El presente trabajo tiene por finalidad analizar la representación del conflicto social en torno al proyecto minero Las Bambas. Para su desarrollo se utilizará de base las publicaciones de los diarios El Comercio y La República entre los meses de setiembre - octubre del 2015; y marzo – mayo del 2019. El presente análisis busca dar a conocer cuáles son las identidades construidas para cada uno de los actores involucrados, es decir, la comunidad, la empresa minera y el Estado. Se busca presentar una aproximación al contexto de los conflictos abordando la relación entre los protagonistas expuesta por dichos diarios. Asimismo, se busca identificar y describir las características que la portadas, editorial y noticias les brindan a los actores involucrados en torno al conflicto social. Esta investigación también permitirá identificar el rol que cumple cada actor y cómo los diarios favorecen o no a cada uno de ellos a través del lenguaje escrito, verbal, no verbal y visual. De esta manera se busca comparar la representación que brinda cada diario a los tres involucrados; contextualizar los métodos de diálogo o negociación usados, presentar los intereses de las partes, y mostrar la identidad que se le atribuye a cada uno. / The purpose of this work is to analyze the representation of the social conflict around the Las Bambas mining project. For its development, the publications of the newspapers El Comercio and La República between the months of September - October 2015 will be used; and March - May 2019. This analysis seeks to make known which identities are constructed for each of the actors involved, that is, the community, the mining company and the State. The aim is to present an approach to the context of conflicts by addressing the relationship between the protagonists exposed by these newspapers. Likewise, it seeks to identify and describe the characteristics that the covers, editorial and news provide to the actors involved in the social conflict. This research will also identify the role that each actor plays and how the newspapers favor or not each one of them through written, verbal, non-verbal and visual language. In this way, the aim is to compare the representation that each newspaper provides to the three involved; contextualize the methods of dialogue or negotiation used, present the interests of the parties, and show the identity attributed to each one. / Trabajo de investigación

This study sought to examine linguistic and discursive strategies used to construct messages reflective of the implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy for Zimbabwe of 1999 by government and private newspapers. Such analysis was perceived to be important since media content has a bearing on Zimbabweans‘ perception and attitudes regarding HIV and AIDS prevention, treatment and control. The study was aimed at comparing messages from newspapers with views by the people of Zimbabwe regarding the implementation of the policy. Findings reveal that empowerment programmes particularly those targeting women and children are lagging behind as Zimbabweans, literature and newspaper data sources testify. In addition, information sources concur that cultural (For example, stigmatisation, polygamy, religious practices, spouse inheritance) and structural (For example, patriarchy, masculinity, bureaucracy, politics) are stumbling blocks that negatively affect the implementation of the policy. Further, even though private and government newspapers do not fully agree on the portrayal of human agents, there is a general consensus between newspaper reports and Zimbabweans that people still face socio-economic and econo-political challenges that militate against the smooth implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy. Government newspapers tend to downplay aspects which reveal inadequacies of government activities. The study notes this as betrayal of use of ideological squares both by government and private newspapers whereby certain aspects regarding the implementation of the policy are either downplayed or highlighted to influence perception. The study reveals that newspaper reports used nominalisation, quantification, positive politeness, thematisation, rhematisation, intertextuality, euphemism, proverbs, idioms, action verbs, metaphors and citation of experts as linguistic and discursive strategies both for agenda setting and building purposes regarding the implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy. Other devices used particularly in the encoding of Operation Murambatsvina are, claptraps, deictic referencing, personal pronouns, adjectives and direct speech. The study attributes problems regarding the Zimbabwean HIV and AIDS intervention model to the top – down approach inherent in the policy. Hence, the call for an adoption of an unhu/hunhu/ubuntu inspired bottom – up HIV and AIDS intervention model in Zimbabwe. This would inculcate pro-family, pro-village, pro-nation/people and ―servant leadership‖ (Mangena and Chitando, 2011) values in the fight against the pandemic through the embracing of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). Unfortunately, such values largely continue to elude the radar of the current top – down HIV and AIDS intervention model cuurently in use in Zimbabwe. / African Languages / D. Litt et Phil. (African Languages)

PEREIRA, Rebeca Sales. Estratégias discursivas na construção das identidades de profissionais de saúde e usuários do Programa Saúde da Família: uma perspectiva etnográfico-discursiva. 2016. 278f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-25T13:48:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_rspereira.pdf: 5387715 bytes, checksum: 40dc88568303f74f8d10e1e11ca047e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-26T14:53:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_rspereira.pdf: 5387715 bytes, checksum: 40dc88568303f74f8d10e1e11ca047e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_rspereira.pdf: 5387715 bytes, checksum: 40dc88568303f74f8d10e1e11ca047e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / This research is part of the great area of Linguistics and is based on Critical Discourse Studies. My focus is the use of discursive strategies in the construction of identities in the discourse of health professionals and users of the Family Health Program (PSF) from the analysis of the categories evaluation and modalization, components of the identificational meaning of discourse (Fairclough, 2001; 2003). I aim to answer the following research questions: How do identity aspects in the speech of users and PSF health professionals resemble or distance themselves from identity aspects grasped in field observation?; How does the social place (user or PSF health professional) occupied by a social actor influences the use of a particular mode (epistemic or deontic) as a discursive strategy?; What is the influence of socioeconomic factors in two Basic Health Units, one of low Human Development Index (HDI) and another at high Human Development Index (HDI), in health care of PSF? We based this study on the work of van Leeuwen (2005) on Interdisciplinary Models; Halliday (1973, 1985) regarding Systemic Functional Linguistics; Resende & Ramalho (2006), Ramalho & Resende (2011), Fairclough (2001, 2003), Chouliaraki & Fairclough (1999), and Magalhães (2000; 2004) about the theoretical and methodological framework of Critical Discourse Analysis. For data analysis, we conducted a research of ethnographic character in two basic health units in the towns of Pacatuba and Fortaleza, in Ceará, using the techniques of semi-structured interviews, focus groups and field observations, aiming at the triangulation of data in the analysis. The results indicate that the identities of health professionals and users in the PSF context are constructed in practice by evaluative speech, with certain language modes for each specific social actor, showing evaluative commitment of users of Pacatuba and Fortaleza, but less evaluative commitment of Pacatuba professionals in relation to Fortaleza. In addition, the identities engendered in evaluative phrases in the speech of PSF health professionals and users show by explicit and implicit linguistic traits that effective dialogue in the health care practice is directly related to the quality of health care, in addition to pointing out problems in the investigated social practice related to socioeconomic factors. / Esta pesquisa situa-se na grande área da Linguística e está fundamentada nos estudos críticos do discurso. Meu foco é a utilização de estratégias discursivas na construção das identidades nos discursos de profissionais de saúde e usuários do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) com a análise das categorias avaliação e modalidade, componentes do significado identificacional do discurso (FAIRCLOUGH, 2001;2003). Objetivo responder às seguintes questões de pesquisa: Como os aspectos identitários apreensíveis no discurso de usuários e profissionais de saúde do PSF assemelham-se ou distanciam-se dos aspectos identitários apreensíveis a partir da observação de campo?; De que forma o lugar social (usuário ou profissional de saúde do PSF) ocupado por um ator social influencia no uso de determinada modalidade (epistêmica ou deôntica) como estratégia discursiva?; Qual a influência de questões socioeconômicas em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde, uma de baixo IDH e outra de alto IDH, na prática assistencial de saúde do PSF? Para tanto, tomamos por base os estudos de van Leeuwen (2005), sobre os Modelos de Interdisciplinaridade; Halliday (1973;1985) no tocante à Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional; Resende & Ramalho (2006), Ramalho & Resende (2011), Fairclough (2001, 2003), Chouliaraki & Fairclough (1999) e Magalhães (2000;2004) a respeito do quadro teórico-metodológico da Análise de Discurso Crítica; entre outros autores relevantes para esta pesquisa. Para a análise dos dados, realizamos pesquisa etnográfica em duas unidades básicas de saúde nos municípios de Pacatuba e Fortaleza, no Ceará, utilizando técnicas de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, grupos focais e observações de campo, almejando a triangulação dos dados na análise. Os resultados indicam que as identidades de profissionais de saúde e usuários no contexto do PSF são construídas nas práticas assistenciais de maneira avaliativa, apresentando determinadas marcas de modalidade discursiva para cada ator social específico, denotando maior comprometimento avaliativo dos usuários de Pacatuba e Fortaleza, mas havendo menor comprometimento avaliativo dos profissionais de Pacatuba, em relação aos de Fortaleza. Além disso, as identidades engendradas nas manifestações avaliativas no discurso de profissionais de saúde e usuários do PSF indicam por traços linguísticos explícitos e implícitos que a eficácia na prática dialógica assistencial está diretamente relacionada à qualidade no atendimento, além de assinalar problemas na prática social investigada relacionados a fatores socioeconômicos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present investigation aims at examining the trajectory of televisual products that do not have, beforehand, estimated completion date, that means, for its time slot exclusion, paying special attention to the course changes realized by them, aiming at staying on air. For this purpose, the show Esquenta!, that between the years 2011, 2012 and early 2013 was broadcast by seasons, but, from May 2013 onwards, became a part of the fixed time slot of Rede Globo television network, was elected as object of study. We move from the hypothesis that many televisual shows, depending on the subgenre to which they belong, in the attempt of staying on air, operate, throughout its existence course, structural transformations and/or adopt new configurations: articulate other contexts, propose new themes, new segments, changing, if necessary, their own identity in search of constructing a more permanent television viewer. The research realized seeks, thus, to answer questions formulated about the trajectory of televisual products, inquiring when, how and why transformations of structural character are operated on a televisual product, changing its function, proposal and trajectory on the slot of a broadcaster. How do such changes affect the identity of the show and the image and brand of a television network? And what relations do such changes have with the social context? So, the main objective of the present research is to verify what strategies could be virtually employed by a televisual product, related to the subgenre auditorium show, for staying on air throughout the years. In order to meeting such broader objective, the following specifiec objectives were established: a) mapping a historic of the emergence of auditorium shows in the Brazilian televisual context; b) setting up the communicative and enunciative context of Esquenta!, from the launch of the show to the current moment, after it became a part of the fixed time slot of the broadcaster, describing its sociocultural and enunciative surroundings, production core and staff responsible for its realization; c) analyzing the intertextual relations of paradigmatic character contracted by Esquenta! with its subgenre auditorium shows; d) presenting a general setting of Esquenta!, examining the show, by seasons and emissions, regarding the adopted formats, segments, preferred themes, form of spatial, temporal and tonal structure, form of actors configuration conductor/animator, fixed participants, eventual guests, audience, etc; e) identifying structural changes by which Esquenta! went through in terms of the interests that guide the action of Rede Globo; f) examining the communicative and discursive strategies employed by the show in the configuration of its identity, image and target audience to meet its course changes and simultaneously adapt to the image and brand of Rede Globo; g) examining the intertextual relations of syntagmatic character contracted by the show with other televisual products it reclaims. Considering the issue raised and the objectives established, a discursive analysis of semiotic inspiration, of different emissions of the show, was realized. / A presente investigação propõe-se a examinar a trajetória de produtos televisuais que não têm, de antemão, data prevista para término, ou seja, para sua exclusão da grade de programação, conferindo especial atenção às alterações de percurso por eles efetuadas com vistas à sua permanência no ar. Com essa finalidade, elegeu-se como objeto de estudo o programa Esquenta!, que, entre os anos de 2011, 2012 e início de 2013, foi exibido por temporadas, mas que, a partir de maio de 2013, passou a fazer parte da grade fixa de programação da Rede Globo de Televisão. Parte-se da hipótese de que muitos programas televisuais, dependendo do subgênero a que pertencem, na tentativa de se manterem no ar, operam, ao longo de seu percurso de existência, transformações estruturais e/ou adotam novas configurações: articulam outros contextos, propõem novas temáticas, novos quadros, alterando, se necessário, sua própria identidade na busca de construir um público telespectador mais permanente. A pesquisa realizada procura, assim, respostas para algumas questões formuladas sobre a trajetória dos produtos televisuais, indagando-se sobre quando, como e por que são operadas transformações de caráter estrutural em um produto televisual, modificando suas funções, proposta e trajetória na programação de uma emissora. De que forma essas alterações incidem sobre a identidade do programa e da própria imagem e marca de uma emissora de televisão? E que relações essas alterações têm com o contexto social? Assim, o objetivo geral da pesquisa é verificar que estratégias poderiam ser virtualmente empregadas por um produto televisual, ligado ao subgênero programa de auditório, para permanecer no ar, ao longo dos anos. Com a finalidade de dar conta desse objetivo mais amplo, estabeleceram-se os seguintes objetivos específicos: a) traçar um histórico do surgimento dos programas de auditório no contexto televisual brasileiro; b) configurar o contexto comunicativo e enunciativo do Esquenta!, quando do lançamento do programa e no momento atual, depois que passou a fazer parte da grade fixa da emissora, descrevendo seu entorno sociocultural e enunciativo, núcleo de produção e equipe responsáveis pela sua realização; c) analisar as relações intertextuais de caráter paradigmático contraídas pelo Esquenta! com o seu subgênero os programas de auditório; d) apresentar uma configuração geral do Esquenta!, examinando o programa, por temporadas e emissões, quanto aos formatos adotados, quadros, temáticas preferenciais, forma de estruturação espacial, temporal, tonal, forma de configuração dos atores condutor/animador, participantes fixos, convidados eventuais, plateia, etc; e) identificar as alterações estruturais pelas quais passou o Esquenta! em função dos interesses que pautam a ação da RGT; f) examinar as estratégias comunicativas e discursivas empregadas pelo programa na configuração de sua identidade, imagem, público-alvo para dar conta de suas alterações de percurso e simultaneamente adequar-se à imagem e marca da RGT; g) examinar as relações intertextuais de caráter sintagmático contraídas pelo programa com outros produtos televisuais que ele recupera. Considerando a problemática levantada e os objetivos estabelecidos, realizou-se uma análise discursiva, de inspiração semiótica, de diferentes emissões do programa.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Considerando Kovach e Rosenstiel (2004) para quem os jornalistas devem fornecer informaÃÃes por meio de uma escrita atraente e envolvente, esta pesquisa reflete sobre as estratÃgias discursivas aproximativas, usadas pelo jornal Folha de S. Paulo, durante a cobertura da Campanha pelas Diretas JÃ. Tendo como referÃncia metodolÃgica a anÃlise do discurso, da tradiÃÃo francesa, foram analisadas 88 reportagens da editoria de polÃtica da Folha de S. Paulo, publicadas entre 13/01/1984 e 26/04/1984. Com esta pesquisa, objetivou-se, especificamente: identificar as estratÃgias discursivas aproximativas utilizadas durante a cobertura; ver como essas estratÃgias ajudaram a despertar o interesse pela temÃtica, popularizando a Campanha e por fim, verificar como a escolha por essas estratÃgias ajudaram a estabelecer laÃos de cumplicidade entre o jornal e o seu leitor, durante as Diretas JÃ. Ao final da anÃlise, inferiu-se, dentre outros resultados, que: a Folha de S. Paulo priorizou as reportagens escritas sob uma perspectiva literÃria; a sentimentalidade foi enfatizada em praticamente todas as reportagens analisadas; a presenÃa explÃcita do repÃrter nos textos ajudou a construir um laÃo de cumplicidade entre os leitores e a Folha; e o destaque dado Ãs histÃrias de vida de pessoas comuns, na grande maioria moradores das periferias das grandes cidades, contribuiu para que o cidadÃo-comum se reconhecesse como participante-ativo da Campanha. Concluiu-se, tambÃm, que as estratÃgias discursivas utilizadas contribuÃram para estimular a participaÃÃo da sociedade brasileira contribuindo para que a mobilizaÃÃo fosse adotada como uma manifestaÃÃo popular e nÃo puramente polÃtica. / Considering Kovach and Rosenstiel (2004) for whom the journalists must supply information by an attractive and involving writing, this research reflects on the aproximant discursive strategies used for the periodical Folha de S. Paulo, during the covering of the Campaign for the Diretas JÃ. Having as metodological reference the analysis of the speech, of Freench tradition, 88 news articles of the editorial of politics of the Folha de S. Paulo, published between 13/01/1984 and 26/04/1984, was analized. With this research, it was objectified, specifically: to identify the use of the aproximant discursive strategies during the covering; to know how these strategies helped to arouse the interest for the thematic, popularizing the Campaign and finally, to verify as the choice for these strategies had helped to establish complicity ties between the periodical and its reader, during the Diretas JÃ. At the end of the analysis, it was inferred, amongst other results, that: Folha de S.Paulo prioritized the new articles written under a literary perpective; the sentimentality was emphasized in practically all the new articles analyzed; the explicit presence of the reporter in the texts helped to construct to a complicity ties between the readers and the Folha; and the prominence given to histories of life of common people, most of them living of the peripheries of the big cities, contributed so that the citizen-common recognized himself as an active participant in the Campaign. It was also concluded, also, that the use of the discursive strategies had contributed to stimulate the participation of the Brazilian society contributing to the mobilization was adopted as a popular manifestation and not politics only.

La investigación se propone analizar las estrategias de manipulación presentes en la cobertura de la etapa terrestre (1880 - 1881) de la Guerra del Guano y el Salitre (1879 - 1883) publicadas en el semanario La Ilustración española y americana. Para ello, se identifican las estrategias discursivas utilizadas por el medio, basándose en el nexo histórico y cultural que se tenía con los países protagonistas del conflicto (Chile, Perú y Bolivia) al ser estos sus ex colonias, aprovechando el contexto bélico que conlleva una carga emocional negativa debido a la sensación de peligro. El principal objetivo de este trabajo consiste en identificar, catalogar y analizar las características de las estrategias discursivas utilizadas en la narración de esta guerra, siendo una de las primeras investigaciones que abarca el cómo fue cubierto por la prensa extranjera uno de los conflictos más recordados en la historia del país. / The research aims to analyze the manipulation strategies present in the coverage of the terrestrial stage (1880-1881) of the Guano and Saltpeter War (1879-1883) published in the weekly La Ilustracion española y americana. For this, the discursive strategies used by the medium are identified, property in the historical and cultural nexus that was had with the countries leading the conflict (Chile, Peru and Bolivia) as these are their former colonies, taking advantage of the warlike context that entails a negative emotional charge due to the feeling of danger. The main objective of this work is to identify, catalog and analyze the characteristics of the discursive strategies used in the narration of this war, being one of the first investigations that covers how one of the most remembered conflicts in the world was covered by the foreign press. the history of the country. / Tesis

This thesis shows how misogynous and stereotypical images of women, which historically have been used to transform them into witches and monsters, are now reused in the construction of the term “batikhäxa” (“tie-dye witch”). Feminist and discourse theory form the framework of this study which includes the analysis of three opinion pieces, or political pamphlets, that were published between 2010 – 2018: "Batikhäxorna och makten" by the pseudonym Julia Caesar, "Refugee 'Children" & The Women Who Sexually Exploit Them" by the pseudonym Angry Foreigner and "De ansvariga för Sveriges kaos behöver en intervention för att ställas till svars " by Katerina Janouch. I use critical discourse analysis to study how discursive strategies are applied in these political pamphlets to delegitimate women, making them the scapegoats of society by use of the concept of the tie-dye witch. My thesis argues that the use of the tie-dye witch discourse reproduces patriarchal power relations by denying women the right to have and express their opinions, decide over their own bodies and exercise power in society. The tie-dye witch can therefore also be understood as an anti-feminist counterimage to the feminist witch who was established as a female role model in the 1960s. The study also uncovers the psychological function of the tie-dye witch as a female super monster who demarks the borders of nation, culture, religion, body and gender. In the studied texts, the tie-dye witch is constructed to separate "us" from "the others", and in doing so she also acts as a unifying figure in and of anti-feminist, islamophobic, xenophobic, nationalist and apocalyptic discourses.

This study sought to examine linguistic and discursive strategies used to construct messages reflective of the implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy for Zimbabwe of 1999 by government and private newspapers. Such analysis was perceived to be important since media content has a bearing on Zimbabweans‘ perception and attitudes regarding HIV and AIDS prevention, treatment and control. The study was aimed at comparing messages from newspapers with views by the people of Zimbabwe regarding the implementation of the policy. Findings reveal that empowerment programmes particularly those targeting women and children are lagging behind as Zimbabweans, literature and newspaper data sources testify. In addition, information sources concur that cultural (For example, stigmatisation, polygamy, religious practices, spouse inheritance) and structural (For example, patriarchy, masculinity, bureaucracy, politics) are stumbling blocks that negatively affect the implementation of the policy. Further, even though private and government newspapers do not fully agree on the portrayal of human agents, there is a general consensus between newspaper reports and Zimbabweans that people still face socio-economic and econo-political challenges that militate against the smooth implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy. Government newspapers tend to downplay aspects which reveal inadequacies of government activities. The study notes this as betrayal of use of ideological squares both by government and private newspapers whereby certain aspects regarding the implementation of the policy are either downplayed or highlighted to influence perception. The study reveals that newspaper reports used nominalisation, quantification, positive politeness, thematisation, rhematisation, intertextuality, euphemism, proverbs, idioms, action verbs, metaphors and citation of experts as linguistic and discursive strategies both for agenda setting and building purposes regarding the implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy. Other devices used particularly in the encoding of Operation Murambatsvina are, claptraps, deictic referencing, personal pronouns, adjectives and direct speech. The study attributes problems regarding the Zimbabwean HIV and AIDS intervention model to the top – down approach inherent in the policy. Hence, the call for an adoption of an unhu/hunhu/ubuntu inspired bottom – up HIV and AIDS intervention model in Zimbabwe. This would inculcate pro-family, pro-village, pro-nation/people and ―servant leadership‖ (Mangena and Chitando, 2011) values in the fight against the pandemic through the embracing of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). Unfortunately, such values largely continue to elude the radar of the current top – down HIV and AIDS intervention model cuurently in use in Zimbabwe. / African Languages / D. Litt et Phil. (African Languages)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elias Nascimento.pdf: 94720526 bytes, checksum: 5d9e140975a2ba8884c72826cf3db0cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this dissertation is the study of the linguistic-discursive strategies of the laughable in Porque Lulu Bergatim não atravessou o Rubicon of José Cândido de Carvalho. The author s work presents dozens of curious stories on the interior of the country. Written in a very characteristic way, the narratives introduce funny personages involved in unusual situations. The author's style is marked, mainly, by the use of the comic exaggeration employed in ironies and metaphors. The present study included the analysis of stories, their connection with the laughter and the brevity inherent to both. In the present work the manifestation of the laughter was analyzed considering the concepts discussed by the philosophers and theoretical from the Antiquity to the current days. In the study it was verified that in the last centuries the comedian was own of the inferior classes, lowered, with addictions and faults. Starting from the century XX the laughter began to have value in the social relationships. In the contemporary theories, the laughter exists to correct habits, to punish behaviors and to punish distracted, and it can be expressed in four ways: in the forms and movements, in the situations, in the words and in the character. The corpus was divided considering these four categories. The analysis of the linguistic-discursive strategies of the laughter detached the polissemic exploration happened in the stories not only by the use of the metaphors and of the ironies, but also by the use of slangs, of alliterations, of hyperboles, of puns, of strange names and of neologisms / O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar as estratégias lingüístico-discursivas do risível em Porque Lulu Bergatim não atravessou o Rubicon de José Cândido de Carvalho. A obra reúne dezenas de contos curiosos sobre o interior do país. Escritas de forma bastante característica, as narrativas apresentam personagens divertidos envolvidos em situações insólitas. O estilo do autor é marcado, principalmente, pelo uso do exagero cômico empregado às ironias e às metáforas. O estudo abrangeu o gênero conto, sua ligação com o riso e o laconismo inerente a ambos. Compreendeu a manifestação do riso a partir de um levantamento histórico que considerou os conceitos discutidos pelos filósofos e teóricos desde a Antiguidade até os dias atuais. Nesse estudo verificou-se que nos séculos passados o cômico era próprio das classes inferiores, rebaixadas, com vícios e falhas. A partir do século XX o riso passou a ter valor nas relações sociais. Nas teorias contemporâneas, o riso existe para corrigir costumes, castigar comportamentos e punir distraídos, e pode se manifestar de quatro maneiras: nas formas e movimentos, nas situações, nas palavras e no caráter. O corpus foi dividido segundo estas quatro categorias. A análise das estratégias lingüístico-discursivas do riso destacou a exploração polissêmica ocorrida nos contos não só pela utilização das metáforas e das ironias, mas também pelo uso de gírias, de aliterações, de hipérboles, de trocadilhos, de nomes estranhos e de neologismos

Cette recherche a reçu le soutien financier du CRSH, de la FESP et du DLLM. / Le XIXe siècle représente une période prépondérante de l'histoire des femmes en Occident, celle de la naissance d’une conscience féminine de nature publique, des premiers balbutiements du féminisme. Dans ce contexte, il est important d'étudier où se situent certaines personnalités féminines dans leur société. À cette époque, deux pratiques d'écriture connaissent leur apogée, la presse et le journal intime, qui permettent aux femmes de prendre la parole et d’intervenir dans la sphère publique. Ces formes d'écriture peuvent être considérées comme des espaces discursifs nés de conflits et de tensions sociales; elles sont le produit d’une même personne qui commente l’actualité de façon quotidienne, hebdomadaire ou mensuelle. La femme de lettres reconstitue les événements et faits du passé, transmet ses observations et opinions personnelles sur divers sujets; elle remet aussi en question le discours normatif institutionnel à partir de ses propres expériences et connaissances. Les écritures intime et journalistique témoignent de la vision plurielle du monde des intellectuelles et de leur participation au devenir historique, d'où l'intérêt de les étudier en parallèle dans ce travail. À travers l'étude d’écrits intimes et journalistiques, l'objectif principal de cette thèse est de faire entendre trois voix féminines de l’Amérique face à la culture patriarcale: celles de l'Argentine Juana Manuela Gorriti, de la Colombienne Soledad Acosta de Samper et de la Québécoise Joséphine Marchand-Dandurand. Nous nous demandons dans quelle mesure leur écriture s’inscrit dans un projet collectif lié à l’avancement des femmes et de la nation. L’hypothèse qui guide notre travail est que les auteures développent et partagent une écriture de dénonciation et de revendication liée à la situation des femmes et de la nation. Nous partons du contexte universel d'invisibilité des femmes, de leur manque de reconnaissance comme sujets de la société du XIXe siècle ; nous suivons la ligne foucaultienne de la généalogie, en y ajoutant la variable de genre, dans le but de récupérer les traces d’une contre-mémoire manifeste dans les textes choisis et de mettre l’accent sur la contribution des auteures. L’analyse explore le dialogue entre le discours des écrivaines et l’hégémonie masculine. Elle reconstitue le contenu social de nature idéologique, indique les fonctions des textes analysés, examine attentivement leur contexte de création ainsi que l’expérience biographique des auteures et leur apport intellectuel. Alors que Gorriti, Acosta de Samper et Marchand-Dandurand proviennent de cultures et d’époques différentes, l'objectif est de préciser les éléments homologues sur les plans thématique et stratégique, tant dans leur écriture personnelle que dans leurs publications périodiques. Cet exercice permet de vérifier si, tant au niveau privé qu’au niveau public, les intellectuelles expriment les mêmes idées avec les mêmes stratégies énonciatives ; s’il existe une continuité ou, au contraire, une rupture entre les écrits autobiographiques et les essais publics qui rendent légitime leur vision du monde. Par la même occasion, nous examinons si le « je » des écrits intimes correspond à celui des publications périodiques de chacune des auteures à l’étude. / The nineteenth century is a key period in the history of Western women. This is when a public female consciousness emerges for the first time and an incipient feminism can be observed. In this context, it is important to study how certain female public figures positioned themselves in their respective societies. During this period two genres of writing, journalism and the personal diary, were at their height, and allowed women to take the floor and enter the public sphere. These forms of writing can be regarded as discursive spaces arising from social conflicts and tensions, but they are also the product of an individual who comments daily, weekly or monthly on current events. The woman writer reconstructs events and facts from the past, and reveals her personal observations and opinions on various subjects. She also uses her own experiences and knowledge to cast doubt on normative institutional discourses. Journalistic and personal writing bear witness to the pluralistic worldview of these female intellectuals and to their participation in contemporary historical developments; hence the interest in studying them comparatively in this investigation. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyse, through the study of their journalism and diaries, the work of three female writers from the Americas—the Argentinian Juana Manuela Gorriti, the Colombian Soledad Acosta de Samper, and the Quebecer Joséphine Marchand-Dandurand—whose voices have been silenced by patriarchal culture. Fundamentally, this thesis asks to what extent their writing is inscribed in a collective project related to the advancement of women and the nation. This investigation’s hypothesis is that the authors develop and share a critique of both the situation of women and the nation, as well as calling for women's recognition. Starting from the basis that women's invisibility is universal, and that women were not recognised as subjects in nineteenth-century society, the study deploys the Foucault’s theory of genealogy, adding the gender variable, in order to rescue the traces of a counter-memory in the texts selected and to value the contributions of the authors. The analysis explores the dialogue between the discourse of women writers and male hegemony, restoring the social content of an ideological nature, pointing out the functions provided by the texts analyzed and carefully examining the contexts of their production, as well as the biographical experiences of the writers and their intellectual contributions. Even though Gorriti, Acosta de Samper and Marchand-Dandurand come from different cultures and epochs, the objective is to define the similarities in their personal and journalistic writing on both a thematic and strategic levels. This exercise allows us to verify if these female intellectuals expressed the same ideas in both public and private spheres with the same enunciative strategies; if there is continuity or rupture between autobiographical writings and public essays, which legitimize their worldview. At the same time, the study examines if there is any correspondence between the authorial self of the intimate writings and that of the periodical publications. / El siglo XIX es un período clave en la historia de las mujeres occidentales ya que es el momento en el que surge una conciencia femenina de naturaleza pública y en el que se observan los primeros balbuceos del feminismo. En este contexto, resulta importante estudiar el posicionamiento de ciertas individualidades femeninas frente a la sociedad de su tiempo. Tanto la prensa como el diario personal son dos prácticas escriturales que conocen su auge en esta época y que permiten a las mujeres tomar la palabra y el espacio público. Estas formas de escritura pueden ser consideradas como espacios discursivos surgidos de conflictos y tensiones de carácter social, siendo producto de una misma personalidad que comenta diaria, periódica o mensualmente la actualidad. La mujer escritora reconstituye acontecimientos y hechos del pasado, da a conocer sus observaciones y opiniones personales sobre varios temas; cuestiona también el discurso normalizado e institucionalizado a partir de su propia experiencia y en función de sus conocimientos. Las escrituras íntima y periodística constituyen testimonios de la visión plural del mundo de las intelectuales y de su participación en el devenir histórico. De ahí el interés de estudiarlas en paralelo en este trabajo. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es el de hacer oír, a través del estudio de escritos íntimos y periodísticos, tres voces femeninas americanas frente a la cultura patriarcal: las de la argentina Juana Manuela Gorriti, de la colombiana Soledad Acosta de Samper y de la quebequense Joséphine Marchand-Dandurand. Nos preguntamos en qué medida su escritura se inscribe en un proyecto colectivo relacionado con el avance de la mujer y de la nación. La hipótesis que guía nuestra investigación es la de que las autoras desarrollan y comparten una escritura de denuncia y de reivindicación relacionada con la situación de la mujer y de la nación. Partiendo del contexto universal de invisibilidad de la mujer, de su falta de homologación como sujeto en la colectividad decimonónica, seguimos la línea foucaultiana de la genealogía, agregándole la variable de género, con el fin de rescatar las huellas de una contramemoria manifiesta en los textos seleccionados y de valorar las aportaciones de las autoras. El análisis considera la interlocución entre el discurso de las escritoras con la hegemonía masculina, restituyendo el contenido social de naturaleza ideológica, señalando las funciones y apuestas que proporcionan los textos analizados y examinando cuidadosamente el contexto de su creación, así como la experiencia biográfica de las escritoras y su aporte intelectual. Si bien Gorriti, Acosta de Samper y Marchand-Dandurand proceden de culturas y épocas distintas, el objetivo es deslindar los elementos que pueden ser considerados homólogos a nivel temático y estratégico, tanto a través de su escritura personal como de sus publicaciones periódicas. Este ejercicio nos permite comprobar si, tanto en el plano privado como en el público, las intelectuales expresan las mismas ideas con las mismas estrategias enunciativas, si existe continuidad o si, por el contrario, se evidencia una ruptura entre los escritos autobiográficos y los ensayos públicos, que legitiman su visión del mundo. Al mismo tiempo, examinamos si hay una concordancia entre el yo autoral de los escritos íntimos y el de las publicaciones periódicas.