Copyright is essentially the right of the rightsholder of an original work to prohibit others from making or distributing unauthorised copies of his or her work. More specifically for this dissertation, when an end user deals with digital content, one of the aims of copyright becomes the balancing of the conflicting interests in ‘exclusivity’ on the one hand, and in ‘access to information’ on the other. Exclusivity is achieved by the rightsholders through technological protection measures to protect their commercial interests. Access to information is achieved where works are available to the general public without payment and technological protection measures and where the digital content is not directly marketed for commercial gain. Exclusivity and access to information are two conflicting cultures surrounding copyright in the digital era. It is submitted that unless we find a socio-economic-legal way for the dynamic coexistence of these two conflicting cultures by means of fair dealing, the culture of exclusivity will eventually dominate fair access to information. The transient nature of digital content means that rightsholders have little or no control over their works once the end user has obtained a legal digital copy of the work. The right ‘to prohibit’ end users from copying and distributing unauthorised copies is, therefore, largely meaningless unless a legal or other solution can be found to discourage end users from the unauthorised reproduction and distribution of unauthorised copies of the work. Currently, technological protection measures are used to manage such digital rights because legal permissions within the doctrine of fair dealing for works in printed (analogue) format are inadequate. It is, however, submitted that a legal solution to discourage end users from copying and distributing unauthorised copies rests on two pillars. Firstly, the solution must be embedded in state-of-the-art digital rights management systems and secondly the business model used by publishers, and academic publishers in particular, should change fundamentally from a business-to-consumer model to a business-to-business model. Empirical evidence shows that the printing of e-content will continue to be relevant far into the future. Therefore, the management of fair dealing to allow for the printing of digital content will become increasingly important at educational institutions that use e-books as prescribed course material. It is submitted that although the origination cost of print editions and e-books correspond, the relatively high retail price of e-books appears to be based on the fact that academic publishers of digital content do not have the legal or digital rights management tools to manage the challenges arising from the fair dealing doctrine. The observation that academic publishers are reluctant to grant collecting societies mandates to manage the distribution of digital content, and/or the right to manage the authorised reproduction (printing) of the digital content, supports this hypothesis. Ultimately, with technologies at our disposal, the fair use of content in digital and print format can be achieved because it should simply be cheaper to comply with copyright laws than to make unauthorised digital or printed copies of content that our society desperately needs to make South Africa a winning nation. / Mercantile Law / LL. M.

Les développements techniques entraînent une croissance exponentielle de la circulation des œuvres et informations sur les réseaux. Les modèles de régulation de l'ère analogique élaborés sur la rareté du support sont remis en question par le numérique, fondé sur les paradigmes de la copie, de la réappropriation et du partage. Le droit d'auteur a été développé et adapté au rythme des innovations techniques de reproduction et de diffusion des œuvres, comme un correctif artificiel accordant une exclusivité temporaire d'exploitation. Il peut aussi conduire aux biens communs. Nous analysons comment droit et technique ont d'abord été pensés de manière indépendante. Les processus d'élaboration des normes et standards techniques et l'extension des droits exclusifs entraînent des tensions entre les industries culturelles et le public. Cette conception conduit à un enchevêtrement de lois et mesures techniques de protection au profit de la régulation technique. Nous proposons donc, dans la lignée de la lex informatica, un modèle fondé sur l'influence réciproque entre les disciplines, vers la reconception des catégories juridiques du droit d'auteur et vers une meilleure expression technique des droits. Le développement d'applications, d'ontologies et de métadonnées juridiques permet une automatisation de la régulation des échanges d'œuvres et d'informations. Mettant en œuvre une intégration plus équilibrée du droit et de la technique, ce modèle est notamment fondé sur l'analyse de licences et modèles contractuels qui se développent sur Internet, entre contrôle d'accès et biens communs.

In this knowledge economy, organizations are leveraging their competence through the knowledge they possess. Managing knowledge will potentially retain the competence held by the organization if knowledge generated across its projects and units is captured, structured and reused. Even though many tools and techniques are proposed in the literature to support these activities, their adoption in industry has been meagre. This may be due to development of tools without basing them on substantial and careful descriptive studies. This raises the following research issues: the knowledge processes and knowledge sources available in organizations and their characteristics need to be understood better. To address these gaps, following objectives are addressed in this research: ♦ To understand the specific needs and capability of the organization for capture and reuse of product development knowledge and ♦ To evaluate various alternative supports for capture and structure of relevant, evolving product development knowledge for reuse. To address these objectives, two observational studies were conducted in the organizations. To get a broader picture about the knowledge processes occurring in the organization, a KRIT model is proposed which is an acronym for Knowledge of solutions-Requirements-Interactions-Tasks, in which interactions of the designers with people and tools play the central role in processing knowledge during design. The KRIT model is validated through the demonstration of the existence of its nodes and links. From the observations it has been found that interactions ‘designer working with computer’, ‘two designers working with a computer’ and ‘two designers interacting with each other’ are most frequently occurred, and occupied most of the time during designing. Any tools to support knowledge capture and reuse should support these interactions such that capture and reuse can be intuitive and in-built in a natural way into a designer’s work habits. It is emphasized that there is a substantial need to increase the percentage of time spent by designers on capturing knowledge during the design process. This increase in time would lead to decrease in a designers’ time spent on knowledge acquisition and dissemination provided designers are capturing reusable knowledge. To answer capture and reuse of knowledge in detail in the observational studies, a new taxonomy of knowledge is proposed. By linking the representations of argumentation, designer’s activities, and the artefact being designed, we argued that the expressiveness of this taxonomy is high compared to the others proposed in the literature. The taxonomy has three broad categories of knowledge: topics, classes, and activities. Based on the definitions of the factors used in the taxonomy and the analysis of the protocols, the factors in each group under each category are argued to be mutually exclusive. In order to study the links between the proposed categories and factors in the taxonomy of knowledge, a method for converting the questions and answers (from the protocol data) into a generic format is framed. The taxonomy is validated comprehensively, and is able to cover various stages of design. Most of the designers’ time was spent working with a CAD package, in which most of the kinds of knowledge mentioned in the proposed taxonomy of knowledge was neither captured not reused. The important observations noted by comparing the knowledge captured in the preliminary study and the main study are as follows: Compared to the preliminary study, process related information and knowledge are captured higher in the main study. In the main study behavioural related content is captured more; whereas in the preliminary study structural content is captured more. The factors organization, usage, maintenance and sales captured in the preliminary study are not at all captured in the main study. In order to assess the usefulness of the knowledge captured, the kinds of knowledge needs of designers were compared with the kinds of knowledge captured. The important observations about the knowledge needs are: Irrespective of the design stages, in almost 50% of the questions, designers interacted with others to know about old issues or proposals in both the studies. A designer’s time for designing would benefit considerably if the answers for these 50% of the old questions were captured and made available for retrieval in formal documents. In both the studies, proposals based questions played a vital role in the questions analyzed. It shows that considerable proportion of time was spent by the designers on validating, by asking questions, the answers known to them. In contrast to the preliminary study, the designers’ needs for process-related information or knowledge were much higher than that for product-related information or knowledge. Comparing the generic questions obtained from the knowledge needs and knowledge captured reveals that only 14% and 26% with product related content and only 10% and 11.3% of the process based content asked by designers during designing were captured in the preliminary and the main study. These results show that there is a mismatch between knowledge captured and knowledge needed by the designers. This may be one of the primary reasons for the poor usage of documents in the organization. The generic questions generated from the questions asked by the designers and various documents will act as a guideline to the designers for what knowledge and information should and should not to be captured. Due to restrictions in the observations, a questionnaire survey was conducted to achieve the objective to collect 10% of total number of employees’ perspectives about the issues considered in this research. The important observations from the analyses of the collected questionnaire are: Designers’ perceive all types of interactions as important and frequent for information generation and sharing. These results are contradictory to the personal observations in which only interactions ‘designer working with computer’ and ‘two designers working with a computer’ occurred frequently. This shows that designers are unable to identify the kinds of interaction which they perform in their daily activities. Due to this, the information processes occurring within these interactions are not perceptible to the designers. Designers perceive that they get the right information at the right time in only 4 or more out of 10 for most of the times. This perception illustrates there is substantial need for the development of support to satisfy the information needs of designers. Analyses of the types of questions reveal that the question asking behavior of the designers is not static; the major share of questions falling under the category ‘question from answer given’ could be interpreted as: designers often do not frame exact questions to fulfil their requirements; they grab the opportunity to take as much as knowledge as possible during an interaction. Analyses of the types of answers reveal that designers gave more inferences on their answers in order to give a better response, which in turn should help reduce the number of questions subsequently asked especially in the protocol coded as ‘new answer’. Two studies have been used to assess the effectiveness of seven tools for supporting knowledge capture and reuse. The important observations from the initial study are: Mobile E-Notes TakerTM is ranked higher because this equipment provides a blend of properties between the paper and computer. These observations stress the importance of features provided for knowledge generation, modification, capture and reuse in the system. The observations from analyzing the three top rated tools (Mobile E-Notes TakerTM, Tablet with viewing facility and Computer with RhinocerosTM CAD package) to understand influence of these tools on knowledge capture and reuse during conceptual designing are: The differences observed in the percentage of capture between the usage of the three tools demonstrate that tools have an influence on the knowledge capture activity. Even though none of the three tools capture adequate knowledge during designing, Mobile e-Notes TakerTM seems to be the best tool for capture compared to the other two tools, both in the original and redesign experiments. These results suggest that some other mechanisms should be added to these tools so that their effectiveness of capturing could be increased. One mechanism is to incorporate the proposed KRIT model and the taxonomy of knowledge during designing. This integration will be one of the good mechanisms to aid knowledge capture and reuse, because the knowledge capture will occur along with the knowledge creation process. We believe that through this integration the purpose to enhance the knowledge capture and reuse during the design process will be achieved.

Κατά τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες παρατηρείται συνεχής αύξηση της έντασης του φαινομένου του θερμοκηπίου γεγονός που προκαλεί σημαντικές συνέπειες στο περιβάλλον και στη ζωή μας γενικότερα. Συνεπώς, είναι απαραίτητη η μείωση της ανθρωπογενούς εκπομπής των αερίων που συμβάλλουν στην αύξηση του φαινομένου αυτού. Η εκμετάλλευση και χρήση των δύο πιο σημαντικών θερμοκηπικών αερίων, του μεθανίου και του διοξειδίου του άνθρακα, μπορεί να επιτευχθεί με την αναμόρφωση του CH4 με CO2 ή αλλιώς ξηρή αναμόρφωση του μεθανίου (Dry Reforming of Methane-DRM). Με τη διεργασία DRM τα δύο συγκεκριμένα αέρια μετατρέπονται σε αέριο σύνθεσης (synthesis gas), το οποίο χρησιμοποιείται είτε για τη σύνθεση πληθώρας οργανικών ενώσεων, είτε για την παραγωγή Η2 για ενεργειακούς σκοπούς. Η DRM παρουσιάζει σημαντικά πλεονεκτήματα: δεν απαιτείται η χρήση ύδατος, φθηνό σχετικά κόστος εγκαταστάσεων, χρησιμοποιείται σε χημικά συστήματα μεταφοράς ενέργειας, ενώ και το αέριο σύνθεσης που παράγεται έχει ακόμα κατάλληλη αναλογία για συνθέσεις Fischer–Tropsch. Παρόλα αυτά η DRM δεν έχει εκτεταμένη βιομηχανική εφαρμογή επειδή αντιμετωπίζει ένα σημαντικό μειονέκτημα: ο καταλύτης μετά από κάποιο χρόνο λειτουργίας απενεργοποιείται λόγω του άνθρακα που αποτίθεται πάνω του. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκε ο state of the art καταλύτης Ni/Al2O3, τον οποίο τροποποιήσαμε με βόριο σε διάφορους λόγους [Β/(B+Νi)] με κύριο στόχο τη μείωση των ανθρακούχων αποθέσεων. Οι τροποποιημένοι καταλύτες συντέθηκαν με τη μέθοδο του υγρού συνεμποτισμού και χαρακτηρίστηκαν φυσικοχημικά με διάφορες τεχνικές, ώστε να μελετήσουμε την επίδραση του βορίου στην υφή τους (ΒΕΤ, porosimetry, SEM, TEM), στη δομή τους (XRD, UV-Vis DRS) και στην αναγωγιμότητά τους (H2-TPR). Η καταλυτική συμπεριφορά τους για την αντίδραση της ξηρής αναμόρφωσης του μεθανίου αξιολογήθηκε σε αντιδραστήρα σταθερής κλίνης, για 24h, σε συνθήκες: 973Κ, 1 atm, τροφοδοσία 50%CH4-50%CO2. Ο άνθρακας που αποτέθηκε στους χρησιμοποιημένους καταλύτες μετρήθηκε με τη μέθοδο της θερμοπρογραμματισμένης υδρογόνωσης (TPH). Τα ανηγμένα και χρησιμοποιημένα στην DRM καταλυτικά δείγματα μελετήθηκαν επίσης με ηλεκτρονικό μικροσκόπιο σάρωσης (SEM με αναλυτή EDS) και ηλεκτρονικό μικροσκόπιο διαπερατότητας (ΤΕΜ). Βρέθηκε ότι η παρουσία του Β μειώνει σημαντικά την ποσότητα του αποτιθέμενου άνθρακα στους καταλύτες Ni/Al2O3, σε ποσοστό έως και 86%, χωρίς να επηρεάζει ιδιαίτερα τη δραστικότητα και την εκλεκτικότητα των καταλυτών. Σημαντικό ρόλο παίζει το ποσοστό του Β στον καταλύτη, με τον καταλύτη με λόγο Β/(B+Νi) = 0,5 να εμφανίζει τη βέλτιστη συμπεριφορά. Τα αποτελέσματα μας έδειξαν ότι η ιδιαίτερη θετική επίδραση του βορίου οφείλεται κυρίως στο γεγονός ότι ευνοεί τη διασπορά του μεταλλικού νικελίου. Τροποποίηση με βόριο, σε κατάλληλη περιοχή φορτίσεων, του καταλύτη Ni/Al2O3 μεγιστοποιεί το πλήθος των νανοσωματιδίων νικελίου με μέση διάσταση < 6.0 nm, τα οποία, ως γνωστόν, ελαχιστοποιούν την απόθεση άνθρακα. / The intensity of the greenhouse effect is constantly increasing in the last few decades with an adverse effect both on the environment and the humanity. In order to decrease the effect, human-caused emissions should be minimized. The two most important greenhouse gases, methane and carbon dioxide, can be used in the DRM (Dry Reforming of Methane) process. With this process the above mentioned gases are converted to synthesis gas, which is then used for the synthesis of a great number of organic compounds and synthetic fuels (through the Fisher-Tropsch syntheses) or for the production hydrogen to be used as a fuel (energy purposes). The DRM process presents a number of advantages, namely: no water is required, relatively low cost of process plants,it can be used as a Chemical Energy Transfer System and, finally, the produced synthesis gas has adequate CO/H2 ratio for Fisher-Tropsch syntheses. Although DRM is a promising process, its industrial application is hindered by a major drawback: the catalysts are rapidly deactivating due to coking. In the current study, the state of the art catalyst Ni/Al2O3 was studied and modified with boron, using different ratios of Β/(B+Νi). Our primary objective was to reduce coking. The modified catalysts were synthesized by wet co-impregnation and physicochemically characterized in their oxidic, reduced and used forms, using various techniques, in order to investigate the influence of boron on the texture (BET, Porosimetry, SEM, TEM), structure (XRD, UV-Vis DRS) and reducibility (H2-TPR) of the catalysts. The catalytic performance for the DRM process was studied under stable conditions (973Κ, 1 atm and 50%CH4-50%CO2 undiluted feed), for 24h, using a fixed bed reactor. Carbonaceous deposits on the used catalysts were determined by Temperature Programmed Hydrogenation (TPH). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with EDS analyser and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were also used in the study of reduced and used catalytic samples. Modifying Ni/Al2O3 catalysts with boron results in a great decrease of the deposited coke (up to 86%), without any significantly influence on the activity and selectivity of the catalysts. A major factor influencing the catalyst is the B loading, with the ratio Β/(B+Νi)=0,5 giving the best results. Boron’s positive effect was mainly attributed to its ability to increase Ni dispersion. Modification of Ni/Al2O3 catalysts, by using the appropriate boron loading, resulted to an increase of the amount of nickel nanoparticles with an average dimension under 6.0 nm, which are known to minimize coke deposition.

Étant donné que les catastrophes sont un phénomène spatial, l’application de systèmes d’information géographique (SIG) est un outil pratique et fiable pour le processus de réduction des risques de catastrophe (RRC). Les SIG peuvent servir le processus de RRC en tant que base de données pour la collecte et l’intégration de données, ainsi que pour l’incorporation de données multi‐sources, en tant que systèmes d’observation, en tant qu’outil pour la production de cartes de risques, en tant que calculateur d’exposition, constructeur de modèles déterminant les vulnérabilités des éléments, en temps quasi réel, traqueur de crise, etc… Mais ces applications SIG ont été intégrées de manière inégale à travers les différentes phases du cycle de RRC. De plus, l'utilisation efficace de ces technologies nécessite des recherches et des développements plus poussés, en particulier dans les pays en développement où de nombreux obstacles entravent l'utilisation des SIG pour la protection civile. Cette tâche devient encore plus compliquée au niveau local en région rurale comme dans notre zone d’étude Baalbek‐Hermel, Gouvernorat du Liban. Le manque de ressources humaines et financières et des données spatiales critiques lacunaires limitent l’utilisation des SIG pour améliorer la décision en matière de RRC ? Dans quelle mesure le SIG pourrait‐il être efficace dans les actions de RRC dans un pays en développement comme le Liban, où le nombre d’enjeux exposés augmentent sans cesse et où le gouvernement a d'autres priorités urgentes que de s'engager dans un plan de RRC? Plusieurs études de cas menées à Baalbek‐Hermel servent à tester les hypothèses retenues et à discuter de l’adoption et de l’adaptation de techniques SIG afin de les rendre efficaces et capables de servir tout le cycle de RRC ; évaluation des dangers, de la vulnérabilité et des dommages, planification d’urgence et d’évacuation, systèmes d’alerte précoce, zonage des terres, données en temps quasi réel pour l’intervention, rétablissement et renforcement de la résilience. Les défis posés par le déploiement de ces technologies SIG dans chacune des phases susmentionnées du cycle de la RRC et la manière dont ils peuvent être surmontés sont discutés, en considérant les approches autochtones pour l’application de technologies et d’innovations en matière de RRC. Les résultats de cette thèse offrent le potentiel de surmonter certains des obstacles qui entravent l'utilisation des SIG pour une RRC efficace dans les pays en développement. Ainsi, les praticiens de RRC au Liban et dans d'autres pays en développement pourraient exploiter ce potentiel pour tenter de réduire la vulnérabilité aux dangers et améliorer la capacité de prévention des catastrophes. / Given that natural disasters are spatial phenomenon, the application of geographical information systems (GIS) has proven to be a convenient and reliable tool for the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) process. GIS can serve DRR as a database for data gathering, integration and incorporation,an output viewer, a tool for hazard maps production, a calculator for exposure, a model builderfor determining assets’ vulnerabilities, a near real time crisis tracker, etc… Nevertheless, GIS applications have been integrated unevenly across the different phases of the DRR cycle.Moreover, the effective use of these technologies requires further research and development,especially in developing countries where numerous barriers hamper the use of GIS for civil protection. The task is further complicated at the local level in rural areas such as our study area Baalbek‐Hermel, Governorate of Lebanon. Restrictions include limited human and financial resources and a lack of critical spatial data required to support GIS application to DRR. To what extent could GIS be efficient in DRR actions in a developing country like Lebanon where themajority of assets at risk is ever‐growing and the government has other urgent priorities than tocommit to DRR plans? Several case‐studies in Baalbek‐Hermel were taken to test these assumptions and discuss the adaptation of GIS techniques to make them effective and to be able to serve the whole DRR cycle; hazard, vulnerability, risk and damage assessment, emergency and evacuation planning, land‐use zoning, recovery and resilience building. Challenges in the deployment of GIS technologies in each afore mentioned phase of the DRR cycle and how they may be overcome were discussed, considering indigenous approaches for the application of technologies and innovations in DRR. The results of this dissertation suggested ways to control some of the barriers hampering the effective use of GIS for DRR in developing countries. Thus,DRR practitioners in Lebanon and other developing countries could harness this potential in anattempt to reduce hazard vulnerability and improve disaster reduction capacity.

Natural disasters and hazards pose significant risks and challenges for people and communities all around the world, among the groups most vulnerable to these events are elderly populations who face physical, social, and psychological hardships in the face of disasters. The vulnerability and lacking resilience of elderly are a growing global concern as their proportion of the world's population is steadily increasing with an estimated 1 in 6 people being aged 65 and over by 2050, doubling the current number. The physical frailty, cognitive decline, sensory impairment, and economic disadvantage that often come paired with aging can make older adults more susceptible to harm in the face of natural disasters and social isolation, limited access to resources, and dependency on caregivers or family members further increase the risk of adverse outcomes for the elderly during and after a disaster. It is essential for the future to address the unique challenges faced by older populations in disaster situations and identify effective strategies to enhance their resilience and reduce their vulnerability. In Japan, with a rapidly aging society and increasing numbers of elderly individuals, the issue of disaster preparedness and response becomes even more pronounced. The current policies of individual self-reliance and community-based disaster management are heavily promoted as the way forward, but are these policies suitable and sufficient for elderly and vulnerable populations? This thesis seeks to explore whether these policies are suitable for the needs and realities of the increasing number of elderly and vulnerable individuals who are unable to take care of themselves in times of crisis.  Through an analysis of vulnerability and resilience, this thesis seeks to identify the key factors that contribute to the experiences of elderly people in disaster situations. By presenting a case study of Japan, the thesis aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses of current policies and strategies in promoting resilience and reducing vulnerability among elderly populations in Japan. This thesis aims to provides a critical insight into the policies and strategies for promoting resilience and reducing vulnerability among elderly populations during disasters and to highlight the need to critically reflect on the suitability of current policies in relation to the the growing number of vulnerable elderly.

近年來，寬頻網路與數位內容的興起，受到世界先進國家的注意。在台灣，寬頻網路與數位內容不僅是產業界及學術界熱門的研究及發展課題，也是政府既定的產業政策方向，但卻少有研究同時針對兩者進行完整的討論和其關連之研析。 本研究旨在針對科技、產製、市場、經營與政策五個面向，透過文獻分析與深度訪談法，從趨勢發展的角度探討數位內容與寬頻網路彼此的前景和關連。 本研究認為，寬頻網路與數位內容在科技、產製、市場、經營及政策等面向上的發展關連緊密，彼此相輔相成，並可以產生整合的效果： （一）科技面：寬頻網路傳輸效能與效率的提升，加上科技匯流與IP網路的整合，提供內容已成為寬頻網路必然的發展趨勢。 （二）產製面：數位內容可以發展多元創新的應用，主要仍是寬頻網路的推波助瀾，因此寬頻網路未來勢必成為數位內容最重要的傳輸通路。 （三）市場面：寬頻網路與數位內容的市場需求彼此重疊。提供加值內容可以創造寬頻市場的範疇經濟優勢，透過寬頻傳輸則可以擴大數位內容的市場規模。 （四）經營面：寬頻網路與數位內容經營者的核心能力不同，彼此價值鏈的關連緊密，並可以提供創新和多元的經營模式。 （五）政策面：世界重要國家都很重視寬頻網路與數位內容的推展，同時推展寬頻網路和數位內容可以滿足彼此在政策上的供給和需求關連。 在台灣，近年來寬頻網路和數位內容產業發展迅速，但少有相互合作以發揮整合優勢的成功案例，另外在寬頻連線速率和線上內容的品質方面，也還有進步的空間。因此，政府除應持續加強寬頻網路和數位內容的推展，也可以同時思考寬頻網路與數位內容產業政策之間的支援與整合。 / While the upsurge of broadband and digital content has attracted considerable attention in developed countries recently, in Taiwan, despite the fact the fixed official policy has propelled the R&D on the subject either in the field of industry or academia respectively, integrated program researches are inadequate. This research aims to explore the prospects and correlation of digital content and broadband through literature analysis and intensive interviews, focusing on five dimensions of technology, production, market, operation, and policy. In conclusion, the broadband and digital content developing cooperatively and coordinately results in synergy out of the five facets as below： A.Technology：The upgrade of transmission effect and efficiency, as well as the digital convergence and IP network integration, broadband entrepreneurs offering content has inevitably become a trend. B.Production：Broadband fostering the growth of digital content enables it be applied in an innovative way, making it definitely a significant transmission material for digital content. C.Market：The market demand of broadband and digital content overlaps, and the economy scope advantages in broadband market is reachable when broadband is provided with value-added content. D.Operation：Broadband operators and digital content operators, closely correlating with each other in value chains, vary in core competence, which may innovate and variegate business models. E.Policy：Most advanced countries have been making efforts to promote broadband and digital content, while the policies of broadband and digital content are both enforced, the supply and need of both industries can be fulfilled. Despite of broadband and digital content industries developing in Taiwan in recent years, successful synergy cases out of cooperation between broadband and digital content run short. The speed rate of broadband access and the quality of online content issues remain to be strengthened. It is suggested that the government persist in popularizing broadband and digital content, besides working out interdisciplinary policies for broadband and digital content.