績驗證的內容和建議對台灣中小企業在困境中的力爭上游能有所助益。 / Since the time of creating the original driving force of Taiwan's economic miracle to late 1980s, the development of Taiwanese SMEs has been facing serious challenges and experiencing major changes due to rapid changes in domestic and international environment. Even today they are facing a more severe test because of the impact of globalization, and very few of them are able to grow to large multinational companies while most of them have been going through the continuous cycle of survival and extinction. Furthermore, Taiwanese enterprises have become larger in scale gradually, and large companies have begun to gain dominance of Taiwanese economy. The proportion of SMEs in Taiwanese economy has gradually reduced. However, in the global supply chain, most of the enterprises in Taiwan, no matter SMEs or MNCs, play the role of “ production and OEM/ODM” and rarely place the upstream of the supply chain as suppliers of raw materials and technology. This current situation seems to be attributed to the market mechanism fitness and few further specific and practical solutions have been discussed and conducted earnestly into the innovative business model in depth. However, from a number of successful cases, we discover that there are some SMEs, who are capable of core competencies and special advantages yet inadequate resources and capabilities, the changing market ecology, and the plight of organization corresponding ability, have successfully developed their own business models by their core competencies and the development of theoretical and applied science, the precise implementation of extension and expansion of core competencies and the strengthen of pro- action flexibility of competitive strategies as well as the capability of organizing, and gradually achieved the innovation and progressive development of the unique successful business model. In this research, the technical core competences, application strategies, innovative transformation and new business model of Taiwan's SMEs will be carried into analysis and discussion based on the framework of " competitive strategy and competitive advantage of High-Tech SMEs in Taiwan " setting the foundation of "The ink jet printing industries" as an illustration. For each stage of competitive strategies, the questions will be presented with theories to verify, and the simulation of successfully-operated models will be brought out. In addition, from the successful examples in high competitive barrier market, this research will further explore how good Taiwanese SMEs are by using the core capabilities and strategy transition to gradually innovate the global niche market with successful innovative business models, and even establish their own brands. Finally, I hope the theoretical reference, content and recommendations of performance verification can be helpful to get through the plight of the striving SMEs in Taiwan.