L'une des critiques fondamentales adressées au mécanisme de contrôle et de surveillance de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme en matière électorale tient au risque qu'il portera atteinte à la souveraineté de l'État. En effet, certains auteurs estiment que l'autonomie constitutionnelle de l'État dans le domaine électoral, jusqu'à tout récemment strictement protégée, s'affaiblit sous l'influence de la protection des droits de l'homme dans le système européen. Le présent mémoire a pour but de déterminer les conditions imposées aux autorités étatiques par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme en vue d'assurer l'exercice efficace du droit à des élections libres. Ensuite, il analysera les effets de ces conditions sur la souveraineté des États parties à la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme. Notre étude s'intéresse, dans un premier temps, à l'examen du principe de la souveraineté de l'État et de son évolution progressive sous l'influence des droits de l'homme. Dans un deuxième temps, elle présentera le droit à des élections libres et ses manifestations théoriques et jurisprudentielles. L'étude des affaires tranchées par la Cour européenne permettra de remarquer que la déférence qui est accordée à la souveraineté des États s'accompagne d'une certaine limitation de la marge d'appréciation des autorités étatiques en cas de privation de l'exercice efficace du droit à des élections libres. Ensuite, les acquis théoriques et conceptuels seront appliqués à l'étude des restrictions électorales relevant des mesures législatives, administratives et judiciaires des États ainsi que des conditions imposées par la Cour européenne. À cet égard, l'analyse de ces conditions nous permettra de saisir l'étendue de la limitation de la liberté d'action des États en matière électorale. Cette recension analytique nous permettra de conclure que le mécanisme de contrôle de la Cour européenne entraîne de multiples effets limitatifs sur la souveraineté des États. / One of the fundamental criticisms levelled at the ECtHR review mechanism relates to the fact that it is jeopardizing State's sovereignty. According to some commentators the State's constitutional autonomy, untill recently strictly preserved under international law, is now questioned as a result of the international protection of human rights. This study aims to identify the link between the principle of State sovereignty, the guarantee of the electoral rights, and the role of the ECtHR. Our study will be divided into three chapters. Chapter l, "Progressive evolution of the principle of State sovereignty and the European mechanism for the protection of fundamental human rights", discusses the principle of State sovereignty and its interpretations in contemporary international law. The chapter traces the evolution of the principle and links it with the progressive development of fundamental human rights. Chapter II, "The interaction between the State's margin of appreciation and the European supervisory mechanism", considers what role the positive obligations of States may have played in the crystallization of States' attitudes towards the application of international human rights instruments. After a brief discussion of the doctrine of the margin of appreciation and States' obligations under the European Convention, the chapter focuses on the ECtHR's control and supervision of the States' electoral restrictions. Chapter III, "Electoral restrictions and the scope of limits imposed on the State sovereignty", is central to our study. This chapter examines the ECtHR case-Iaw on electoral rights (1987-2008) and draws attention to some electoral restrictions in legislative, administrative and judicial matters. This study looks at the challenges which surround the application of the right to free elections, focusing on electoral rights in national political discourse, and the development of the ECtHR's enhanced role in protecting electoral rights in Europe. It draws conclusions as to the relationships between the development of an effective protection of electoral rights and the resultant limitations to the State sovereignty.

Zugl.: Würzburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2005.

La révolution numérique est ambivalente. Si elle constitue un moyen de renforcer la capacité de l'Etat à réaliser ses missions et celle des individus à exercer certains de leurs droits, elle permet simultanément l'enregistrement et la conservation d'une part croissante de l'existence individuelle quotidienne. Face au renforcement des possibilités de contrôle de l'individu, il est régulièrement proposé d'inscrire, dans les textes situés au sommet d, la hiérarchie des normes, un droit fondamental à la protection des données personnelles car l'existence d'un tel droit améliorerait la protection offerte à l'individu. La thèse procède à une analyse descriptive, explicative et évaluative du droit fondamental à la protection des données personnelles. Afin de démontrer la construction d'un tel droit par la jurisprudence constitutionnelle française et les jurisprudences européennes, l'étude s'est d'abord attaché à découvrir les soubassements de celui-ci. Ce droit a ensuite pu être précisé et distingué des autres droits fondamentaux tels que le droit au respect de la vie privée. Afin de mesurer la portée de ce droit, l'étude s'est ensuite attachée à analyser les restrictions dont il peut faire l'objet lorsqu'il entre en conflit avec d'autres intérêts individuels également protégés ou avec des contraintes collectives relevant de l'intérêt général. L'amélioration de la protection offerte à l'individu n'est donc pas aussi évidente qu'il pourrait paraitre. Elle pourrait cependant résulter de la restructuration du processus normatif que ce droit fondamental à la protection des données personnelles implique. / The digital revolution is ambivalent. On the one hand, it empowers the State to strengthen its ability to fulfil its responsibilities and the individuals to exercise some of their rights, yet on the other hand, it enables the capturing and storing of an increasing part of day to day personal life. In order to address the increased surveillance of individuals, proposals are regularly put forward to incorporate, at the very highest judicial level, a human right to personal data protection, as the existence of such a right would improve the protection afforded to individuals. This thesis undertakes a descriptive, explanatory and evaluative analysis of the human right to personal data protection. In order to examine the making of such a right by the French constitutional court, the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union, this study sets out first to reveal its foundations. The right to data protection is then clearly identified and distinguished from other human rights such as the right to privacy. In order to measure the extent of such a right, the study then focusses on analysing the restrictions to which it may be subject when in conflict with other equally protected individual rights or with collective constraints of general interest. The enhancement of the protection afforded to the individual is therefore not as straightforward as it may initially seem. Such enhancement could however arise from the restructuring of the normative process which this human right to data protection implies.

The text describes the main progress in depicting the LGBTI topic in the Inter-American area. It begins with the analysis of some conceptual issues that are crossed to the topic and discuss the importance of including political commitments and statements in the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly of OAS (Organization of American States) related to the LGTBI community protection. Even though, a few cases have gone to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, some landmark cases have deserved the Inter-American Court of Human Rights opinion. This produces an interesting case law on the matter. Finally, the text covers the latest Inter-American Convention on human rights adopted by the General Assembly of OAS in 2013, which includes the LGBTI community. That Conventionconstitutes the first regional treaty in force on the matter. / El artículo describe los principales avances que han contribuidoa visibilizar la temática de las Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales, Travestis e Intersexuales (LGBTI) a nivel interamericano. Para ello, comienza con el análisis de algunas cuestiones conceptuales que son transversales al tema y discute la importancia que tiene la inclusión de varios compromisos políticos y declaraciones en las resoluciones de la Asamblea General de la OEA referentes a la protección de la comunidad LGBTI. Si bien aún pocos casos han llegado a la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, algunos casos emblemáticos han merecido el pronunciamiento de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, lo que ya genera una jurisprudencia interesante sobre el tema. Finalmente, el texto aborda el contenido de la más reciente Convención Interamericana sobre derechos humanos adoptada por la Asamblea General de la OEA en 2013, la cual incluye dentro de su ámbito de aplicación al colectivo LGBTI. Así, dicha Convención constituye el primer tratado regional en vigor referido a la materia.

This  article  has  as  aim  to  reflect  about  the  protection  of economic, social and cultural rights before the regressive measures adopted by governments in Latin America, as well as of the different levels of jurisdictional tutelage that those receive. The document develops the concept of a regressive measure and the scope of the non-regression principle, furthermore, it shows the experience of the Constitutional Courts from Peru and Colombia and the organs of the Interamerican System of Human Rights regarding the protection of social rights. / El presente artículo tiene por propósito plantear una reflexión sobre la protección jurisdiccional que reciben los derechos sociales frente a la adopción de medidas regresivas en Latinoamérica por parte de los Estados, así como de los diversos grados de tutela jurisdiccional que aquellos reciben. El artículo desarrolla la noción de regresividad y los alcances del principio de prohibición de regresividad, así como la experiencia  de las Cortes Constitucionales de Perú y Colombia y de los órganos el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos en torno a la protección de los derechos sociales.

Analisa a figura jurídica da Responsabilidade Internacional Estatal por violações aos direitos humanos, na teoria e na prática, com ênfase no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Para tanto, relata a evolução histórica do conceito de responsabilidade internacional e sua interação atual com os direitos humanos, assim como os elementos característicos, natureza jurídica e exceções destas possíveis violações por parte dos órgãos ou funcionários do Estado ao qual pertence à suposta vítima, seja nacional ou estrangeiro. Alega que no sistema Interamericano, existe uma desigualdade de legislações e falta de conscientização por parte dos Estados da importância que tem o respeito ao sistema regional de proteção dos direitos humanos ao qual voluntariamente se têm submetido. / It analyses the legal figure of the State International Responsibility for violations to the human rights, in the theory and in practice, with emphasis in the Inter-American System of Human Rights. In such a way, it tells the historical evolution of the concept of international responsibility and its current interaction with the human rights. Also, the characteristic elements, legal nature and exceptions for possible violations of the institutions or employees of the State witch belongs the supposed victim, either national or foreign. It claims that in Inter-American system an inequality of legislations exist, also, and awareness of the States about the importance that must be the respect to the regional system of protection of the human rights, witch voluntarily has been submitted.

Cette étude a voulu saisir la dynamique interprétative de la Cour interaméricaine qui permet de construire la notion interaméricaine de procès équitable, en prenant en compte la «perméabilité» de cet organe juridictionnel vis-à-vis de la production jurisprudentielle de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme et du Comité des droits de l'homme des Nations Unies sur ce sujet. Cette «perméabilité» correspond à un mouvement d'inspiration de la Cour de San José de la jurisprudence des deux organes précités, aussi bien que des éléments normatifs issus d'autres espaces normatifs qui sont ressortis de la recherche. Le fondement de la légitimité d'une telle démarche se retrouve dans la Charte des Nations Unies, plus précisément, dans les articles 55, c et 56. Si dans le développement des garanties matérielles du procès équitable (institutionnelles et procédurales), un mouvement d'inspiration accentué a été perçu, pour ce qui est des garanties instrumentales (garanties d'accès à la justice et garanties d'effectivité de la justice), leur développement a été marqué par un mouvement d'affranchissement de la Cour qui a fait ressortir une spécificité interaméricaine. Ces mouvements, d'inspiration ou d'affranchissement peuvent adopter de multiples «visages». En plus de ces mouvements, nous avons perçu une circularité de normes entre les trois systèmes et là où aucun mouvement n'a été expressément perçu, mais où une compatibilité jurisprudentielle a été délectée, nous appelons d'alignement jurisprudentiel. Le mouvement de circularité de normes entre les systèmes renforce l'existence d'un ensemble minimal de garanties du procès équitable à respecter par les états. / This study aimed to understand the interpretative dynamics of the Inter-American Court in the construction of the Inter-American notion of due process, taking into account the “permeability" of this judicial body vis-à-vis the jurisprudential production of the European Court of Human Rights and the Committee of Human Rights of the United Nations in this regard. This “permeability" corresponds to a movement inspired by the Court of San Jose on the jurisprudence of the Iwo abovementioned organs, as well as on normative elements from other normative spaces that emerged from this research. The basis of the legitimacy of such an approach is found in the Charter of the United Nations more specifically in Articles 55, c and 56. If in the development of the material guarantees of due process (institutional and procedural), an accentuated movement of inspiration was seen regarding the instrumental guarantees (guarantees of access to justice and effective justice guarantees), their development has been marked by a movement of emancipation of the Court who does transpire inter-American specificity. These movements of inspiration and empowerment can adopt multiple "faces". In addition to these movements, it was observed a circulation of rules among the three systems and where no movement was explicitly seen, but a jurisprudential compatibility has been found, we call alignment jurisprudential. The movement of circulation of rules among systems reinforces the existence of a minimum set of guarantees of due process to be observed by countries.

La loi n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe constitue un tournant pour le droit de la famille en France. Cette loi, qualifiée parfois véritable tsunami est l’aboutissement de la prise en considération des revendications des homosexuels à constituer une famille. Avant 2013 le droit français ne permet pas au couple homosexuel de constituer une famille homoparentale : il n’autorise pas le mariage entre personnes de même sexe. De plus, la PMA est réservée aux seuls couples hétérosexuels et la GPA est totalement interdite en France. Ce consensus en apparence figé sur la non-reconnaissance de la famille homosexuelle est conforté par le droit européen, en particulier la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme dont la jurisprudence marque encore peu de signes d’évolution. Pourtant, dès 2008, la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme se prononce avec l’arrêt E.B c/ France sur la question de l’adoption par un célibataire homosexuel, opérant un revirement en nette rupture avec sa jurisprudence antérieure Fretté c/ France. Cette évolution jurisprudentielle de la CEDH s’inscrit dans un mouvement plus vaste des droits nationaux vers la reconnaissance de la famille homosexuelle. Pour autant, après 2013, des questions restent en attente, en particulier pour la PMA et la GPA. La constitution de la famille homosexuelle n’est pas encore achevée. / The 2013-404 law of 17 May 2013 which opened up the possibility for people of the same gender to get married shows a turning point for the family rights in France. This law, sometimes described as a real tsunami, is the outcome of taking into account the homosexuals' claim for starting a family. Before 2013 the French right did not allow a homosexual couple to be a homoparental family. It did not authorize people of the same gender to get married. Moreover Assisted Reproduction is only reserved to heterosexual couples and Gestation for Others is strictly forbidden in France. This seemingly constrained consensus on the non-legal recognition of the homosexual family is reinforced by the European right, particularly the European Court of Human Rights whose precedents still show few signs of evolution. Yet, from 2008 the European Court of Human Rights gave a verdict with the 'EB against France' decision on the question of child adoption by a homosexual person ; it implements a major change and marks a break with its prior 'Fretté against France' precedent. This jurisprudential evolution of the EC of HR is part of a larger movement of national rights towards the recognition of the homosexual family. For all that,some questions have been on hold since 2013, particularly for the Assisted Reproduction and the Gestation for Others. The composition of the homosexual family has not yet reached the end.

Em meio ao contexto da Guerra Fria, a segunda metade do século XX trouxe para a América Latina, em oposição às lutas por emancipação popular, ditaduras civis-militares que perpetraram gravíssimas violações de Direitos Humanos contra a população que deveria estar sob a guarida dos Estados. Em resposta a isso, movimentos de resistência tanto pacíficos quanto armados eclodiram pelo continente. Um dos episódios de resistência mais emblemáticos deste período no Brasil foi a chamada Guerrilha do Araguaia, da qual chegaram a participar 86 indivíduos – quase todos estudantes universitários que viram nas armas o único meio de derrubar a ditadura. A reação do Exército não tardou e, destes 86, 70 foram vítimas de desaparecimento forçado. Em 2010, o Estado brasileiro foi condenado pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos a localizar os desparecidos e a punir os responsáveis por essas violações, entre outras medidas. Transcorrido um ano da sentença, o Brasil entregou à Corte seu Relatório de Cumprimento, o qual é objeto de análise deste trabalho a partir do marco teórico da Justiça de Transição. / As a consequence of the Cold War, the second half of the twentieth century brought to Latin America, in opposition to the popular struggles for emancipation, civil-military dictatorships which perpetrated serious Human Rights violations against the population who should be under the protection of the States. In response to this, both peaceful resistance movements as well as armed ones erupted across the continent. One of the most iconic episodes of resistance in Brazil was the Guerrilha do Araguaia, which involved 86 individuals at its best moment – almost all of them college students who saw armed resistance as the only way to overthrow the dictatorship. The Army’s reaction came soon after and, of the 86 who joined the guerrilla, 70 were victims of enforced disappearance. In 2010, the Brazilian State was held responsible for these disappearances before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which demanded the State to locate those who were still missing and to punish those responsible for the violations, among other measures to be taken. One year after the sentence was issued, Brazil handed in its Compliance Report, which is the object of study of the present work under the theoretical framework of Transitional Justice.

Analisa a figura jurídica da Responsabilidade Internacional Estatal por violações aos direitos humanos, na teoria e na prática, com ênfase no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Para tanto, relata a evolução histórica do conceito de responsabilidade internacional e sua interação atual com os direitos humanos, assim como os elementos característicos, natureza jurídica e exceções destas possíveis violações por parte dos órgãos ou funcionários do Estado ao qual pertence à suposta vítima, seja nacional ou estrangeiro. Alega que no sistema Interamericano, existe uma desigualdade de legislações e falta de conscientização por parte dos Estados da importância que tem o respeito ao sistema regional de proteção dos direitos humanos ao qual voluntariamente se têm submetido. / It analyses the legal figure of the State International Responsibility for violations to the human rights, in the theory and in practice, with emphasis in the Inter-American System of Human Rights. In such a way, it tells the historical evolution of the concept of international responsibility and its current interaction with the human rights. Also, the characteristic elements, legal nature and exceptions for possible violations of the institutions or employees of the State witch belongs the supposed victim, either national or foreign. It claims that in Inter-American system an inequality of legislations exist, also, and awareness of the States about the importance that must be the respect to the regional system of protection of the human rights, witch voluntarily has been submitted.