The contradictory setting between the principles and practice in the contemporary school system affects everyday classrooms by compromising the learning environment based on core educational values. The challenges arising from the contradictions are also reflected in the digitalization of education. While physical materials have established an intuitive learning experience and are familiarized with the standard organization of learning, the development of digital materials has been driven by innovation instead of fundamental educational values.  This thesis builds a theoretical foundation for promoting contemporary educational values based on pedagogical approaches and learning theories. By using interaction design methods, the values are transformed into concrete manifestations and evaluated through an iterative design process. The four strategies that emerged from the design process aim to transform the learning experience of digital materials from content-focused to learning-focused. The strategies’ purpose is to support students’ metacognitive development by adapting the principles of constructivist learning theory and student-driven education practices to the design of digital learning materials.    In addition to the proposed strategies, this thesis aims to inspire future designers developing digital learning materials to consider the core values of education and the mentality towards learning they aspire to manifest through their design work.

Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om hur multimodalt lärande med lärplattan kan användas i svenskundervisningen för att skapa en differentierad undervisning som ett medel för att möta elevers behov. Syftet besvaras genom kvalitativ metod och semistrukturerade intervjuer av fem lärare som är verksamma i grundskolan F-3. Det insamlade materialet genom intervjuerna har analyserats i form av kategoriseringar, kodningar samt tolkningar. Sociokulturellt perspektiv är studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt.  I resultatet beskrivs det att lärare har olika tankar kring multimodalt lärande med lärplattan i svenskundervisning för att skapa en differentierad undervisning som medel för att möta elevers behov. Däremot har majoriteten av lärarna övervägande positiv inställning. Fördelar är att det med olika medel går att genomföra en differentierad undervisning med lärplattan genom olika applikationer. Detta i sin tur beskriver lärarna ger eleverna ökad motivation och de orkar lägga mer tid på sina texter och bearbetning av dem. De slutsatser som framgår är att lärarna ser multimodalt lärande med lärplattan i svenskundervisning för att skapa differentierad undervisning som en fördel. Däremot framgår det att det ska finnas en variation mellan digitalt och analogt arbetssätt, detta för att skapa en undervisning som når alla. / The purpose of this study is to contribute with knowledge about how multimodal learning with the learning tablet can be used in teaching in Swedish to create a differentiated teaching as a means to meet students' needs. The purpose is answered through qualitative methods and semi-structured interviews of five teachers who works in primary school F-3. The material collected through the interviews has been analyzed in the form of categorizations, coding and interpretations. Sociocultural theory is the study's theoretical starting point. In the results, it is described that teachers have different thoughts about multimodal learning with the learning tablet in Swedish teaching to create a differentiated teaching as a means to meet students' needs. However, the majority of teachers have a predominantly positive attitude. Advantages are that with different means it is possible to carry out differentiated teaching with the learning tablet through different applications. This, in turn, the teachers describe, gives the students increased motivation and they are able to spend more time on their texts and processing them. The conclusions that emerge are that the teachers see multimodal learning with the learning board in Swedish teaching to create differentiated teaching as an advantage. On the other hand, it appears that there must be a variation between digital and analogue working methods, this in order to create teaching that reaches everyone.

For the past 100 years, attempts have been made to develop teaching machines that support students’learning. Judging by the contemporary increase in funding for educational technology companies,there is now more than ever an interest in technology that facilitates learning. As a result of studentsbeing able to interact with learning material via internet-connected devices, it has become feasible toanalyze large quantities of interactional data in order to provide learners with individually tailoredlearning paths. This is one of the services provided by the company Sana Labs. Their algorithms aresaid to equip learners with actionable insights in the form of metrics and recommendations based oninteractions with digital learning platforms. However, the company has limited insight into how thetechnology can be used formatively in a classroom environment.As formative assessment includes clarifying what a student knows in relation to a curriculum goaland modifying learning activities accordingly to improve the student’s prospects to meet that goal, onespecific area of research within formative actions is the notion of feedback. Feedback has in metastudiesshown to be associated with high effect sizes in relation to learning, and how feedback can beconceptualized and implemented in digital learning environments has been investigated specifically.This exploratory study uses design science research to examine potential opportunities and risksassociated with automatically computed feedback in the form of visual metrics and recommendations.When analyzing external factors that affect learning, a behaviorist perspective is applied, and as forinternal processes such as meta-cognition and self-regulation, a constructivist perspective of learningis used. An artifact is developed in the form of a lo-fi prototype including three functions forautomated feedback, which are then evaluated by upper secondary mathematics teachers in Stockholmand a research manager at Sana Labs.The results indicate that it is possible to implement digital feedback strategies according to theliterature of feedback effects, and the technology available as of 2020. The interviewed teachersexpress how the functionality presented in the prototype could be helpful when working withformative assessment. Furthermore, the research manager deemed all of the proposed feedbackfunctions to be technically feasible. Regarding risks accompanying these strategies, a concern of theteachers could be identified, that the automated metrics and recommendations would be based on alimited view of the student’s knowledge. As a direction for further research, additional development ofthe prototyped functions is proposed, along with studies on the relationship between goal-setting andautomated feedback. / De senaste 100 åren har upprepade försök gjorts att utveckla undervisningsmaskiner som stödjerelevers lärande. Att döma av de senaste årens ökade investeringar i företag inom utbildningsteknologi,är intresset för att utveckla teknik som gynnar lärande nu större än någonsin. Som en följd av eleversmöjligheter att interagera med lärandematerial via internetuppkopplade enheter, har det blivit möjligtatt analysera stora mängder interaktionsdata för att ge elever individanpassade vägar för lärande.Detta är en av tjänsterna som erbjuds av företaget Sana Labs. Deras algoritmer uppges rusta elevermed handlingsbara insikter i form av mätvärden och rekommendationer baserade på interaktionermed digitala lärandeplattformar. Företaget har däremot begränsad insikt i hur tekniken kan användasformativt i en klassrumsmiljö.Eftersom formativ bedömning inkluderar att klargöra vad en student vet i förhållande till ettlärandemål, och att modifiera inlärningsaktiviteter därefter för att öka studentens möjligheter attuppnå målet, är feedback ett forskningsområde inom formativa åtgärder. Feedback har i metastudiervisat sig vara förknippad med höga effektstorlekar i relation till inlärning, och hur feedback kankonceptualiseras och implementeras i digitala inlärningsmiljöer har undersökts specifikt.Den här utforskande studien tillämpar design science research för att undersöka potentiellamöjligheter och risker förknippade med automatiskt beräknad feedback, i form av visuella metrikeroch rekommendationer. Utförda analyser av externa faktorer som påverkar lärande görs utifrån ettbehavioristiskt perspektiv, och för interna processer som metakognition och självreglering används ettkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv på lärande. En artefakt utvecklas i form av en lo-fi prototyp med trefunktioner för automatiserad feedback, som sedan utvärderas av gymnasielärare i matematik iStockholm, och en forskningschef på Sana Labs.Studien visar att det är möjligt att implementera strategier för digital feedback i enlighet medlitteratur om effekten av feedback. De intervjuade lärarna uttryckte att de såg hur den presenteradeprototypen kunde bidra i arbetet med formativ bedömning. Forskningschefen bedömde dessutom attalla de föreslagna funktionerna för feedback var tekniskt genomförbara. Gällande risker, kunde en oroidentifieras hos lärarna att automatiserade mätningar av kunskap och rekommendationer skullebaseras på en begränsad bild av en elevs kunskap. För vidare forskning föreslås ytterligare utvecklingav funktionerna, samt studier inom förhållandet mellan målsättning och automatiserad feedback.

Digitalisering utgör en viktig del i dagens samhälle. Sverige har som mål att vara ledande på att utnyttja digitaliseringens möjligheter. Skolväsendet utgör en viktig roll för ett lyckat digitaliseringsarbete och därför har regeringen utformat en nationell digitaliseringsstrategi för skolväsendet. De senaste åren har digitala lärplattformar implementerats i för- och grundskolor där det är menat att dessa ska stödja lärarnas administrativa arbete. Däremot kan det som anses vara ett verksamhetsstöd skilja sig för management och lärare. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka huruvida digitala lärplattformar inom skolväsendet tolkas som ett medel för styrning från management som lärare behöver anpassa sig till eller som ett hjälpmedel som anpassas till lärare. / Digitization is an important part of today's society. Sweden aims to be a leader in exploiting the opportunities of digitalisation. The school system constitutes an important role for successful digitalisation work and therefore the government has designed a nationalized digitalisation strategy for the school system. In recent years, digital learning platforms have been implemented in pre-schools and primary schools, where it is intended that these will support teachers' administrative work. However, what is considered business support may differ for management and teachers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether digital learning platforms in the school system are interpreted as a means of control from management that teachers need to adapt to or as a helping tool that is adapted to teachers.

The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge about how teachers work with digital learning material and high-achieving students in the subject of mathematics. The study is based on active teachers in grades two, three and four. We used semi-structured interviews to gain an understanding of what the teacher´s working method with high-achieving students looks like.  Digitization has brought about a major development in the school and based on our study, a clear use of digital resources can be seen in the classroom. The study shows that digital learning materials are being used by all teachers but to varying extents. The variation was largely due to different opportunities, limitations and the interest and knowledge of the teachers. However, most of the teachers were positive about the digital learning tool as the high-achieving students could easily receive tasks that were adapted to their level of knowledge. It also appeared that it was used to vary the teaching by offering different ways of working. Some teachers expressed difficulty in meeting the high-achieving students as they considered themselves to have a lack of knowledge in mathematics at a higher level. Furthermore, many teachers expressed that they have difficulties influencing digital teaching as it is characterized by several different factors. Through the interviews, it emerged that the teachers had different conditions depending on the organization, skill development and the school´s ability to purchase digital learning materials.

Den tekniska utvecklingen har varit storskalig i världen och människors vardagsliv harändrats mycket det senaste seklet. I kontrast till detta har den svenska skolan inte sett sammahastiga tekniska utveckling. Samtidigt visar resultat från PISA att elevers resultat i matematiksjunker. Här identifieras två problem som måste lösas. Därför syftade denna undersökningtill att underlätta elevers matematikstudier genom att skapa en ny digital lärmiljö. Lärmiljönkom att kombinera matematiska lösningsförslag med nätcoaching. Det gjordes med hjälp avdet digitala läromedlet Mathleaks och lärplattformen TalkMath. Därefter analysera hur entill-en nätcoaching fungerade i denna nya lärmiljö. Undersökningen syftade även ta reda påhur elever uppfattar lärmiljön och om den kan vara ett komplement till lösningsförslag.Lärmiljön skapades med grund i pedagogiska teorier såsom Vygotskijs sociokulturellaperspektiv, teorier om coaching, synkron kommunikation samt teorier om en-till-ennätcoaching. Två metoder användes för att samla denna data. För det första sparades allakonversationer automatiskt i en databas. För det andra så användes en enkät för att samlaelevernas uppfattning av lärmiljön. Ramverket Undersökande relation användes för attanalysera alla konversationerna mellan elev och coach. Studenterna valdes ut från en svenskgymnasieskola där en av författarna jobbar, eleverna var i åldrarna 15-18 år. Resultatenindikerade att denna nya lärmiljö var ett bra komplement till lösningsförslag. Det drogs ävenslutsatsen att lärmiljön hjälpte elevers kognitiva progression. Undersökningen visar att endigital lärmiljö kan vara ett bra komplement för elever som studerar matematik medlösningsförslag. / The digital and technical development of the world have been large-scale and people’s day-to day life has changed immensely the last century. In contrast, the Swedish school system has not been seeing the same rapid technical development. As students’ results in mathematic sare declining an approach to battle this trend can be to apply this technological development on students’ studies in mathematics. Therefore, this thesis sought to ease students’ mathematics studies by creating a digital learning environment. By combining worked examples with online coaching the environment was created through the platforms Mathleaks and TalkMath. Then examine how online one-to-one coaching works in this environment. It also sought to analyse how students perceive this teaching environment and if it can be usedas a complement to worked-examples. The environment was created based on pedagogical theories such as Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective, coach theories, synchronous communication as well as theory around one-to-one online coaching. Two methods were used to gather data. First, the conversations were automatically stored in a database. Secondly, a survey was used to gather the students’ opinion of the teaching environment. The framework Relationship of Inquiry was used to analyse all conversations between students and coaches. Students were chosen from an upper secondary school in the ages of 15-18 where one of the authors worked. Results indicated that the teaching environment that was created was a good complement to worked-examples. The environment was shown to help student’s knowledge progression. This shows that digital teaching environments can be a valuable addition for students when studying mathematics.

The educational system is going through a rapid shift towards digital learning, a phenomenon happening all over the world. This thesis examines the possibilities and conditions for digital learning amongst primary school children living in the township Kayamandi in Stellenbosch, South Africa. The project was carried out as a case study and has used a focused ethnographic approach. The objective was to conduct an explorative study of digital learning in a smaller township and to provide an understanding of the educational system, technology adoption in schools and among children, children's and teachers' digital literacy, and what opportunities for digital learning exist today. Three Kayamandi schools in Stellenbosch have been visited for observation: Kayamandi Primary School, Ikaya Primary School, and A.F. Louw Primary School. In addition, interviews have been conducted with different stakeholders within education, as well as focus groups and a survey with the children. Among the findings this master’s thesis shows that a digitalisation is ongoing but that there is an uneven accessibility to digital technologies and data which could be tackled with a tailored digital strategy. This study also notes on positive effects from using edtech programs and indicates that personalised learning and gamification might be key to success for digital learning in a township. A preliminary conclusion is that there are possibilities for digital learning, but the conditions are complex and various contextual factors need to be addressed in a collective and mindful manner. / Utbildningssystemet går igenom en snabb förändring mot digitalt lärande, ett fenomen som händer över hela världen. Denna avhandling undersöker möjligheterna och förutsättningarna för digitalt lärande bland grundskolebarn som bor i kåkstaden Kayamandi i Stellenbosch, Sydafrika. Projektet utfördes som en fallstudie och har använt ett fokuserat etnografiskt tillvägagångssätt. Målet var att genomföra en explorativ studie av digitalt lärande i en mindre kåkstad och att ge en förståelse för utbildningssystemet, teknikanvändningen i skolorna och bland barnen, barnens och lärarnas digitala kunskaper och, vilka möjligheter till digitalt lärande som finns idag. Tre Kayamandi-grundskolor i Stellenbosch har besökts för observation: Kayamandi Primary School, Ikaya Primary School och A.F. Louw Primary School. Dessutom har intervjuer genomförts med olika intressenter inom utbildning, samt fokusgrupper och en enkät med barnen. Bland resultaten visar denna masteruppsats att en digitalisering pågår men att det finns en ojämn tillgänglighet till digital teknik och internet som skulle kunna hanteras genom en skräddarsydd digital strategi. Denna studie noterar också positiva effekter av att använda edtech-program och indikerar att personligt lärande och spelifiering (gamification) kan vara nyckeln till framgång för digitalt lärande i en kåkstad. En preliminär slutsats är att det finns möjligheter för digitalt lärande, men förutsättningarna är komplexa och olika kontextuella faktorer behöver hanteras på ett kollektivt och medvetet sätt.

I detta arbete så har jag undersökt olika system som studenter använder sig av under sin studietid. Systemen som utforskas i början är Kronox, Canvas, Ladok och Antagning. Baserat på datan som samlades in så gjordes en avgränsning till att titta på Kronox och Canvas, då dessa är system som studenterna använder mest under sin studietid.  Med hjälp av intervjuer och tester, så gjorde jag ett gränssnitt där Kronox blev integrerat in i Canvas. Med ett användarcentrerat synsätt så har studenterna fått vara med i varje steg av processen, detta skapar då en mer inkluderade och meningsfullare design. Detta testades på studenterna och i ett iterativt arbete framkom ett slutligt designförslag. Resultatet av projektet har gett ett positivt förslag som är framtaget av studenternas perspektiv och som visar att det kan ske en förändring så systemen kan underlätta deras studietid.  Denna studie är en kandidatuppsats inom området informationdesign med fokus på interaktionsdesign. / In this work, I have investigated different systems that students use during their studies. The systems explored at the beginning are Kronox, Canvas, Ladok and Admission. Based on the data collected, a delimitation was made to look at Kronox and Canvas, as these are systems that the students use the most during their studies.  With help of interviews and tests, I made an interface where Kronox was integrated into Canvas. With a user-centered approach, the students have been involved in every step of the process, this then creates a more included and meaningful design. This was then tested on the students and in an iterative work a final design proposal emerged. The result of the project has yielded a positive proposal that was developed from the students' perspective and that shows that there can be a change so that the systems can facilitate their study time.  This study is a bachelor thesis in the field of Information design with focus on Interactions design.

Dieser Beitrag hat zum Ziel, zunächst literaturbasiert Lernprobleme im Kontext des SRLs (selbstreguliertes Lernen) zu ermitteln und darauf aufbauend in eine Taxonomie zu überführen, welche die Problemfelder dimensioniert. Die Taxonomie soll bei der Konzeption passender Lösungen für die Lernproblemfelder Orientierung geben, indem sie den Fokus auf die zu adressierenden Probleme lenkt, damit (technologiegestützte) Lernhilfen problemorientiert gestaltet werden. Dieser Aspekt fehlt in bestehenden Lern-Taxonomien, welche den Schwerpunkt eher auf die Lernziele und dahinter liegende kognitive Prozesse (Bloom, 1956) oder adaptive Variablen zur Lernerfolgssteigerung (Plass & Pawar, 2020) legen. [Aus: Einleitung]

The endeavour for gender equality and against gender-based patterns (stereotypes) are topics often discussed in relation to education. Correspondingly, extensive research on textbooks used in schools around the world has been conducted, some of which include the aspect of people beyond the binary. Research shows reinforcement of gender stereotypes and low visibility of females, and an absence of non-binary people. However, some research seems to indicate a change towards a more equal representation, hence the need for continuous research on the topic. In Sweden, there has been a statement in the steering documents about equality in rights and opportunities between men and women since the nineties. Since then, equality has been given greater prominence in the curriculum provided by the Swedish National Agency for Education (Skolverket). However, in the latest edition, the statement has been reformulated, and a gender- inclusive approach has been adopted as it now applies to all students, regardless of their gender identity. Additionally, Skolverket (2022) notes that schools are obliged to contribute to students’ digital competence, which can be done with the use of digital learning materials (DLM). Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate how gender within and beyond the binary is represented in a newly produced DLM called Digilär and to see whether it corresponds to the curriculum by counteracting gender-based stereotypes. To achieve the aim, a content analysis of the DLM is carried through. Furthermore, to deepen the analysis, and produce more valid results, all verbs used to describe characters’ activities and all adjectives used to characterise and portray them were noted and categorised by semantic type following Dixon’s (2005) typology. The findings show a non-existent representation of people beyond the binary, with the exception of groups or individuals without expressed gender. Moreover, male characters are precisely double the number of female characters which demonstrates imbalanced gender representation. Additionally, the findings generally showcase gender-based stereotypes being reinforced.