I denna artikel kommer vi att gå igenom hur man kan gå till väga med att skapa ett spel somhar syftet att lära ut spelprogrammering. Syftet är att undersöka hur lärandet avspelprogrammering hade kunnat förändras och göras mer tillgängligt genom att använda sigav så kallade Serious Games som undervisningsmaterial. Sättet som vi valt att gå till vägamed denna undersökning är att själva skapa ett Serious Game där spelaren får ändra i delar avspelets kod för att lösa pussel och ta sig vidare i spelet. Vi har haft en dialog tillsammans medprogrammeringsläraren Martin Svensson på Norrevångskolan under projektets gång för att setill att spelet håller sig pedagogiskt. Samtidigt har vi använt oss av “pillars” och MDA för attse till att projektet håller sig inom ramarna för vad som kan kallas god design. Vi har ävenhaft ett antal speltester och kvalitativa intervjuer för att undersöka hur många spelare medolika bakgrunder och erfarenheter lärt sig utav spelet.Resultatet av intervjuerna var positiva. Alla som vi testade spelet på tyckte inte bara att detvar ett roligt spel men även att spelet hade passat in som ett lärverktyg för unga vuxna somvill lära sig kod. Alla de intervjuade uttryckte även att om de själva skulle börja lära sig kodskulle de vilja använda sig av ett interaktivt media som detta.Det vi hoppas att andra medietekniker kan nyttja från denna undersökning, är att visa hur ettserious game som är skapat för att lära ut spelprogrammering hade kunnat fungera ochanvändas. Vi hoppas även att framtida medietekniker kan undvika de misstag som vi stött på ivår undersökning och utveckling av serious games. Kursmaterial så som det ser ut i nutiden ärvanligtvis endast böcker, mer forskning inom andra medier som lärverktyg kan utveckla merengagerande och roligare lärande. I nutiden finns inte många spel som kursmaterial påhögskola eller gymnasium, ett annat tänk kring serious games och dess användning skullekunna ändra synen på spel som lärverktyg. / In this article, we will go through how to approach creating a game that has the aim ofteaching game programming. The idea is to investigate how the teaching of gameprogramming could be changed and made more accessible by using so-called Serious Gamesas study material. The way we have chosen to go about this research is to create our ownSerious Game where the player can change parts of the game's code to solve puzzles andproceed in the game. We have had a dialogue together with the programming teacher MartinSvensson at Norrevångskolan during the project to ensure that the game stays pedagogical. Atthe same time, we have used "pillars'' and MDA to ensure that the project stays within theframe of what can be called good design. We have also had a number of gametests andqualitative interviews to examine how many players with different backgrounds andexperiences learned from the game. The results of the interviews were positive. Everyone wetested the game on not only thought it was a fun game but also thought that the game wouldfit in as a learning tool for young adults who want to learn code. All the interviewees alsoexpressed that if they were to start learning code themselves, they would like to use aninteractive media like this. What we hope other media technicians can take away from this research is to show how a serious game created to teach game programming, could work andbe used. We also hope that future media technicians can avoid the mistakes we encountered inour research and development of our Serious game. Course material as it looks today isusually only books, more research in other media as learning tools could develop moreengaging and fun learning. Nowadays, there are not many games as a course material incollege or high school. A different way of thinking about serious games and its use couldchange the view of games as a learning tool.

I den här studien har jag undersökt hur tre dramapedagoger arbetar med AKK (alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation) inom dramapedagogisk verksamhet. Frågeställningarna som studien utgår från är: på vilket sätt och i vilket syfte tillämpar dramapedagogerna alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation i dramaverksamheten? samt hur kan dramapedagogernas syfte och tillvägagångssätt med alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation i dramaverksamheten tolkas utifrån ett designteoretiskt perspektiv? Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod och genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det teoretiska ramverket som använts för att analysera resultatet utgörs av ett avgränsat designteoretiskt perspektiv där de huvudsakliga begreppen för analys har varit den närmaste utvecklingszonen, scaffolding, multimodala resurser samt transformation.  Informanternas utsagor kan delas in i kategorierna Inkluderande fokus, Visuellt fokus och Språkutvecklande fokus. Resultatet visar att samtliga dramapedagoger är positiva till metodernas samverkan. Dramapedagogerna tillämpar tecken- och bildstöd som alternativa multimodala resurser i syfte att arbeta förstärkande, förtydligande och förhöjande. Informanterna i denna studie upplever det som tacksamt att implementera AKK i dramapedagogisk verksamhet då metoderna delar syftet att tydliggöra visuellt och förstå genom att visa. Det förberedande arbetet och utövandet i sig kan vara krävande och det praktiska förhållningssättet som AKK kräver kan påverka eller distrahera upplevelsen av flow. Den generella uppfattningen hos dramapedagogerna i denna studie är dock att verktyget uppmuntrar till olika uttryckssätt, stärker språkutvecklingen och främjar delaktighet i dramaverksamheten och i dramapedagogiken som metod.

Time and space is not regulated in the Swedish curriculum. In regard to that freedom, the aim of this study is to examine the choices teacher make when teaching social studies in primary school. The study proceed from the following questions: Which are the didactic tools, in special regard to how the tables are organized, how the time is used and other material resources? Which impact will the didactic tools have on the social relations in the classroom? Which effect does the two questions above have on the constitution of social studies as a school subject? The study is based on a qualitative method including both observations and interviews. The theoretical frame is the one of multimodal design. The results show that teachers’ choices are both conscious and unconscious. Their choices also impact on the social relations in the class and the pupils possibilities to participate. The pupils do not have as much freedom in time and space to express themselves as the teachers do. A fact teachers doesn’t seem to reflect. In what way teachers’ choices have an impact on the constitution of social studies is harder to show.

Inom svenska som gymnasialt ämne är det vanligt förekommande att elever inte upplever grammatikundervisningen som motiverande. Vanligtvis beror bristen av motivation på att elever misslyckas med att se ett nyttoperspektiv med att lära sig grammatiken bakom sitt modersmål. Detta stärks av att grammatik ofta upplevs som ett isolerat moment inom svenskundervisningen. På grund av denna negativa inställning som elever ofta har mot just grammatikundervisningen finns därför ett växande behov av att strukturera om undervisningen. Då funktionell och deskriptiv grammatik ofta har förklarats som ett tillvägagångssätt som ska leda till en mer motiverande undervisning har detta studerats genom en didaktisk design av en formell lärsekvens. Syftet av studien var därför att skapa och utpröva en didaktisk design som utgår från en funktionell grammatik, för att undersöka huruvida elever upplever detta som motiverande eller inte. För att undersöka huruvida elever upplever funktionell grammatik inom ramarna för en didaktisk design som motiverande, har denna design blivit utförd i en klass bestående av 20 gymnasieelever som läser kursen Svenska 2. För att utvärdera resultaten har enkätundersökningar, observationer, en fokusgruppsintervju samt för- och eftertest legat grund för resultatet. Resultaten av föreliggande studie påvisar att elever uppfattade denna lärsekvens som lärorik, och mer motiverande än en traditionellt präglad grammatikundervisning. Denna studie indikerar följaktligen att en funktionell grammatik inom en formellt inramad lärsekvens möjligtvis kan bidra till en starkare motivation hos gymnasieelever. / Within Swedish education in upper secondary school, it is common that students do not perceive grammar education as motivating. Usually, the lack of motivation stems from the fact that students fail to see a practical use with the acquisition of grammar within their native language, which is strengthened by the fact that grammar is often perceived as an isolated part of the Swedish education. Because of this negative attitude that students often have towards grammar education, there is therefore an ever-increasing demand to re-structure the education. Since functional, and thus descriptive, grammar have often been declared as a way to make grammar education perceived as more motivating, this has been tested in practice through a didactic design of a formal teaching sequence. The purpose of this study was therefore to construct and test a didactic design within the boundaries of a traditional grammar, and investigate whether students perceived this as motivating. In order to investigate whether students perceive that functional grammar within the boundaries of a didactic design as motivating or not, the design has been carried out in a class consisting of 20 upper secondary school students that are studying the course Swedish 2. In order to evaluate the results, questionnaires, observations, a focus group interview and pre- and post tests have been the basis to generate the results of the preceding study. The results of the study show that students regarded this teaching sequence as informative, and more motivating than a grammar education characterized by a traditional grammar. Therefore, this study indicates that a functional grammar within a formally framed teaching sequence can possibly contribute to a stronger motivation among students of upper secondary school.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-05T18:14:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 clingercleirsilvabernardes.pdf: 702663 bytes, checksum: 22d8b7a47bdde1305af327e0fad0579d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T16:27:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 clingercleirsilvabernardes.pdf: 702663 bytes, checksum: 22d8b7a47bdde1305af327e0fad0579d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T16:27:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 clingercleirsilvabernardes.pdf: 702663 bytes, checksum: 22d8b7a47bdde1305af327e0fad0579d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T16:27:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 clingercleirsilvabernardes.pdf: 702663 bytes, checksum: 22d8b7a47bdde1305af327e0fad0579d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / A presente pesquisa parte da seguinte questão investigativa: como os docentes e designers de cursos de formação online em Educação podem formular o desenho didático de materiais de forma a fazê-los condizentes com os requisitos legais da dialogicidade, autonomia e linguagem própria? Buscou-se fundamentação metodológica na pesquisa bibliográfica e na pesquisa qualitativa de abordagem fenomenológica. O campo de pesquisa se constituiu em uma instituição pública de ensino superior situada no sudeste brasileiro, através de duas experiências de educação a distância online. A investigação se desenvolveu por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com três docentes e três designers e por meio de posterior análise hermenêutica. A análise dos dados está organizada em seis categorias: (a) Formação dos membros da equipe, (b) Interdisciplinaridade, (c) Tematização a partir da realidade, (d) Função do material didático digital, (e) Características do Material Didático e (f) Comparação com o presencial. Esta pesquisa apresenta um recorte sobre os instrumentos de avaliação do MEC para a autorização de cursos na modalidade EaD. Este recorte tem por foco os requisitos avaliativos relacionados ao material didático digital. Dos requisitos emergem os conceitos de dialogicidade, autonomia e linguagem própria que foram ressignificados a partir da perspectiva libertadora de Paulo Freire e da perspectiva dialógica de Bakthin. Potencializando o cenário de fundamentação, a pesquisa contou com os estudos dos pesquisadores Marco Silva e Lucila Pesce que possibilitaram a atualização de nossa discussão para os novos paradigmas comunicacionais e educacionais. A análise das entrevistas apresentou possíveis diretrizes para a construção de um desenho didático de materiais digitais que além de atenderem a legislação podem favorecer o aprendizado dos educandos, educadores e designers. / This search takes from inquiry question: how teachers and designers of online courses in education may make the didactic design of instructional materials consistent with the legal requirements of dialog, autonomy and its own language? It was based on search in the academic literature and qualitative research phenomenological approach. The research consisted of a public institution of higher education located in southeastern Brazil, through the experiences of two distance education online. The research is developed through half-structured interview with three teachers and three designers. It also happened after analysis hermeneutics. The data analysis is organized into six categories: (a) training of team members, (b) Interdisciplinary, (c) from thematization of reality, (d) Function of digital educational material, (e) Characteristics and form teaching materials (f) Comparison with the classroom teaching. This study presents part of the evaluation tools of the Ministry of Education for approval of courses in distance education mode. This cutting focuses on the evaluation requirements related to digital courseware. Emerged of halfstructured interview concepts of dialogism, autonomy and its own language that were reconsidered from the libertarian perspective of Paulo Freire and dialogical perspective of Bakhtin. Leveraging the stage of reasoning, the research included studies of researchers Lucila Pesce and Marco Silva that enabled the upgrade of our discussion to the new communication paradigms and educational . The data analysis presented guidelines for the possible construction of an didactic design digital materials as well as meet the law can promote the learning of students, educators and designers.

This thesis investigates a practice at an upper secondary school in Sweden. The starting point is the teachers’ questions concerning the possibilities of supporting the development of the students’ reading abilities through texts that are long, alphabetical and printed, and in this study, non-fictional. The thesis suggests that by applying a multimodal and multiliteral approach the possibilities are widened. The purpose of the study is to investigate how teachers handle the challenge of teaching using lengthy alphabetical printed texts in the text realities of today, and to describe such teaching through a multimodal framework. Data was collected through ethnographical methods and includes information gathered in interviews with three teachers, observations of lessons, and group discussions on texts. The data also include the texts used in the history and social science classes. Three analyses were made. Firstly, the practical theory of the teachers was analysed using the discourse analytical tool suggested by Roz Ivanic. She presents two dynamic models, one showing four layers of language and one providing a framework of six discourses for understanding the layer in focus. The models were used in this study to examine each of the teachers’ approaches to reading, reading development, and learning as a whole. In the first analysis the teachers are shown to be focusing on different discourses but they all result in explicit, structured teaching. In the second analysis, the texts used in the history and social science classes are categorised and discussed from a multimodal point of view, and the questions used to influence the students’ reading strategies are examined in terms of what kind of meaning-making they promote. The third analysis focuses on the students’ group discussions, with and without the teacher. The discussions are described through a didactic designing model as a learning sequence. The results show that the teachers’ approach offers possibilities for working with lengthy alphabetical printed texts: in applying a multimodal view of text the teachers try to incorporate the text worlds of today. Through structured teaching they aim to develop the students’ skills in meaning-making processes in a multimodal world, which includes designing through texts that are alphabetical and printed. By using modelling in text conversations the teacher is pointing out reading paths to the students, guiding them through the questions. By using the field of multimodality in describing what is taking place in the study the thesis points to possibilities when the fields of didactics and multimodal research come closer together. It is suggested that by putting reading into a multimodal perspective it is possible to empower the students’ design authority and by using a didactic approach to other texts multimodal meaning-making is put in a broader perspective.

This thesis studies designs for learning in the extended digital interface in the Social Science classroom. The aim is to describe and analyse how pupils interact, make meaning and learn while deploying digital learning resources. Together with the thesis a multimodal design theoretical perspective on learning has developed: Designs for Learning. Here learning is understood as multimodal transformative processes of sign-making activities where teachers and pupils are viewed as didactic designers. A model called Learning Design Sequence has been developed and serves as a tool for data collection and analysis. Video observation material from five ICT-advanced schools with pupils aged 6-17 was multimodally transcribed and analysed. In conclusion the thesis, among other things, indicates that: - Social Science acquires informal features and pupils are independently designing their own digital Social Science material. - Pupils’ interactions are significantly multimodal and the digital learning resource becomes a third element in interaction. Pupils are constantly active and very responsive to each others’ representations. They cooperate as if learning in the extended interface is a collective responsibility. - Pupils’ learning is also significantly multimodal. Being digital natives, they engage in colours, sounds and images to represent some of their learning. - Learning represented in modes other than text and speech becomes invisible and disappears in the digital divide. - Pupils are simultaneously designing parallel paths of learning. One path represents the formalised education which is the path initiated, promoted and assessed by the teacher. The other path is guided by pupils’ interests and by affordances in the digital interface. This represents the extended learning that goes on below the surface.           The thesis ends with a discussion about didactic complexities in The Online Learning Paradigm. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Accepted. Paper 5: Submitted.

In digital-classroom practices, pupils design their learning processes in collaboration with their peers, employing different semiotic resources when representing signs of learning in a constant flow. There still remain differences, however, between learning practices and the way pupils are formally tested. During tests, knowledge is regularly represented individually and often by delimited resources in contrast to digital learning practices where technologies enable redesign with a broader mix of written text, images, colours, graphs etc. In this thesis I investigate the increased access to and the frequent use of digital resources in schools and how these challenges contribute to tensions between and among school practices. In addition I discuss how digitalised learning environments can be studied in educational research. The aim of my thesis is to add to the existing knowledge about how the use of digital resources shapes knowledge representations and also the pupils’ possibilities to represent their knowledge. Knowledge representations are seen partly as an expression of the pupils’ knowledge in school and partly as an expression of products that are designed to be used in education such as digital educational games, two of which I will study in this thesis. My theoretical understanding draws on a design-oriented multimodal perspective on learning. Findings are discussed in relation to didactic design and Learning Design Sequence model (LDS). A developed LDS model is presented that summarises and highlights my findings. In the thesis I also discuss some of the challenges for a researcher when studying learning in a digitalised school with a focus on interaction and communication and how multimodal data can be transcribed, analysed and presented in a publication. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Accepted. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Inom svenskundervisningen ska elever lära sig att samtala om elevnära frågor och ämnen genom att fråga, kommentera och framföra egna åsikter (Skolverket, 2017). Läroplanen Lgr11 beskriver inte hur lärare ska planera sin undervisning för att elever ska få möjligheten att utveckla ovan nämnda förmågor. I denna studie analyserades lågstadieelevers muntliga förmågor. Hur samtal utifrån skönlitteratur respektive iscensatta samtal kan bidra till att elever i årskurs tre utvecklar förmågorna att diskutera, uttrycka åsikter och framföra samt bemöta argument. För att få reda på hur lärare nyttjar skönlitteratur i sin svenskundervisning samt hur de arbetar för att elever ska utveckla de utvalda muntliga förmågorna har semistrukturerade intervjuer nyttjats. Genom en didaktisk design har en jämförelse mellan iscensatta samtal och samtal kring en skönlitterär berättelse genomförts för att kunna bedöma vilken typ av samtal som främst främjar elevers utveckling av de utvalda muntliga förmågorna. Resultatet av de semistrukturerade intervjuerna med lärare visade att de flesta lärarna främst nyttjar skönlitteratur vid individuell läsning respektive högläsning och stundvis inkluderades skönlitteraturen vid andra temaarbeten. För att elever ska utveckla de utvalda muntliga förmågorna arbetar lärarna främst för ett tryggt klassrumsklimat för att eleverna ska våga uttrycka sina tankar och åsikter. Trots tidigare forskningsrekommendationer att nyttja skönlitteratur som utgångspunkt vid samtal visar den didaktiska designen att de iscensatta samtalen främjade elevernas utveckling av de muntliga förmågorna. / In Swedish education regarding Swedish as a subject, pupils should learn to talk about pupil issues and subjects by asking, commenting and expressing their own opinions (Skolverket, 2017). The curriculum Lgr11 does not describe how teachers should plan their lessons in order to enable pupils to develop the abovementioned abilities. In this study, the oral abilities of primary school pupils were analysed, how conversations based on fiction and staged conversations could help pupils in grade three to develop the ability to discuss, express opinions, argue and respond to arguments. Semi structured interviews have been used to investigate how teachers use fiction in their Swedish education and how they work to enable that pupils develop the chosen oral skills. Through a didactic design, a comparison between staged conversations and conversations about a fictional story has been conducted. This was done to be able to assess what type of conversation that primarily promotes the pupils' development of the chosen oral skills. The result of the interviews showed that most teachers mainly use fiction for individual reading and reading aloud, while fiction was included occasionally in other thematic work. For pupils to develop the chosen oral skills, teachers are primarily working for a safe classroom environment to enable pupils to express their thoughts and opinions. Despite recommendations from previous research to use fiction as a basis for conversation, the didactic design shows that the staged conversations promoted the pupils' development of the oral skills. In Swedish education regarding Swedish as a subject, pupils should learn to talk about pupil issues and subjects by asking, commenting and expressing their own opinions (Skolverket, 2017). The curriculum Lgr11 does not describe how teachers should plan their lessons in order to enable pupils to develop the abovementioned abilities. In this study, the oral abilities of primary school pupils were analysed, how conversations based on fiction and staged conversations could help pupils in grade three to develop the ability to discuss, express opinions, argue and respond to arguments. Semi structured interviews have been used to investigate how teachers use fiction in their Swedish education and how they work to enable that pupils develop the chosen oral skills. Through a didactic design, a comparison between staged conversations and conversations about a fictional story has been conducted. This was done to be able to assess what type of conversation that primarily promotes the pupils' development of the chosen oral skills. The result of the interviews showed that most teachers mainly use fiction for individual reading and reading aloud, while fiction was included occasionally in other thematic work. For pupils to develop the chosen oral skills, teachers are primarily working for a safe classroom environment to enable pupils to express their thoughts and opinions. Despite recommendations from previous research to use fiction as a basis for conversation, the didactic design shows that the staged conversations promoted the pupils' development of the oral skills.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’élaboration d’alternatives pour l’enseignement du calcul algébrique au collège et en particulier de la propriété de distributivité qui joue un rôle central.En appui sur des recherches antérieures en didactique de l’algèbre, nous analysons les spécificités des savoirs à enseigner et enseignés sur le calcul algébrique, au regard de difficultés protomathématiques (Chevallard 1985) prégnantes du côté des élèves. Ceci conduit à appréhender de nouvelles formes de savoirs à enseigner accompagnant les savoirs mathématiques liés aux aspects sémantiques et syntaxiques des écritures symboliques algébriques. La notion de transformation de mouvement (Drouhard 1992) et l’exploration des caractères formalisateur, unificateur et généralisateur (ou FUG, Robert 1998) amène à envisager la distributivité au regard d’un domaine d’étude plus large, à la fois numérique et algébrique. L’étude d’une transposition possible des savoirs à enseigner permet de dégager des conditions et des contraintes pour élaborer une ingénierie didactique. Les résultats d’une expérimentation en classe de 5e (élèves de 12-13 ans) à partir d’analyses a priori et a posteriori, concernent les discours dont les élèves parviennent à s’emparer, justifiant et soutenant leurs techniques de calcul, ainsi que les organisations de connaissances qui émergent. Une nouvelle étude didactique et épistémologique relative à la notion de substitution vient clore la thèse afin de déterminer en quoi elle pourrait fonder un prolongement possible aux enjeux FUG pour l’enseignement de la distributivité et poursuivre l’ingénierie didactique amorcée visant à enseigner le calcul algébrique tout au long du collège. / This thesis seeks to explore alternatives for the teaching of algabraic calculus in second grade, and more specifically of the distributive law that plays a central role.Drawing on prior researches on didactic of algebra, characteristics of the knowledge to be taught and the knowledge taught about algebraic calculus are analyzed towards protomathematics difficulties (Chevallard 1985) constantly arising in students’work. This leads to consider new forms of knowledge, along with mathematical knowledge, that would be linked to semantic and syntactic aspects of symbolic algebraic expressions.Exploring the notion of movement transformation (Drouhard 1992) and the potential of formalizing, unifying, and generalizing (or FUG, Robert 1998), brings out the distributive law in a larger study field both numerical and algebraic.The study of a possible transposition of the knowledge to be taught yields a set of conditions and constraints to design a didactic situation. The results from a first experiment in a 5th grade class (12-13 year-olds) are based on a priori and a posteriori analysis. They focus on the discourses built and used by the students, justifying and supporting their manipulations, along with the knowledge organizations arising out.The last chapter addresses a new didactic and epistemological study of the notion of substitution aiming at discussing its potential to extend the FUG point of view on the teaching of the distributive property, and further on to provide a new perspective of research to carry on with our didactic design to teach algebraic calculus all along secondary school.