Ce mémoire présente une interprétation et une explication critique des propositions principales de l’ouvrage posthume de Bill Readings, The University in Ruins (Harvard, 1996). L’auteur vise à introduire la pensée de Readings en tant que translation du différend lyotardien vers les débats autour de la crise des curricula et des « guerres culturelles » américaines. Deuxièmement, ce travail mobilise le dialogue qui l’a opposé au projet pédagogique de Gerald Graff, lequel trouvait dans la notion de « Conflit » elle-même le ciment d’une nouvelle communauté universitaire. La communauté du « dissensus » chez Readings apparaît en comparaison dans toute sa radicalité. En renonçant à l’idéologie de l’émancipation du sujet caractéristique de la modernité, Readings envisageait la scène de l’enseignement depuis un mode éthique hétéronome, et caractérisait la pédagogie comme relation asymétrique et infinie à autrui. Enfin, il s’agit d’exposer comment la communauté du dissensus préserve comme aporie la question de l’identité collective autant que celle de la nature du lien social dans l’université « déréférentialisée ». Pour ce faire, ce mémoire propose sur ces idées un éclairage nouveau en les rapprochant de la pensée dialogique et anthropologique bakhtiniennes. / This master’s thesis offers a critical interpretation and exploration of the main proposals of Bill Readings’ posthumous book, The University in Ruins (Harvard, 1996). I situate Readings’ provocative thoughts as a translation of Lyotard’s notion of differend into American pedagogical debates within the literary crisis upon the curricula and the so-called “Culture Wars”. The study expands on the dialogue which opposed Readings to Graff, where the latter sought to posit the notion of “Conflict” as the locus of a renewed academic community. In contrast to Graff, the radicalism of Readings’ “community of dissensus” becomes more salient. While renouncing the emancipatory ideals of Modernity, Readings suggested an understanding of education as a space of heteronomous ethics, and pedagogy as an infinite and asymmetrical relationship to others. Finally, I show that the “community of dissensus” maintains as a permanent question the aporetic nature of its identity as well as of the nature of the social bond within the “post-historical” university. By doing so, this work provides an original contribution which underlines a kinship between Readings’ most controversial statements and Mikhail Bakhtin’s dialogism and anthropological ideas.

Ce mémoire en recherche-création explore l’enfermement volontaire et les différents types de tensions qu’il provoque. Court roman prenant la forme du journal intime, La Parenthèse met en scène un jeune homme qui décide de s’enfermer chez lui une semaine durant et s’interdit tout contact avec l’extérieur – autant pour prendre un congé temporaire de la vie qu’il mène que pour examiner les raisons de sa détresse quotidienne. Le monologue intérieur se transforme rapidement en dialogue, dès lors qu’un double vindicatif, interrompant la voix principale par des « répliques » entre parenthèses, fait son apparition. Une relation houleuse – sous tension – se tisse entre ces deux facettes du personnage tout au long des sept jours de la réclusion, les passages de dispute alternant avec des récits de souvenirs. En somme, le roman tente de dramatiser la question de l’emprisonnement de soi-même et de la limitation de l’écriture, cette limitation pouvant être à la fois malsaine et libératrice. Quant à l’essai, Tensions et enfermement dans les Cent Vingt Journées de Sodome du marquis de Sade, il part du thème de l’enfermement (en l’occurrence, celui des quatre amis qui exécutent le projet de passer quatre mois dans un château isolé) pour postuler une « architecture du désir » dans Les Cent Vingt Journées de Sodome. L’essai mobilise les ressources de la narratologie en prenant en compte les effets du texte sur le lecteur ; sont ainsi mises en évidence les tensions – sexuelle pour les protagonistes, narrative pour le lecteur – élaborées par cette écriture de l’enfermement et de la contrainte, dans laquelle le désir est toujours maintenu mais rarement satisfait. / This M.A. thesis combining research and creative writing globally focuses on self-confinement and the various tensions that it creates. La Parenthèse, a novel in the form of a diary, depicts a young man who decides to confine himself in his apartment for a week without any contact with the outside world, taking a break of his life in order to question himself about his daily angst. The inner monologue changes quickly into a dialogue, as soon as a vindictive alter ego begins to interrupt the main voice with “repartees” in parenthesis. A stormy – tense – relationship builds itself between these two sides of the character throughout the seven days he stays locked indoors, passages of arguments alternating with recollections of memories. In short, the novel proposes a reflection about self-confinement and constrained writing, which is both unwholesome and liberatory. As for the essay, Tensions et enfermement dans Les Cent Vingt Journées de Sodome du marquis de Sade, it takes us from self-confinement (namely, the four friends deciding to confine themselves for four months in a distant castle) to an “architecture of desire” in Les Cent Vingt Journées de Sodome. The essay is based on narratology without neglecting the effects the text has on its reader to bring out the tensions – sexual ones regarding the protagonists, narrative ones regarding the reader – elaborated by Sade’s confinement writing, which unfolds a desire much celebrated but seldom fulfilled.

L’œuvre d’Annie Ernaux, bien que l’écriture soit « plate », est un bel exemple de l’écriture polyphonique où différentes voix interviennent. Afin de mettre à jour ces différentes voix qui s’opèrent dans son œuvre, nous avons mené notre analyse en deux parties. Dans un premier temps, nous avons fait une analyse énonciative des instances énonciatrices en essayant de distinguer les différents actants de l’énonciation selon diverses analyses qui ont été développées jusqu’à présent : les instances émettrices d’une part (l’énonciateur, le locuteur et le narrateur) et les instances réceptrices d’autre part (le lecteur, l’interlocuteur et le narrataire). Dans un second temps, nous avons tenté de mettre au jour les différentes voix qui s’y font entendre à travers les diverses formes de la représentation de la parole d’autrui dans le discours telles que les formes monologales / monologiques, dialogales / dialogiques et polyphoniques, ainsi que les diverses formes de discours rapportés, de modalisation et d’utilisation des marques typographiques dans le but de retrouver les voix socio-culturelles dans son œuvre. / Despite her “flat” writing, the work of Annie Ernaux is an appropriate example of polyphonic writing in which different voices intervene. In order to reveal these different voices operating in her work we have undertaken a two-step analysis. First, we have analysed the enunciative instances in an attempt to make a distinction between the different actants of enunciation: senders (the enunciator, the locutor and the narrator) on the one hand and the receptors (the reader, the interlocutor and the narratee) on the other. Second, we have tried to put forth the different voices which can be heard by means of various forms of representation of the other’s parole in discourse in order to find the socio-cultural voices in her work. Such forms include the monological, dialogical and polyphonic forms, as well as various forms of reported speech, modalisation and the use of typographical icons.

The main purpose of this dissertation, and the four studies it includes, is to investigate some ways in which the concept of writing ability is rendered concrete in different national writing tests. The dissertation combines two theoretical approaches. Assessment theory serves as a framework for the approach to national tests. Tests are understood as a practice aiming at providing evidence for the inferences teachers need to draw about students’ writing ability, in order to make decisions that are part of school practice, such as giving grades. I examine the tests from the perspective of an anthropological theory of text that takes dialogism as its point of departure and views texts as culturally valued utterances. The analyses focus on the relations between writing task, students’ texts and assessment criteria, and how these can be both in alignment and in conflict with the claims on score meaning made by different test constructions. In the first study, four students’ texts from the national writing test in upper secondary school are closely analyzed to show how a writing task regulates students’ scope for action in their texts as regards global inner structure and perspective on content. The second study investigates how a national writing test was carried out in two classrooms in primary school, and highlights the relations between the task, students’ texts and assessment criteria. In the third study, I argue that a pursuit of reliability in writing tests becomes misguided unless it takes as its starting point the definition of writing ability the tests are made to measure. In the fourth study I examine the writing tasks of the tests in upper secondary school from 2007–2012. The analysis brings four distinct and recurrent task types to the fore, from which a reconstruction of the target domain of writing within the school subject of Swedish is made. Overall, the dissertation contributes to critical reflection on the understandings of writing expressed by test constructions, and points at possible further development of writing tests, given the theoretical perspective on writing that the dissertation employs.

La présente étude traite de la problématique liée à l’expérience de l’étranger dans trois romans de José Saramago, Le Radeau de pierre, L’Aveuglement et La Lucidité, trois de Christa Wolf, Christa T., Trame d’enfance et Médée ainsi que trois de Vassilis Alexakis, La Langue maternelle, Avant et Les Mots étrangers, en examinant les aspects culturels, linguistiques et poétiques. Saramago, Wolf et Alexakis font l’expérience de l’étranger de manières différentes. L’expatriation volontaire ou l’exil contraint marquent un point décisif dans leurs vies et leurs créations romanesques. Cette étude se concentre sur les manifestations d’une poétique de l’étranger biculturel qui prend appui sur les singularités provenant de origines diverses des romanciers. Le personnage étranger occupe une place centrale dans les romans. Ses caractéristiques sont mises en évidence grâce à une étude des frontières et à un examen des cultures représentées. Notre réflexion est orientée vers la poétique des romans. Les oeuvres d’auteurs biculturels se distinguentelles formellement des autres romans ? Notre travail démontre que la présence de l’étranger est intimement liée à la structure des romans. L’expérience de l’étranger laissetelle des traces au niveau de la langue ? Chez Saramago et Wolf, l’examen métalinguistique devient un acte créateur qui accompagne la mise en cause de l’omniscience du narrateur. Au contraire d’Alexakis, ces deux auteurs intègrent le dialogisme dans leur poétique de l’étranger. Les romanciers mènent des réflexions sur la culture en interrogeant à la fois la langue et la mémoire transmises par les ancêtres. Ces deux axes aboutissent à une réflexion sur l’identité contemporaine. / This research deals with the problems linked to the foreign experience in three novels from José Saramago, The Stone boat, Blindness and Seeing, three from Christa Wolf, The Quest for Christa T., Patterns of Childhood and Medea, as well as in three from Vassilis Alexakis, La Langue maternelle, Avant and Les Mots étrangers, analysing them in their cultural, linguistic and poetical aspects. Saramago, Wolf and Alexakis make a foreign experience in different ways. The voluntary expatriation or the forced exile are important moments in their lives and in their novelistic production. This study is focused on the poetical expressions of the bicultural foreigner, based on the particularities that come up with the diverse origins of the novelists. The foreign character takes up a key position in the novels. Its properties are outlined and discussed by studying the borders and examining the represented cultures. The research is turned towards the poetics in the novels. Are there formal differences between novels from bicultural writers and other ones? Our work shows that the presence of the foreigner is linked to the structure of the novel. Does the foreign experience leave its imprints on the language used? In Saramago’s and Wolf’s novels the metalinguistic examination becomes a creative act and it calls the omniscience of the narrator into question. Unlike Alexakis, these two writers integrate dialogism in their poetics of the abroad. The novelists think about culture by means of the language and the memories passed by the ancestors. These two axes lead to studies on contemporary identity.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o romance Grande sertão: veredas, de João Guimarães Rosa, a partir de conceitos elaborados por Mikhail Bakhtin. Este desenvolveu a concepção de romance polifônico em sua interpretação da obra de Fiódor Dostoiévski, desvendando o procedimento do escritor de incluir em sua prosa ficcional a multiplicidade de vozes presentes na sociedade. Trata-se do fenômeno do dialogismo, em que diferentes discursos entram em interação, se manifestam em réplicas diretas ou veladas, reagem entre si, estabelecem consonâncias ou dissonâncias, transformando-se continuamente, sendo que o autor aparece como uma entre as muitas vozes da narrativa. Nesse sentido, apesar de haver apenas uma voz em enunciação, consideramos Grande sertão: veredas um romance polifônico e interpretamos trechos em que o dialogismo é patente. Em seu estudo sobre François Rabelais, Bakhtin introduziu o conceito de carnavalização da literatura, processo por meio do qual foram incorporadas manifestações da cultura popular na linguagem literária. Bakhtin vale-se ainda da noção de grotesco, estilo antigo caracterizado pela mistura de formas. Tanto em Rabelais como em Guimarães Rosa, a linguagem está radicada na oralidade e em expressões populares, ainda que amalgamada a um vasto conhecimento erudito. Desse prisma, analisamos duas novelas (O recado do morro e Meu tio o Iauaretê) e um conto (Darandina) de Guimarães Rosa, além do romance Grande sertão: veredas. Seguindo uma linha de pensamento alinhada às ideias de Bakhtin que encontram ressonância em Guimarães Rosa, nas quais as fronteiras são indistintas e a transformação é inerente ao movimento da vida, procuramos centrar a análise na superação da lógica binária moderna, dando um salto para o polissêmico. É dessa maneira que propomos uma atualização da visão sobre a relação amorosa em Grande sertão: veredas, com o apoio teórico de Michel Foucault. / The objective of this study is to analyze the novel Grande sertão: veredas, by João Guimarães Rosa, based on Mikhail Bakhtins concepts. Bakhtin developed a conception of the polyphonic novel in his interpretation of Fyodor Dostoevsky\'s work, in which he describes the writers procedure that includes, in his fictional prose, the multiplicity of social voices found in society. This is the phenomenon of dialogism, in which different dialogues interact, manifest themselves in direct or veiled responses, react among themselves, establishing consonances or dissonances, transforming themselves continuously, with the author appearing as one among the many voices of the narrative. In this regard, although there is only one voice in enunciation, we consider Grande sertão: veredas to be a polyphonic novel and analyze extracts in which the dialogism is distinct. In his study of Francois Rabelais, Bakhtin introduced the concept of the carnivalization of literature, a process in which the manifestations of popular culture were incorporated into literary language. Bakhtin also employs the notion of grotesque, an ancient style characterized by a mixture of forms. In both the Rabelais and Guimarães Rosa works the language is rooted in orality and popular expressions, even though it is melded with a vast erudite knowledge. From this point of view, we analyze two novels (O recado do morro and Meu tio o Iauaretê) and a tale (\"Darandina\") by Guimarães Rosa, besides the novel Grande sertão: veredas. Following a line of thought concurrent with Bakhtins ideas, and also consonant in Guimarães Rosa, where boundaries are indistinct and transformation is inherent in lifes movement, we aim to focus the analysis on the overcoming of modern binary logic, thereby taking a leap to the polysemic. It is in this manner we propose an updated interpretation of the love affair in Grande sertão: veredas, with the theoretical support of Michel Foucault.

A tese estabelece relações entre processos inferenciais e alteridade que emergem nas narrativas de crianças indígenas, com idades entre quatro e seis anos, quando dialogam com mães comunitárias a respeito do mito Madre Ñame da cultura Wounaam-nonam. Os capítulos teóricos referem-se ao CSC como uma abordagem que articula os seguintes aspectos centrais deste estudo: primeiro, os processos inferenciais no reconhecimento das diferentes perspectivas que se manifestam na relação eu-outro-mundo (Valsiner, 2007); segundo, a experiência inquietante do encontro com o outro como alteridade, na relação eu-outromundo, a partir de uma perspectiva dialógica (Marková, 2003; Simão, 2010); e, por último, os mitos no ciclo cultura-indivíduo-cultura (Boesch, 1991, Valsiner, 2007, 2013). Esta pesquisa qualitativa e descritiva apresenta; 1) A análise hermenêutica das representações sociais que surgem das entrevistas de três líderes comunitários acerca das implicações de ser ou não ser Wounaam-nonam. Na dialogia cultura pessoal e cultura coletiva as representações sociais são o enquadre simbólico que atribui sentido à presença do outro, estranho, diferente e estrangeiro, como alteridade. 2) A análise hermenêutica fenomenológica do mito Madre Ñame da cultura indígena Wounaan-nonam, que destaca, na versão do líder comunitário Juan Perdiz, um conjunto de mitemas acerca da origem do inhame; da vida que não tem uma interrupção com a morte; do triunfo dos Wounaam-nonam sobre os perigos trazidos por outrem; da função social de proteção que garante a sobrevivência das crianças; e das tensões na relação eu-outro-mundo, trazidas pelo outro, o estrangeiro. 3) A análise dialógica das modalidades de interação verbal de uma mãe comunitária com uma criança de seis anos sobre assuntos referentes ao mito e que dizem respeito a barreiras e fronteiras de comunicação na relação eu-outro-mundo. 4) A análise micro-genética dos processos inferenciais abdutivos, dedutivos e indutivos nos planos denotativo ou conotativo, dos quais uma criança Wounaam-nonam se vale durante a conversa com a mãe comunitária a respeito do mito Madre Ñame. E 5) a análise do mito na busca da perspectiva do outro a qual apresenta a articulação entre inferência, alteridade e mito, a partir das respostas de uma criança de seis anos. São as categorias conceituais atribuição de estados psicológicos a outrem e caráter de alteridade que torna mais complexo o encontro com o outro, diferente, estranho ou estrangeiro que permitem esta articulação. Desta maneira, no contexto das conversas, a criança apresenta diferentes sentidos atribuídos à Madre Ñame: ora um personagem que é humano e animal; ora um estrangeiro que traz desconforto para as famílias e bem-estar para a comunidade; ou, ainda, um cuidador que protege, mas ao mesmo tempo destrói / The thesis establishes relationships between inferential processes and otherness that emerge in the indigenous childrens narratives, with ages between four and six, when they sustain dialogues with community mothers regarding the myth of Madre Ñame of the Wounaan-nonam culture. The theoretical chapters refer to CSC like an approach that articulates the following central aspects for this thesis: first, inferential processes in recognizing the different perspectives that emerge in the relationship me-other-world (Valsiner, 2007); second, the worrisome experience of the encounter with the other like otherness in the relation me-other from a dialogic perspective (Marková, 2003; Simão, 2010) and finally the myths in the cycle of culture individual culture (Boesch, 1991, Valsiner, 2007, 2013). This qualitative and descriptive research presents: the hermeneutic analysis of the social representations that emerge from the interviews to three community leaders about the implications of being or not being Wounaan-nonam. In the dialogical relation between personal and collective culture, the social representations are the symbolic framing that makes sense of the presence of the other, stranger, different and foreign, like otherness. The hermeneutic and phenomenological analysis of the myth Ñame Mother of the Wounaan-nonam indigenous culture, that stands out in the version of community leader Juan Perdiz, a set of mythemes about: the origin of ñame; the life that extends after death; the Wounaan-nonam triumph over the dangers brought by the others; the social function of protection that guarantees children survival; the tensions in the relationship me-other-world brought in by the other, the foreign. The dialogical analysis of the verbal interaction modalities of a community mother with a six-year-old girl about matters regarding the myth that say in relation to the barriers and frontiers of the me-other-world communication. The microgenetic analysis of the inferential, abductive, deductive and inductive processes in the connotative or denotative realms of which a six-year-old Wounaan-nonam girl has a conversation with a community mother about the Ñame Mother myth. The myth analysis in the search of the others perspective that presents the articulation between inference, otherness and myth from the answers of the six-year-old girl. The conceptual categories, attribution of psychological states to the other, and the otherness character that makes the encounter with the other, the different, the stranger or the foreign more complex, give place to this articulation. Thereby, in the context of conversations, the girl presents different senses attributed to the Ñame Mother: a character that is both human and animal; a foreign that brings discomfort to the families but wellness to the community; or a carer that protects, but at the same time destroys. This chapter presents our challenge: articulate, parting from the CSC perspective, the central nuclei of the thesis in the context of the dialogical relationships me- other world as an approach to the identity problematic

No description available.

Miguel Rovisco é um poeta e dramaturgo português nascido em Lisboa em 1959, onde faleceu em 1987, atirando-se sob um vagão de trem. Apareceu no cenário artístico em 1984, recebeu vários prêmios de teatro como melhor autor de textos dramáticos em 1987 e, postumamente, em 1988. Dramaturgo com uma linguagem inovadora e vigorosa já foi comparado, na época das premiações, a Bernardo Santareno e é, indubitavelmente, um nome a ser analisado, encenado e inserido definitivamente no mundo das letras. Este estudo tem como objetivo, portanto, apresentar sua obra, cuja temática dialoga, essencialmente, com episódios e personagens marcantes da História de Portugal. Por meio da análise de O Bicho, peça que retrata o período e a figura do marquês de Pombal (1755 1777), buscamos examinar a gênese de seu procedimento criativo: a partir do conceito intertextualidade (procedimentos intertextuais, dialogismo e polifonia) examinamos como são articulados os mecanismos intertextuais que estabelecem relações e conexões entre História e Ficção para a criação do que denominamos Teatro da História / Miguel Rovisco is a Portuguese poet and playwright. He was born in Lisbon in 1959, and died in 1987, throwing himself under a train wagon. He made his artistic debut in 1984, and he was awarded several prizes for best author of dramatic texts in both 1987, and after his death, in 1988. Endowed with an innovative and vigorous language, Rovisco has been compared to Bernardo Santareno, and assuredly is, a name to be rehearsed, staged and remembered in the world of letters. Thus, the present study intends to present Roviscos work, whose theme has a dialogue essentially with facts and remarkable personages from Portugal History. Through the analysis of the play O BICHO that reproduces the Pombal marquis figure and period (1755 1777), we will investigate the genesis of his creative procedure. From the concepts of intertextuality (intertextual procedures, dialogism and polyphony), we will examine the intertextual mechanisms articulation that determine relations and connections between History and Fiction to create what we call the Theatre of History

Miguel Rovisco é um poeta e dramaturgo português nascido em Lisboa em 1959, onde faleceu em 1987, atirando-se sob um vagão de trem. Apareceu no cenário artístico em 1984, recebeu vários prêmios de teatro como melhor autor de textos dramáticos em 1987 e, postumamente, em 1988. Dramaturgo com uma linguagem inovadora e vigorosa já foi comparado, na época das premiações, a Bernardo Santareno e é, indubitavelmente, um nome a ser analisado, encenado e inserido definitivamente no mundo das letras. Este estudo tem como objetivo, portanto, apresentar sua obra, cuja temática dialoga, essencialmente, com episódios e personagens marcantes da História de Portugal. Por meio da análise de O Bicho, peça que retrata o período e a figura do marquês de Pombal (1755 1777), buscamos examinar a gênese de seu procedimento criativo: a partir do conceito intertextualidade (procedimentos intertextuais, dialogismo e polifonia) examinamos como são articulados os mecanismos intertextuais que estabelecem relações e conexões entre História e Ficção para a criação do que denominamos Teatro da História / Miguel Rovisco is a Portuguese poet and playwright. He was born in Lisbon in 1959, and died in 1987, throwing himself under a train wagon. He made his artistic debut in 1984, and he was awarded several prizes for best author of dramatic texts in both 1987, and after his death, in 1988. Endowed with an innovative and vigorous language, Rovisco has been compared to Bernardo Santareno, and assuredly is, a name to be rehearsed, staged and remembered in the world of letters. Thus, the present study intends to present Roviscos work, whose theme has a dialogue essentially with facts and remarkable personages from Portugal History. Through the analysis of the play O BICHO that reproduces the Pombal marquis figure and period (1755 1777), we will investigate the genesis of his creative procedure. From the concepts of intertextuality (intertextual procedures, dialogism and polyphony), we will examine the intertextual mechanisms articulation that determine relations and connections between History and Fiction to create what we call the Theatre of History