Os estudos foram realizados em cultura de células HEK-293 (human embrionic kidney cells). Por microscopia de fluorescência, avaliou-se a velocidade de recuperação do pHi (dpHi/dt). Por Western blot, avaliou-se a expressão de SGLTs e NHEs e a translocação dos SGLTs foi avaliada por imunofluorescência. Resultados: No controle, a dpHi/dt foi de 0,169 ± 0,020 unid pH/min (n=6). A glicose modula dose e tempo dependentemente a dpHi/dt. O tratamento crônico aumentou esse parâmetro e somente Florizina (inibidor dos SGLTs), H-89 (inibidor da PKA) e BAPTA (quelante de Ca2+intracelular Ca2+i) reduziram esse efeito. O tratamento crônico induziu a internalização do SGLT1, manteve o SGLT2 no citosol e aumentou sua expressão. Conclusões: No tratamento crônico, a internalização do SGLT1 depende da PKA, independe de Ca2+i e a permanência do SGLT2 no citosol depende tanto da PKA quanto do Ca2+i. Assim, a distribuição celular do SGLT2 altera a atividade dos NHEs. / In this work we used human embryonic kidney (HEK-293 cells). The pHi recovery rate (dpHi/dt) was evaluated through fluorescence microscopy. The expression of SGLT´s and NHEs was analysed through Western blot and translocation of SGLTs was evaluated through Imunofluorescence. Results: In the control situation, the dpHi/dt was 0,169 ± 0,020 units pH/min (n=6). This parameter was modulated by glucose in a concentration and time dependent manner. Chronic treatment increased the dpHi/dt and this stimulatory effect was inhibited by Phlorizin (SGLTs inhibitor), H-89 (PKA inhibitor) and BAPTA (intracellular Ca2+ cheleator - Ca2+i). The chronic treatment induced internalization of SGLT1, increased the expression of SGLT2 and kept it in the cytosol. Conclusions: In chronic treatment, the internalization of SGLT1 involves a PKA-dependent and Ca2+i- independent mechanism. The maintenance of SGLT2 in the cytosol depends on PKA and Ca2+i. Thus, the cellular distribution of SGLT2 is associated with NHEs activity.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Estreptococos do grupo B (EGB), principalmente sorotipo III são a principal causa de pneumonia neonatal, sepse e meningite. O potencial de virulência das amostras de EGB pode determinar a colonização ou a infecção do hospedeiro. Como o pulmão constitui uns dos primeiros órgãos durante o processo de invasão sistêmica por EGB, nós decidimos investigar os mecanismos de adesão e invasão de amostras do sorotipo III (90356-líquor e 80340-vagina) com linhagem de células epiteliais do pulmão humano (A549). Desta forma, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de aderência e invasão de duas amostras de EGB sorotipo III com células de epiteliais pulmonares A549, a persistência bacteriana intracelular, a fusão com compartimentos acídicos, potencial citotóxico e indução de apoptose. As amostras mostraram capacidade de aderir e invadir o epitélio pulmonar A549, onde a amostra 90356-líquor isolada de paciente a que apresentou maior propriedade adesiva e invasiva que a amostra 80340-vagina (p<0,05). Ambas as cepas mostraram persistência intracelular sem replicação no interior do epitélio respiratório até 24h de incubação. Além disso, verificamos que os EGB são capazes de promover vacuolização celular permanecendo viáveis dentro de vacúolos acídicos, sugerindo a ocorrência de fusão lisossomo-fagossomo. A amostra 90356-líquor também mostrou maior citotoxidade quando comparada com a amostra 80340-vagina. A análise por citometria de fluxo demonstrou, pela primeira vez, que o EGB induz apoptose em epitélio respiratório, podendo representar um mecanismo importante para o desenvolvimento da lesão celular aguda e a patogênese bacteriana. / Group B streptococci (GBS), mainly serotype III, is a major cause of neonatal pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis. Virulence potential of GBS strains may determine the outcome of host colonization or infection. Because the lung constitutes a first step in GBS systemic invasion processes, we have investigates the adherence and invasion mechanisms of GBS-III isolates to human lung epithelial cell line (A549). Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of adhesion and invasion of GBS strains serotype III (90356-liquor and 80340-vagina) with A549 lung epithelial cells, intracellular bacterial persistence, fusion with acidic compartments, cytotoxic potential, and induction of apoptosis. The strains showed ability to adhere and invade the epithelial A549 cells; GBS 90356-liquor isolated from a patient showed a more efficient adherence and invasion properties than GBS-III 80340 isolated from vagina (P<0,05). Both strains showed persistent intracellular viability without replication into A549 cells up to 24h incubation. In addition, we found that GBS are able to promote cellular vacuolization and persisted viable inside acidic vacuoles, suggesting lysosome-phagosome fusion. The GBS 90356-líquor also showed higher cytotoxicity when compared with 80340-vagina strain. The present work describe for first time by flow cytometry that GBS induces apoptosis in respiratory epithelium and be an important mechanism for the development of acute cellular injury and bacterial pathogenesis.

Le syndrome de Sjögren primitif (SJp) est une pathologie auto-immune caractérisée par une sécheresse occulobuccale, un infiltrat lymphocytaire des glandes salivaires, ainsi qu'une production d'auto-anticorps. Les cellules épithéliales salivaires (SGEC) des patients atteints de SSp expriment les molécules impliquées dans les réponses immunitaires et jouent le rôle des cellules présentatrices d’antigènes. Les lymphocytes T folliculaires (LTf) jouent un rôle important en activant les lymphocytes B via la sécrétion d’interleukine (IL)-21. Une augmentation de la proportion de LTf est observée dans le sang des patients ayant un SJp. Nous avons fait l’hypothèse que les SGECs des patients pouvaient induire la différenciation des lymphocytes T naïfs (LTn) en LTf. Nous avons montré que les SGECs sont capables d’induire la différenciation des LTn en LTf via des facteurs solubles tel l’IL-6. La sécrétion d’IL-21 par les LTf nécessite un contact cellulaire impliquant en partie ICOSL.La voie de costimulation OX40/OX40L est impliquée dans plusieurs maladies autoimmunes. Les polymorphismes d’OX40L sont une prédisposent au SJp. Nous avons étudié le rôle pathogène de la voie OX40/OX40L chez les patients SJp. Notre résultats ont montrés une surexpression d’OX40L et d’OX40 dans les glandes salivaires des patients atteint de SJp. Les cocultures des LTn avec les SS SGECs ou contrôle SGECs augmentent l'expression d’OX40 par les LT. Les SS SGECs favorisent la survie et la prolifération des LT via la voie d’OX40/OX40L. Ces résultats démontrent l'implication d’OX40 et d’OX40L dans la pathogénie du SJp et confirment le rôle important des SGECs dans l’épithelite auto-immune du SJp. / The primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by dry mouth and dry eyes. Salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) of patients with pSS express the molecules involved in immune responses and act as antigen presenting cells. Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) secrete IL-21 whose augmented secretion is a hallmark of several autoimmunediseases. Here we investigated whether SGECs were capable to induce Tfh differentiation. We report that IL-6 and ICOSL expression by SGECs contributes to naïve CD4+ T differentiation into Tfh cells, as evidenced by their acquisition of a specific phenotype, characterized by Bcl-6, ICOS and CXCR5 expression and IL-21 secretion, but also but by their main functional feature: the capacity to enhance B lymphocytes survival. OX40/OX40L interaction is a pivotal costimulatory pathway. Polymorphisms of OX40L are involved in the genetic predisposition to pSS. We therefore investigated the pathogenic role of OX40/OX40L pathway in pSS. We demonstrated that the proportion of circulating CD4+ T cells expressing OX40 was elevated in patients with pSS and correlated with systemic disease activity. In salivary glands of patients with pSS, epithelial cells overexpressed OX40L and the expression of OX40L and OX40 was respectively evidenced on infiltrating B and T cells. Coculture of T cells with SGECs increased the expression of OX40 by CD4+ T cells promoted T cell survival and proliferation through OX40/OX40L interaction. These studies demonstrate emphasizes unknown pathogenic roles of SGECs and suggests that Tfh, IL-21 and OX40L might be therapeutic targets in pSS.

Escherichia coli enteroinvasora (EIEC) é um dos agentes etiológicos da disenteria bacilar, caracteriza-se pela destruição do epitélio do cólon provocado pela resposta inflamatória induzida após invasão da mucosa por bactérias. Cepas de EIEC são bioquímica, genética e patogênica semelhante a Shigella spp. A patogenicidade de EIEC e Shigella dependem da presença da pInv plasmídeo, que contém os genes necessários para a colonização bacteriana na mucosa intestinal. Recentemente, demonstrou-se que genes plasmidias ospC1, ospG e ospF de S. flexneri estão envolvidos na inibição da resposta inflamatória em células epiteliais intestinais, um fator importante na iniciação da colonização bacteriana e produção de doença. Como a EIEC mostrou doença menos grave, foi analisada as sequências de aminoácido, avaliada a transcrição destes genes plasmídiais e resposta inflamatória modulada por este micro-organismo na célula epitelial intestinal Caco-2. As células Caco-2 foram infectadas em momentos diferentes com 11 sorotipos de EIEC e S. flexneri (M90T). Os dados sobre a capacidade de invasão e sobrevivência de bactérias, expressão de genes de bactérias e da quimiocina IL-8 foram obtidos por CFU, RT-PCR, e ELISA, respectivamente. A significância estatística foi avaliada por ANOVA de dois fatores. Os 11 sorotipos de EIEC estudados apresentaram similaridade de 100% com S.flexneri para OspC1 e OspF,contudo, foram diferentes na homologia do OspG. Quando comparamos as sequências de aminoácido dos 11 sorotipos observamos 100% de similaridade entre eles para OspG, sugerindo o envolvimento destas proteínas na modulação da resposta imune induzida por estes micro-organismos. Os sorotipos de EIEC apresentam diferenças na capacidade de invasão dos enterócitos. Algumas diferenças significativas foram observadas na transcrição dos genes e na produção de IL-8. Os sorotipos de EIEC O29: H-e O167: H-apresentou um baixo transcrição de genes ospC1 e ospF, e um aumento significativo na produção de IL-8 quando comparado com outros sorotipos. Além disso, demonstrou que a maior transcrição destes genes por alguns sorotipos de EIEC parecem estar relacionados com a menor indução de IL-8. Estes dados sugerem que as proteínas OspC1 e OspF desempenham um papel na resposta inflamatória. No entanto, não se observou relação na transcrição ospG para a produção de IL-8. Estes resultados sugerem que as proteinas efetoras OspC1 e OspF estão envolvidas na inibição da resposta inflamatória em células epiteliais do intestino favorecendo a invasão da EIEC. / Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) is one of the etiological agents of bacillary dysentery, it is characterized by the destruction of the colonic epithelium caused by the inflammatory response induced upon invasion of the mucosa by bacteria. Strains of EIEC are biochemical, genetic and pathogenic similar to Shigella spp. The pathogenecity of EIEC and Shigella depend on the presence of the plasmid pInv, which contains the genes necessary for bacterial colonization in the intestinal mucosa. Recently, it was demonstrated that the plasmid genes ospC1, ospG and ospF of S. flexneri are involved in inhibition of the inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells, an important factor in the initiation of bacterial colonization and production of disease. As EIEC has showed less severe disease, we evaluated the transcription of these plasmid genes and inflammatory response modulated by this microorganism in the intestinal epithelial cell Caco-2. The Caco-2 cells were infected in different times with 11 serotypes of EIEC and S. flexneri M90T strain. The data about sequences of amino acids, invasiveness and survival of bacteria, bacterial genes expression, and chemokine IL-8 were obtained by CFU, RT-PCR, and ELISA, respectively. The statistical significance was evaluated by two-way ANOVA. All EIEC serotypes studied showed 100% similarity with S.flexneri to OspC1 and OSPF, however, were different in the homology of OspG. Compared the amino acid sequences of the 11 serotypes observed 100% similarity between them to OspG, suggesting the involvement of them in modulating of the immune response induced by these microorganisms. There were no differences in the invasion the enterocytes among EIEC serotypes. However, some significant differences were observed in the transcription of those genes and production of IL-8. The EIEC serotypes O29:H- and O167:H- showed a low transcription of genes ospC1 and ospF, and a significant increase in production of IL-8 when compared with other serotypes. Furthermore, it was shown that the high transcription of ospF and ospC1 by some EIEC serotypes are related to low induction of IL-8. These data suggested that the proteins OspC1 and OspF play a role in the inflammatory response. However, we did not observed association between ospG transcription to the production of IL-8. These results lead us to believe that the effector proteins OspF and OspC1 are involved in inhibition of the inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells favoring the EIEC invasion.

O envenenamento por aranhas Loxosceles é caracterizado pelo desenvolvimento de dermonecrose. A expressão de metaloproteases induzidas pelas esfingomielinases do veneno pode estar envolvida no loxoscelismo cutâneo. Os resultados mostraram que o veneno de Loxosceles laeta e a proteína recombinante SMase I foram capazes de: induzir a expressão de metaloproteases (MMP-2, MMP-7 e MMP-9); diminuir a expressão de alguns marcadores de superfície e causar morte celular. A indução de MMP-7, como produto da ação do veneno e da SMase I de L. laeta, não foi reportada em outras espécies do gênero. O uso de inibidores de metaloproteases, como a tetraciclina, impediu a morte celular e reduziu a expressão de MMPs. A galardina, um composto que inibe metaloproteases da família das adamlisinas e das MMPs, evitou a clivagem dos marcadores MCP, 2-microglobulina, MHCI, EPCR em queratinócitos humanos tratados. Os resultados revelam que a inibição das metaloproteases de matriz extracelular e da família das adamlisinas pode ser uma alternativa eficaz no tratamento do loxoscelismo cutâneo. / The envenomation by Loxosceles spider characterized by the development of dermonecrosis. Metalloproteinases expression, induced by venom sphingomyelinases, may be involved in cutaneous loxoscelism. The results showed that Loxosceles laeta venom and the recombinant protein SMase I were able to: induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-7 e MMP-9); reduce the expression of some surface markers and cause cell death. The induction of MMP-7, as a product of venom and SMase I action, has not been reported for other genus species. The use of metalloproteinase inhibitors, such as tetracycline, prevented cell death and reduced MMPs expression. Galardin, a compound that inhibits metalloproteinases from the adamlisins family and MMPs, avoided the cleavage of MCP, 2-microglobulin, MHCI and EPCR on the surface of the treated human keratinocytes. These data indicate that inhibition of metalloproteinases can be an effective alternative on the cutaneous loxoscelism treatment.

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a cápsula e o epitéilo subcapsular cristaliniano (ESC) de pacientes submetidos à capsulotomia curvilínea contínua (CCC) utilizando o corante azul de tripano (AT) a 0,1%, através de microscopia óptica (MO), da técnica TUNEL, de imunohistoquímica e de microscopia eletrônica transmissão (MET). Realizamos um estudo prospectivo, controlado e randomizado utilizando 30 amostras de cápsulas e ESC obtidos de pacientes após CCC durante cirurgia de facectomia. Essas amostras foram divididas em dois grupos (15 espécimes cada) um utilizando o AT (grupo experimental) no ato cirúrgico e o outro sem o uso do corante (grupo controle). As cápsulas e o ESC destes grupos foram fixados e processados para análises estruturais posteriores com técnicas de MO de rotina, técnica TUNEL para detecção de morte celular por apoptose, imunohistoquímica para analisar a expressão da beclina-1 (um marcador de morte celular por autofagia), além de análise ultraestrutural por meio da MET. Foram realizadas análises morfométricas das imagens de microscopia após captura e digitalização, utilizando o programa Image Pró Plus (Cybernetics®, USA). Foram encontrados resultados positivos para a expressão de morte celular por apoptose e por autofagia no grupo submetido ao uso do AT, enquanto que no grupo controle os resultados foram negativos. As análises através da MET do ESC mostraram alterações em células coradas com o AT, incluindo ruptura mitocondrial, dilatação das cisternas do retículo endoplasmático, aumento da elétrondensidade citoplasmática e nuclear, e alteração no perfil nuclear. Os resultados estatísticos obtidos pelo teste de Mann-Whitney a partir da morfometria obtida de micrografias, demonstraram diferenças morfológicas significativas entre os grupos estudados, tanto nas dimensões dos maiores eixos nucleares, quanto na relação perímetro/área do núcleo celular (p=0,03). Em relação à espessura da cápsula, do epitélio subcapsular e do conjunto dessas estruturas obtidas a partir da MO de rotina não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (p= 0,1). O AT provoca no ESC toxicidade celular com sinais indicativos de morte celular. Observamos nos aspectos morfológicos e moleculares morte celular tanto pelo mecanismo de apoptose quanto de autofagia. A partir destes achados podemos sugerir que a ação do AT, talvez possa ajudar a prevenir ou reduzir a opacificação da cápsula posterior do cristalino no período pós-operatório das facectomias / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of trypan blue (TB) 0.1% staining on lens epithelial cells (LECs) and capsules of patients undergoing capsulorhexis using routine optical microscopy (OM), TUNEL technique, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In a prospective controlled and randomized study we evaluated 30 samples of capsules with LECs obtained after capsulorhexis during cataract surgery. Samples were randomly assigned to one of two groups (15 specimens each), one submitted to TB (experimental group) during the surgery and the other without the dye (control group). The capsule and the LECs of both groups were fixed and processed for later structural analysis with routine optical microscopy, immunohistochemistry for beclin-1 expression (a marker of cell death by autophagy), and the TUNEL technique to detect apoptosis, in addition to ultra-structural analysis by TEM. Morphometrical analysis were performed by using the Image Pro Plus software (Cybernetics®, USA). In the TB-stained group we have found positive results for the expression of cell death by autophagy and apoptosis while in the control group the results were negative. Analysis of LEC by TEM showed abnormalities in TB-stained cells including mitochondrial disruption, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum cisterns, increased cytoplasmic and nuclear electron density and abnormalities in the nuclear profile. Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney test on morphometric data from micrographies showed significant morphologic differences between the two groups, both regarding longest nuclear axis difference and the ratio between the total nuclear perimeter and the cell area (p=0.03). No statistically significant difference was observed in capsule thickness, the LEC and the grouping of these two structures obtained from routine OM (p=0.1). Trypan blue is toxic to LECs, and cause abnormalities indicative of cell death. We observed molecular and morphologic aspects of cell death both by the mechanism of apoptosis and autophagy. Our findings lend support to the hypothesis that staining with 0.1% TB can help prevent or reduce the incidence of posterior capsule opacification following cataract surgery

A expressão de E-caderina (Ecad) pode ser regulada pré ou pós transcricionalmente por Snail e Hakai, respectivamente. Nosso objetivo foi determinar a expressão de Ecad, Snail e Hakai, em células epiteliais (CE) de tecido tumoral e peritumoral de pacientes com carcinoma ductal invasivo da mama e correlacionar sua expressão ao comprometimento linfonodal axilar (LN+). As CE de amostras de tecidos de 45 pacientes (52% LN+) foram extraídas por método imunomagnético, o RNA foi extraído por RT-PCR em tempo real e utilizou-se primers específicos para a moléculas. A expressão de Ecad, Snail e Hakai não variou entre o tecido tumoral e peritumoral e não houve correlação com comprometimento linfonodal / E-cadherin (Ecad) expression may be transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally regulated by Snail and Hakai. Our aim was to determine the expression of Ecad, Snail and Hakai, in epithelial cells (EC) obtained from tumor and its adjacent tissue from women with invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC) and evaluate their correlation to the axillary's lymph node (LN+) involvement. Tissue from 45 patients (52% LN+) had their EC recovered by immunomagnetic antibody process, RNA was extracted and real-time RT-PCR was performed using specific primers. Ecad, Snail and Hakai mRNA expression did not vary between tumoral and peritumoral samples and their expression was not correlated to LN involvement

Early innate response of intestinal epithelial cells is the first line defense against enteric pathogens. Toxoplasma gondii infections acquired naturally via the peroral route, encounter intestinal epithelial cells early post-infection. Although the population structure of T. gondii is known to be highly clonal, clinical strains of T. gondii have been classified into three genotypes based on their virulence. In this study we investigated whether human intestinal epithelial cell immune response to T. gondii is virulence dependent. We demonstrated distinct virulence of the three T. gondii genotype strains evaluated in human intestinal epithelial cells by their capacity to replicate and induce host cell cytotoxicity. The early host innate mechanisms such as activation of signaling pathways and induction of innate effectors were likewise differentially elicited by the three T. gondii strains. Low levels of TLR dependent NF-kB activation and a failure to rapidly up-regulate innate cytokine and chemokine genes was observed after virulent Type I strain infection. In contrast, early innate response to the less virulent Type II strain was rapid, efficient and led to high levels of IL-8 and IL-6 secretion, whereas response to Type III parasites was intermediate. Early expression of b-defensin 2 gene was suppressed specifically by virulent Type I strain and its activation prior to infection in intestinal epithelial cells led to decreased parasite viability. These findings provide evidence for T. gondii strain virulence dependent down-modulation of early human intestinal epithelial cell innate responses and highlight the importance of these cells in host defense against this infection. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dans le cadre de situations pathologiques, le rein peut être soumis à de multiples agressions toxiques, ischémiques et immunologiques pouvant favoriser la survenue d’une maladie rénale chronique et le développement d’une insuffisance rénale. En réponse à ces stress, les cellules du parenchyme rénal vont activer des processus biologiques adaptatifs permettant le maintien de la viabilité cellulaire et l’homéostasie de l’organe. Ces réponses adaptatives peuvent également activer l’immunité innée et induire le remodelage tissulaire (fibrogenèse et angiogenèse). Cependant, les mécanismes précis de cette régulation sont mal connus. L’objectif de ce travail a été de caractériser les mécanismes de régulation et les conséquences microenvironnementales (inflammation et angiogenèse) de l’activation de la réponse UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) et de l’autophagie, en réponse à des stress ischémiques et immunologiques. Dans un premier travail, nous avons montré que la réponse UPR est impliquée dans la génération d’une réponse inflammatoire induite par un stress métabolique dans des cellules tubulaires rénales. Le stress métabolique, caractérisé par une carence en glucose, induit un stress du RE et active la réponse UPR. Ce stress active le facteur NF-.B et favorise la transcription de cytokines et chimiokines pro-inflammatoires. La voie PERK/eIF2 : - n’est pas nécessaire à l’activation de l’inflammation mais amplifie l’expression des cytokines alors que la voie IRE1 - est impliquée dans la génération de cette réponse inflammatoire. De plus, l’ischémie aigue active le stress du RE et l’inflammation dans les reins de rat. Enfin, à partir de biopsies de déclampage de greffons rénaux, l’expression de GRP78, marqueur du stress du RE, et de NF-.B p65/RelA dans les tubules rénaux, est significativement plus élevée en comparaison avec des biopsies de greffons rénaux stables, à distance de la greffe. Dans un second travail, nous avons montré que la réponse UPR régule l’angiogenèse dans les cellules tubulaires rénales lors d’une carence en glucose. La voie PERK est un régulateur majeur de l’expression des facteurs angiogéniques (VEGFA, bFGF et angiogénine). De plus, l’expression de l’angiogénine est modulée par les voies PERK et IRE1.. Enfin, l’ischémie aigue induite chez le rat, active la réponse UPR parallèlement à l’augmentation de l’expression de VEGFA, bFGF et de l’angiogénine. Dans un troisième travail, nous avons mis en évidence un nouveau mécanisme par lequel l’interféron. (IFN.) active l’autophagie dans les cellules tubulaires rénales. Nous avons montré que l’IFN. entraine une déplétion en tryptophane, active la voie GCN2, une kinase eIF2., ce qui conduit à l’augmentation du flux autophagique. De plus, la supplémentation entryptophane et l’utilisation d’ARN interférence dirigés contre GCN2 inhibent l’autophagie induite par l’IFN. Enfin, l’autophagie intervient dans la régulation de la sécrétion de cytokines inflammatoires et de facteurs de croissance en réponse à l’IFN.. En conclusion, nous avons caractérisé dans ce travail des mécanismes originaux de régulation d’une réponse inflammatoire et angiogénique par la réponse UPR et l’autophagie en réponse à des stress ischémiques et immunologiques au sein de l’épithélium tubulaire rénal humain. / Under pathological conditions, kidney is subjected to multiple toxic, ischemic and immunological failures that promote the occurrence of chronic kidney disease and the development of acute kidney injury. In response to stress, renal parenchymal cells activate biological adaptive processes permitting the maintenance of cell viability and renal homeostasis. These adaptive responses can also activate innate immunity and induce tissue remodeling (fibrogenesis and angiogenesis). However, accurate mechanisms of this regulation are still unclear. The aim of this work was to characterize regulation mechanisms and micro environmental consequences(inflammation and angiogenesis) of the activation of the UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) and autophagy, in response to ischemic and immunological stress. In a first study, we demonstrated that the UPR is involved in the generation of inflammatory response induces by metabolic stress in tubular renal cells. Metabolic stress, characterized by glucose deprivation, induces an ER stress and activates the UPR. This stress activates NF-.B and promotes the transcription of pro inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The PERK signaling is not required for the induction of inflammation but amplifies cytokine expression whereas IRE1 is involved in the generation of inflammatory response. Moreover, acute ischemia activates ER stress and inflammation in rat kidneys. Finally, from kidney transplant biopsies performed before implantation, the expression of GRP78, an ER stress marker, and NF-.B p65/RelA in renal tubules is significantly increased in comparison with stable human kidney transplant biopsies. In a second study, we showed that the UPR regulates angiogenesis in tubular renal cells during glucose deprivation. The PERK pathway is a major regulator of angiogenic factors expression (VEGFA, bFGF and angiogenin). Furthermore, angiogenin expression is modulated by PERK and IRE1. pathways. Finally, acute ischemia activates the UPR and, in parallel, increases VEGFA, bFGF and angiogenin expression in rat kidneys. In a third work, we identified a novel mechanism by which IFN. activates autophagy in human kidney epithelial cells. We showed that IFN. promotes tryptophan depletion, activates the eIF2. kinase GCN2, and leads to an increase of the autophagic flux. Moreover, tryptophan supplementation and RNA interference directed against GCN2 inhibit IFN.-induced autophagy. Finally,autophagy regulates the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in response to IFN..In conclusion, we characterized in this work original mechanisms that regulate inflammatory and angiogenic responses by the UPR and autophagy in response to ischemic and immunological stress in tubular renal human epithelium.

Le syndrome de Gougerot-Sjögren (SGS) est une maladie autoimmune (MAI) systémique inflammatoire chronique caractérisée principalement par la diminution des secrétions salivaires et lacrymales, aboutissant à une sécheresse de la bouche et des yeux. Elle affecte principalement les femmes autour de la ménopause. Au niveau physiologique, le tissu épithélial des glandes salivaires (GS) est infiltré par des lymphocytes, ce qui provoque l’apoptose des cellules épithéliales (CE). L’épigénétique pouvant jouer un rôle important dans le développement des MAI comme le SGS, nous avons analysé l’expression d’éléments rétroviraux endogènes humains (HERV) et des microARN. Par ailleurs, afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans les interactions lymphocytes-CE au niveau de la GS pathologique, nous avons mis en place un modèle de co-culture in vitro entre des CE et des lymphocytes B ou T (LB, LT). Nous avons également étudié le rôle de BAFF sur les CE qui expriment l’un de ses récepteurs, BR3.Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que dans les GS des patients, les HERV et les miARN ont un profil d’expression distinct de celui des personnes saines, montrant ainsi une participation de l’épigénétique dans la pathologie. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons montré que les CE entrent en apoptose suite à l’interaction directe avec les lymphocytes B etT, en faisant intervenir la voie Fas pour les LT et la voie de la PKCδ pour les LB. En lien avec l’apoptose induite par les LB, nous avons démontré que BAFF est impliqué dans la survie des CE, et que le blocage de sa signalisation ou la sous-expression de son récepteur conduit à la mort des CE. Nous pouvons supposer que les LB entrent en compétition avec les CE pour le signal de survie apporté par BAFF, et que les CE qui s’en trouvent privées meurent. Finalement, nous avons montré que plusieurs formes de BAFF sont produites parles CE et reconnues de manière différente par les anticorps anti-BAFF. Il pourrait s’agir d’isoformes plus ou moins glycosylés ou de variants de BAFF. Cependant d’autres études sont nécessaires afin de les identifier. / Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is an inflammatory systemic autoimmune disease (AID), mainly characterized by the decrease of salivary and lachrymal secretions. This leads to dry mouthand dry eyes. This chronic disease principally affects women around menopause. At the physiological level, salivary gland (SG) epithelial tissue is infiltrated by lymphocytes, leading to epithelial cells (EC) apoptosis. As epigenetics can play an important role in AID- such asSS development, we investigated human endogenous retroviral elements (HERV) and microRNA expression. Furthermore, in order to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms implied in lymphocyte-EC interactions in pathological SG, we set up an in vitroco-culture model between EC and B and T cells. We also studied BAFF role on EC which express one of its receptors, BR3. First, we demonstrated that in SS SG, HERVs and miRNAs show a distinct profile from healthy controls, indicating that epigenetics is implied in the pathology. Secondly, we showed that EC undergo apoptosis following direct interaction with T and B cells, via two distincts ignaling pathways: Fas pathway for T cells and PKCδ pathway for B cells. Linked with Bcell-induced apoptosis, we demonstrated that BAFF is implied in EC survival, and that BAFFsignaling blocking or BR3 down-regulation leads to EC death. We may suppose that B cells compete with EC for survival signaling from BAFF, and that EC die from lack of it. Finally, we showed that several forms of BAFF are expressed by EC and that they are differentially recognized by anti-BAFF antibodies. These may be more or less glycozylated BAFF isoformsor BAFF variants. Further studies are needed to identify them.