Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Fragestellung, ob das Drahtziehverfahren bereits im Altertum zur Anwendung kam und nicht, wie in der bisherigen Forschung angenommen, erst im Frühmittelalter einsetzte. Um diese Fragestellung zu klären, wurden Drähte unterschiedlicher Produktgattungen untersucht und experimentalarchäologisch mit der Expertise des Goldschmieds und Restaurators Frank Willer nachgeahmt. Während einige Drähte aus einem Blech gezogen sind, konnte für den Draht des Kettenpanzers aus der Tiefenau bei Bern anhand einer metallographischen Analyse das Ziehen aus einem massiven Rohling nachgewiesen werden. Auch die Untersuchung der für das Drahtziehen benötigten Werkzeuge unterstützt die Annahme, dass das Drahtziehverfahren früher als bisher vermutet bekannt gewesen war. Durch eine materialwissenschaftliche Analyse der Zieheisen und -bronzen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass diese Werkzeuge den Anforderungen für das Ziehen von Drähten entsprechen. Ein weiteres Argument für das Drahtziehen im Altertum besteht aus der chronologischen und geographischen Korrelation zwischen dem Einsetzen von Kettenpanzern und dem Aufkommen von Zieheisen innerhalb des Latènekreises. Für die Produktion von Kettenpanzern wurde Draht in großen Mengen benötigt, weswegen die Nutzung des im Vergleich ökonomischeren Drahtziehverfahrens naheliegend ist. Somit lässt sich das Ziehen von Drähten zwar schon vereinzelt für die Bronzezeit nachweisen, doch eine weite Verbreitung dieser Innovation geschieht erst ab der Früh- oder Mittellatènezeit mit der Nutzung von Kettenpanzern. Solch eine verzögerte Diffusion einer Innovation stellt keine Ausnahme innerhalb der Technikgeschichte dar und ist dadurch zu erklären, dass eine Innovation, die nicht fortgeführt wurde, an einem geographisch und zeitlich unterschiedlichem Punkt der Geschichte erneut auftreten kann, da es sich um eine konvergente Entwicklung handelt, bei der dieselben Rahmenbedingungen und Anforderungen vorliegen. / The doctoral thesis examines the question of whether the wire drawing process was already used in antiquity and not, as assumed in previous research, first began in the early Middle Ages. In order to elucidate this question, the wires of different products were examined and imitated experimentally with the expertise of the goldsmith and conservator Frank Willer. While some wires were drawn from a sheet metal, by metallographic analysis the wire of the mail armour from Tiefenau near Bern was drawn from a solid blank. The investigation of the tools required for wire drawing also supports the assumption that the wire drawing process was known earlier than previously assumed. A materials science analysis of the drawplates showed that these these Bronze and Iron Age tools met the requirements for wire drawing. Another argument for wire drawing in antiquity is the chronological and geographical correlation between the introduction of mail armour and the frequent use of drawplates within the Latène circle. The production of mail armour required considerable quantities of wire, so the use of the more economical wire drawing process compared to hammering or torsion techniques is obvious. Although the drawing of wire can be proven for the Bronze Age in certain cases, this innovation was not widely spread and established until the Early or Middle Latène Period onwards with the use of mail armour and the accompanying higher demand for wires. Such a delayed diffusion of an innovation is not an exception within the history of technology and can be explained by the fact that an innovation that was not continued can reappear at a geographically and temporally different point in history, since it is a convergent development in which the same underlying conditions and requirements are present.

Gemeinsamer Workshop von Universitaetsrechenzentrum und Professur "Rechnernetze und verteilte Systeme" der Fakultaet fuer Informatik der TU Chemnitz. Workshop-Thema: Mobilitaet

Zugl.: Zürich, University, Diss., 2006/2007.

This project describes internet marketing and its components (search engine marketing, internet advertising, internet PR, e-mail marketing etc.). It also describes the possibilities of employing internet in marketing and depicts new ways of online communication. The expenses for internet advertising are constantly growing as well as the number of internet users. The number of universities is increasing and so is the competition. That's why it's vital that they should act as a part of the market and use marketing strategies. The objective of this project is to analyse and suggest communication strategies of the Faculty of Management at the University of Economics in Prague using the knowledge acquired from the theoretical part. The practical part specifies the target group, draws up a report and chooses the way of communication. Further on, we will consider the timing of every single activity and the overall budget.

This thesis describes barcodes which are used in postal services. Specifically, it is concerned with Intelligent Mail Barcode, the GS1-128 code, the C128 code of Ceska posta (Czech Postal Services) and the QR code. The thesis attempts to analyze methods of encoding information into barcodes and error detection algorithms used for error correction during the decoding processes. Most importantly, there is described Reed-Solomon error correction in the QR code. There are presented and evaluated different methods of code detecting which are suggested by authors of various academic articles. The thesis also describes the method of creating test sets of images and proposed appearances of the scanning scene. Additionally, there are described algorithms for detection and decoding barcodes GS1-128, C128 and IMB in the image which was created during the work on this thesis. Finally, there is the evaluation of the percentage success of algorithms.

This study investigated the use and management of electronic mail (email) in Zimbabwe’s central government. Employing a mixed method research approach, the study used a pluralist ontological paradigm and a pragmatic epistemological paradigm within the convergent mixed methods research design. Quantitative responses from questionnaires were corroborated by qualitative findings from semi-structured interviews, personal observation and document reviews. The study was restricted to Zimbabwe’s central government, focusing on head offices of 22 government ministries situated in Zimbabwe’s capital city of Harare. The population of the study was 670. The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown imposed in Zimbabwe as from 30 March 2020 negatively affected data collection as some targeted respondents could not be accessed as the researcher had initially planned, leading to an overall response rate of 37.3%. Nonetheless, 12 out of 22 government ministries participated in the study. Quantitative data were analysed using Microsoft Excel 2010® and descriptive statistics while qualitative data were analysed thematically using Atlas.ti®. The study conformed to ethical standards of research as espoused in the University of South Africa’s ethical review guidelines. The study revealed that due to the adoption of electronic government and the inherent relative advantages of email, among other factors, there was increase in use of email as an official record in Zimbabwe’s central government. Nonetheless, management of email was still in its nascent stages and was largely poorly articulated. Poor email classification, filing, appraisal, security, preservation and disposal were largely traceable to deficiencies in legal, policy and procedural frameworks as well as skills and information and communication technology infrastructural challenges. These in turn triggered email retrieval, access, preservation and authenticity challenges. This study was a first local research to address both the use and management of email in a single study and one which proposed a framework for the effective use and management of email where a call was made to match increase in use of email with increase in professional management of the same. The proposed framework may go a long way in influencing proper and professional use and management of email in Zimbabwe’s central government and similar organisations. / Information Science / D. Phil. (Information Science)

New mass media impact on the nature of public communication and the use and gratification of existing mass media because each new medium is used and experienced differently. As a new mass medium, the Internet offers different forms of communication, such as Internet Relay Chat, Multi-User Dungeons and chatrooms. It has also combined traditional mass media, namely print, radio and television, into a single powerful medium. Due to the fact that the Internet is still an emerging medium, its long-term effects on the nature of public communication and traditional mass media warrants ongoing investigation. The first part (Part A) of this dissertation situates the Internet chronologically within the development of traditional mass media and their impact on public communication. Part B investigates Internet use among a group of professionals in South Africa. The objective is to identify how they use the Internet and the gratification they derive from it. / Communication Science / M.A. (Communication)

The primary focus of this thesis is on representations of Germany and Germans in the sports pages of English newspapers from the mid-1950s to the mid-1990s, when EURO 96 generated press coverage that prompted much comment and criticism, both in England and in Germany. Studies focusing on media representations from the mid 1990s onwards, such as those by Maguire, Poulton and Possamai (1999), Garland and Rowe (1999) and Garland (2004) have been helpful in deconstructing the language used by football journalists and in identifying negative national stereotyping. More recently, however, Ramsden (2007) and Young (2007) have developed our understanding of Anglo-German cultural relations and how they have changed since 1945. In the light of these recent developments this thesis seeks, firstly, to analyse the discourses embedded within the ‘Two World Wars and One World Cup’ meta-narrative which has characterized press coverage of Anglo-German football since international fixtures between the two countries were resumed in 1954 and, secondly, to contextualize them in the broader history of Anglo-German cultural relations and how they developed over the forty years or so that followed. Though drawing on some insights from both cultural and media studies the methodology employed is essential historical. This does not mean, however, that press reports and comment are regarded as unproblematic primary sources. Recent methodological approaches the history of sport, notably by Booth (2005) and Hill (2006), have pointed to the importance of viewing such sources as texts which are thus open to deconstruction. A complementary emphasis on historical context is nevertheless justified, principally because it is important to explain variations that have occurred over time. Though there were some similarities in the way that Anglo-German football was covered in 1954 and 1996 – and at various points in between - there are also striking differences which it is argued here are primarily explained by conditions prevailing at the particular historical junctures at which representations were generated. The relationship which existed between Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s was significantly different to that which existed between Britain and re-unified Germany in the 1990s. This was an important contingent factor and helps to explain variations in the deployment of journalistic discourses over the years. Thus this thesis breaks new ground in that it emphasizes the historical contextualization of representations over a long period and seeks to counter any tendency to look backwards from the viewpoint of the mid 1990s. The discussion proceeds chronologically from the 1950s to the 1990s in order to demonstrate variations in the way that discourses were deployed over the years. Thus the representations generated provide a way of reading the state of underlying Anglo-German relations at any given point. One chapter is devoted to the 1966 World Cup Final on account of its significance in press discourses relating to Anglo-German football and in what is popularly referred to in England as the 'thirty/forty years of hurt' that followed. Whereas academic attention in relation to football-related representations has previously concentrated on the downmarket tabloid press, this study is equally concerned with quality and middlemarket titles. Thus The Times and the Daily Express are considered alongside the Daily Mirror and the Sun. Finally – and in contrast to previous accounts which have considered the English press in isolation – a chapter on German newspaper coverage (principally Bild, Die Welt and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) has been included to allow some comparisons to be made and to point to directions in which future research might be pursued.

網際網路是繼電子計算機發明後，帶給人類最大衝擊的一項革命，它突破了地理的籓籬，資訊的流動可以在極短暫的時間內跨越國界，這是其他媒體所望塵莫及的。而這種傳播特性最為人所詬病的問題之一，就是網路謠言的充斥。透過E-mail、BBS、NEWS、WWW等各種不同的管道散播出來的謠言，不僅可能造成個人的名譽受損、企業的形象破壞，許多的犯罪手法也因而產生。就企業主而言，網路謠言的殺傷力莫過於對公司形象與品牌聲譽的損害，而如何防範與澄清消息的正確性，已成為企業公關與危機管理的重要一環。 本研究則分析現有的謠言與消息來源理論，探討謠言的結構、傳播過程以及其社會心理成因等，並比較電腦中介傳播 (CMC) 與一般謠言口耳相傳 (FtF) 之下的謠言特性，以及探討傳統大眾媒體與網路媒介傳播謠言效果之差異，歸納出影響謠言傳播的可能因素包括謠言的可相信度、渾沌不安、訊息特性、涉入度、網路訊息惰性、人口統計變數與網路使用行為等。利用這些可能的變數，本研究設計兩組實驗來衡量謠言散播與闢謠效果，實驗一利用可相信度與渾沌不安兩個變數操弄謠言，並以小樣本的散播實驗來衡量謠言操弄的結果，探討謠言散播模式與影響變數，並以計數器追溯謠言散播的情形，來了解謠言散播的真實面貌；實驗二則以類似的實驗方法，選擇一則已發生的網路謠言案例來研究謠言散佈模型，並以發送闢謠信件的方式來探討其謠言防治效果。 實驗一在經網路謠言散播實驗之後，發現操弄變數的差異並不顯著，故實驗一改採Regression檢定，最後發現可相信度、訊息特性與渾沌不安是影響謠言散播的主要因素，網路訊息惰性則對謠言散播有間接影響效果，而可相信度有部分的中介效果；在電子郵件闢謠實驗方面，實驗二發現可相信度與網路訊息惰性對訊息的散播有顯著影響效果，而可相信度有部分的中介效果。由此可知，兩個實驗的散佈模式並不相同，其原因有可能是因為涉入度的差異。另外，兩個實驗皆發現經由電子郵件散播的訊息符合創新採用理論，其中實驗一的謠言與實驗二的闢謠訊息為Rogers所說的不完全散佈模式，而實驗二的謠言則為所謂的「S」形創新散佈曲線。 此外，本研究利用謠言的追蹤計數，得到了散播曲線與訊息散播方程式，並估計而求出了謠言的散播速度。由追溯的結果得知，網路謠言傳播的速度十分快速，尤其實驗二的謠言在第2.2日時就達擴散曲線的反曲點，一星期內散佈的人數高達原來樣本數的兩倍；相反的，不被眾人散播的謠言可以在短短幾天之內就趨於平息。而本研究也對網路訊息的「散播者」與「非散播者」作出比較，發現散播者的散佈可能性、對謠言的相信度、渾沌不安等都比非散播者高，但網路訊息惰性則較低。在粗淺的瞭解這群可能的網路「意見領袖」之後，企業界可以專注於這群人作有效的闢謠公關活動，讓網路謠言的管理更有效率。 最後，本研究彙整謠言的應對策略，並對企業因應謠言的危機管理的模式，提出許多的方案與建議，讓企業界在面對網路謠言時，能有參考的依循，並將損害減至最低。 / Not only has the internet increased the efficiency of communication, it has also brought out severe crises in the real world. Messages can be circulated all over the world in just seconds. As a result, geographical barriers have been virtually broken down. However, while rumors and hoaxes can easily be distributed through e-mail, BBS, news group, and so on, such false information may cause severe damage to individuals and corporations concerned, even trigger criminal offenses. How to prevent potential damage of commercial reputations which may cause by internet rumors and clarify the existing grapevines is one of the most important issues each corporation needs to address in the present information society. This thesis is inclined to find out the differences between Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) and Face-to-Face (FtF) Communication in terms of the variables which affect the diffusion of rumors, i.e. Credibility, Anxie-uncertainty, Message Property, Involvement, Internet Inertia, demographical variables, and personal internet behavior. Two experiments are designed in this research. Exp.1 operates Credibility versus Anxie-uncertainty into four rumors and illustrates the correlation between Diffusion Possibility and each of the aforesaid independent variables which can facilitate establishing the diffusion model for Internet Rumors accordingly. Exp.2 is an empirical study based on the diffusion model built up in Exp.1. A pre-selected existing rumor is used as the research sample. It remodels the rumor diffusion and measures the clarification effect through e-mail as well. Moreover, both experiments use Site Meter to trace the mechanism of rumor diffusion. Numbers of the rumor being viewed and its responses and clarifications can be easily counted. According to experiments, Credibility and Anxie-uncertainty are originally well operated in pretests. However, the manipulated variables are not fully distinguished in Exp.1. Hence, Regression is employed to test the hypotheses and as a result, Credibility, Anxie-uncertainty, and Message Property are the key variables that directly influence rumor diffusion in Exp.1 while Internet Inertia has indirect effect on the outspread of a rumor. In Exp.2, both Credibility and Internet Inertia play important roles in the diffusion behavior while Credibility acts as a partial mediating variable in this case. Additionally, this research also shows the possibility and degree that Involvement might be the factor which causes discrepancy between these 2 models. However, it needs to be confirmed by further research. Moreover, both models fit the Distribution Theory of Innovations developed by Rogers. Rumors in Exp.1 and clarify message in Exp.2 are both Unsuccessful Diffusion while rumor in Exp. 2 belongs to S-shaped Normal Diffusion. Incidentally, diffusion curves and the function of rumor diffusion are obtained to work out through simulation equations and so are the diffusion rates, which surprised us for their rapid distribution. The inverse point was reached in the 2.2 days after the rumor message was distributed in Exp.2, and almost two folds of the original group numbers were reached in just one week. On the other hand, rumors which were not circulated would be quelled in few days. Comparisons between the Distributor and the Non-distributor in the Internet society are also made in this study in facilitating the management of corporate grapevines. The Distributor believes rumors and are more aggressive in rumor distribution and shows higher Anxie-uncertainty, while their Internet Inertia are lower than Non-distributor. Knowing more about the so-called Internet “Opinion Leader” helps corporations focus on crisis management by initiating effective public activities not only because they are cores of grapevines but are also easier to approach than others. Finally, various corporate strategies of confining rumors are developed in the thesis. Suggestions and alternatives are provided in conclusion. Corporate administrators can therefore take them for reference when dealing with rumor-caused crises.

有鑒於英文寫作能力日趨重要，英文寫作的教學也愈來愈受到重視。然而在高職英文寫作教學方面來看，其成效卻往往不彰。基於這個原因，研究者運用透過電子郵件之「過程寫作」教學法，期能對高職學生在英文寫作能力的提升上有所裨益。 本研究以北縣某高職綜高學術學程部五十八位二年級學生為研究對象，研究者教導實驗組學生運用「過程寫作」的策略，配合在電子郵件的環境下加強英文寫作的能力；控制組學生則僅接受「過程寫作」策略之教學。實驗前，對實驗組及控制組學生施予前測來檢視學生英文寫作能力之起點行為；實驗後，對實驗組及控制組學生施予後測來檢視學生英文寫作能力之進步情形。實驗終了，再以一問卷來探討實驗組學生對實驗之態度及其自評成效。 研究結果如下： 一、 透過電子郵件之「過程寫作」教學法對學生英文寫作能力確有助 益。實驗組後測成績高於控制組；再者，實驗組在其前後測比較 下，整體寫作能力有顯著之進步。 二、 在電子郵件的環境下運用「過程寫作」的策略幫助學生在作文中之 內容、組織、文法、用字體例方面有所助益。實驗組與控制組之進 步情形雖無顯著差異，實驗組進步情形仍大於控制組。 三、 實驗組學生對透過電子郵件之「過程寫作」教學法，持正面的態 度。 四、 實驗組學生認為在接受透過電子郵件之「過程寫作」教學法之後， 自己的英文寫作能力進步了。 最後，研究者根據上述研究結果，對高職英文作文教學提出建言，作為未來從事英文寫作教學之教師及研究人員參考。 / Owing to the importance of English writing ability on various purposes, teaching writing has received more and more attention nowadays. However, the traditional teaching and then learning process does not work on vocational high school students. This failure inspires the researcher to resort to alternative methods to upgrade his students' English writing ability. The present study was intended to prove that the instruction of process writing via E-mail is effective in enhancing students' English writing ability. Fifty-eight second-year students from two intact classes of Academic Oriented Course in a comprehensive high school in Taipei County participated in this study. The experimental group was taught to apply the strategies of process approach in an E-mail environment at every stage during the experiment while the control group was instructed in process writing strategies solely. Before the experiment, the pretest was used to indicate the starting points of students' writing proficiency. After the experiment, the posttest was administered to examine the effectiveness of process writing via E-mail. In addition, a response questionnaire was given to the experimental group to probe students' attitudes and their self-evaluation of the experiment. The results were as follows. First, the instruction of process writing via E-mail enhanced students' overall English writing ability. The experimental group outperformed the control group in total scores of the posttest. In addition, concerning the total scores between pretest and posttest, the experimental group made a significant progress. Second, the experimental group outperformed the control group in content, organization, grammar, diction, and mechanics after the experiment although the results showed no significant difference. Still, the experimental group made more progress in all five subskills than the control group did. Third, the majority of students in the experimental group responded positively to the instruction of process writing via E-mail. Last, most students in the experimental group considered they made a progress in their English writing ability after the experiment of process writing via E-mail. The present study concluded the effects of process writing via E-mail. Based on the results, the researcher provided writing teachers and educators with constructive suggestions for conducting a writing class or further studies.