In one of the world’s most dense cities, every piece of land holds value and potential. This thesis explores how citizens of Karachi have taken advantage of pockets of space that exist under bridges and flyovers, by informally inhibiting and occupying them. The illegal land use has resulted in evictions, causing the loss of homes, workplaces and social spaces that were created. The project investigates a method of mediating the needs and wants of users and land owners, to provide safe, legal and functional uses of these void spaces under a recently built structure. The project is reactionary, responding to built forms and use of space that currently exists. Ultimately, it seeks to open the discussion about how we should be anticipating the urban voids that are created, the next time infrastructure is planned.

This thesis set out to determine the degree to which the Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act is in line with the objectives of South Africa's land reform policy with regard to the promotion of access to land and security of tenure, and to determine to which extent the Act has contributed to land reform. South Africa's history of denial of land rights by dispossession and forced removals made the regulation of evictions imperative. Before this, black people had no recource when they were forced off land that they occupied, or even owned, for decades. The purpose of the Act is &quot / to provide for the prohibition of unlawful eviction / to provide for procedures for the eviction of unlawful occuiers / and to repeal the Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act 52 of 1951&quot / .

This thesis set out to determine the degree to which the Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act is in line with the objectives of South Africa's land reform policy with regard to the promotion of access to land and security of tenure, and to determine to which extent the Act has contributed to land reform. South Africa's history of denial of land rights by dispossession and forced removals made the regulation of evictions imperative. Before this, black people had no recource when they were forced off land that they occupied, or even owned, for decades. The purpose of the Act is &quot / to provide for the prohibition of unlawful eviction / to provide for procedures for the eviction of unlawful occuiers / and to repeal the Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act 52 of 1951&quot / .

Résumé de la thèse - La rupture du contrat de bail par le bailleur. Etude de trois baux à statut : le bail d'habitation, le bail commercial et le bail ruralLe contrat de bail est un contrat usuel où le locataire est dans une situation de dépendance particulière à l'égard du bailleur. Contrat d'adhésion, le contrat de bail est conclu entre un locataire, réputé être la partie faible et un bailleur, considéré comme la partie forte du contrat. Afin de prévenir la sortie du locataire au gré du bailleur, le législateur est intervenu pour protéger le locataire et organiser le maintien de la relation contractuelle. Les nombreuses législations en la matière ont contribué à rendre les règles gouvernant les baux à statut peu accessibles et lisibles, ce qui nuit à la sécurité juridique et au marché locatif.Une étude approfondie de la rupture du contrat de bail par le bailleur révèle que ce dernier est limité dans sa volonté de rompre la relation contractuelle. D'une part, la rupture est soumise à des conditions strictes et nombreuses. D'autre part, la législation favorise dans de nombreuses hypothèses la continuation de la relation contractuelle au détriment des intérêts du bailleur. La rupture du contrat de bail apparaît donc délicate pour le bailleur, confronté à une multitude d'obstacles. Il est donc utile de procéder à l'identification des modes de rupture du contrat de bail dont dispose le bailleur et, en contrepoint, des moyens mis en place par le législateur pour organiser la continuation de la relation contractuelle en privant le bailleur de la possibilité de rompre celle-ci.La thèse a pour objet de mettre en lumière que la situation du bailleur est difficile, tant les possibilités de mettre fin au contrat de bail sont encadrées. Elle a ainsi vocation à servir de grille de lecture au bailleur, afin de le guider au travers des voies méandreuses qui peuvent lui permettre, parfois, de sortir du contrat de bail.Enfin, l'étude des trois baux à statut, que sont le bail d'habitation, le bail commercial et le bail rural, permet de les comparer et d'observer les différences de traitement du bailleur à la fin du bail, alors que les statuts ont le même dessein, à savoir protéger le locataire et assurer la stabilité contractuelle. / Abstract of Thesis - The breach of lease contract by the lessor. Study of three particular lease contracts : residential lease, commercial lease and agricultural lease.The lease contract is a standard contract where the lessee is dependent on the lessor. Typical exemple of an agreement contract, the lessee is deemed to be the weaker part while the lessor is considered the strongest one of the contract. In order to prevent the release of the lessee at the option of the lessor, the legislator has intervene to protect the lessee and organise the continuation of their contractual relationship. The many laws as regards have helped to make the rules around low status leases, less accessible and readable which undermines legal security and rental market.A thorough study of breach the contract by the lessor reveals that he is limited in his freedom of breaking the contractual relationship. On the one hand, the breach of the contract is subject to strict and many conditions. On the other hand, the legislation promotes in most cases the continuation of the contractual relationship to the detriment of lessor's interests. The breach of the contract appears delicate for the lessor and full of obstacles. So we're talking to proceed with the identification of breaking modes of the lessor and, to happen concurrently, means established by the legislature to organize the continuation of the contractual relationship preventing lessor to end it.The aim of this thesis is to emphasize the fact that lessor's situation is complicated, so the possibilities to put an end lease are regulated. It also is meant to be a reading grid for the lessor, in order to guide him in the intricacies of the ways which could allow him out of the lease contract.Finally, the study of the three lease contracts with statutes, residential lease, commercial lease and agricultural lease, enables to compare them and notice the treatment differences of lessor at the end of contract, whereas the statutes have the same purpose, meaning protect the lessee and ensure the contractual stability.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alfredo Moreno Leitao.pdf: 2284706 bytes, checksum: 6d392e1c7760dd9c338e9cd6e151064e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Since the 19th century São Paulo, an immigrant-receiving state, has attracted workforce for coffee plantations as well as for the developing urban centers. Among the many that arrived, the Portuguese stand out. As they came in search of their dreams and of a better life, some found wealth but others did not. To the latter it was left to struggle every day for survival, going through the routine of hardship shared by national and foreign workers. In this experience many Portuguese workers got engaged in the labor conflicts, guided by anarchist and communist ideas, seeking a way to reverse the imposed conditions of plight and arbitrariness. From the 1930 s on, Brazil and Portugal develop closer relations since the administrations of Getúlio Vargas and Antonio de Oliveira Salazar are built on similar proposals, a situation that favored the emigration of Portuguese people who acquired certain privilege over other nationalities. However, the Portuguese who took part in the labor conflicts did not enjoy the privileges and, imprisoned and tortured by the political police, were punished and expelled from Brazil. The present research investigates the trajectory of the fight of these Portuguese nationals, in particular those who were persecuted by the DEOPS (State Department of Political and Social Order) and evicted in the 30 s / Desde o século XIX, São Paulo, um estado imigrantista, atraiu mão de obra tanto para a lavoura do café, como para os centros urbanos em desenvolvimento, entre os muitos que chegaram cabe destacar os portugueses. Vinham na busca de seus sonhos e de uma vida melhor, alguns encontraram a riqueza, mas outros não. A esses cabia batalhar diariamente pela sobrevivência, vivenciando o cotidiano de dificuldades compartilhadas com os trabalhadores nacionais e estrangeiros. Nessa vivência muitos trabalhadores portugueses engajaram-se nas lutas operárias, orientadas por idéias anarquistas e comunistas, na busca de caminhos que revertessem às condições de carência e arbitrariedades impostas. A partir da década de 1930 se estreitam às relações entre Brasil e Portugal, já que os governos de Getúlio Vargas e de Antonio de Oliveira Salazar se constituíam com propostas semelhantes, isso favoreceu a emigração de portugueses, que adquiriram alguns privilégios em relação a outras nacionalidades. Contudo, os portugueses que participavam das lutas operárias não usufruíram de privilégios, presos e torturados pela polícia política, tiveram como pena a expulsão do Brasil. Esta pesquisa investiga a trajetória de luta destes portugueses em particular os que foram perseguidos pelo DEOPS e expulsos nos anos 30

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-10T11:31:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Rafael Marchezan Ferreira.pdf: 2575091 bytes, checksum: b1fd962a5db30e72939e9777c2e6a506 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-10T11:31:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Rafael Marchezan Ferreira.pdf: 2575091 bytes, checksum: b1fd962a5db30e72939e9777c2e6a506 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-14 / The present work analyzes forced evictions occurred in urban area, result of demands of judicial orders in re-possession actions and in ownership disputes, filed against population living in unplanned and unserviced settlements, with the aim of evaluating Brazilian jurisdictional management of such demands and mapping the ways to non-controversial adjust of conflicts. To that, we firstly present a panoramic view of forced eviction, approaching the terminology varieties and their respective semantic load; the forced eviction essential elements; its different levels of impact on affected population and respective instruments of evaluation of such impact and the main international normative references applicable to forced evictions, in order to detect its submission to juridical discipline of human rights, as well as the reception of these rules by Brazilian legal order. Secondly, we analyze the main features of the Brazilian urbanization process, so as to identify its responsibility concerning intensification of forced evictions practices in urban areas, pursuing, in this context, an examination on figures of forced eviction – quantitative data collected in reports which point to information on this practice in global scale – and the role of socio spatial segregations as a meaningful trait in Brazilian urbanization, being this reading performed with the contribution of literature about geographic space production. Thirdly, we evaluate how much Brazilian urban legal order contributes to establish a normative set applicable to forced eviction, by considering internationalization of rules related to forced eviction; urban law; and the re-reading of the right to property, with the break of the paradigms of classic civilism and the dialogue between urban legislation and socio spatial segregation. From then onwards, we study the jurisdictional management of forced evictions in urban areas, searching to detect gradual internalization of this urban-juridical order in the context of judicial decisions. To that, we approached juridical formalism of jurisdictional protection provided in tenure demands; the elements to build proper procedural technique to collective demand on tenure; the new Procedural Civil Law and the forced eviction, and the analysis of modern decisions in conflicts that can potentially promote forced eviction. We then identify ways of dialogue in conflicts of forced eviction in urban areas, as well as how certain theoretical assumptions are regarded, such as juridical pluralism and the consequent reorientation concerning the approach of conflicts of forced eviction; conflict management under the so called paradigm of complexity and its analysis from certain structural elements and juridical efforts to actualize the non-controversial management of conflicts of forced eviction. Finally, we propose methodological ways to non-controversial jurisdictional management of such conflicts, under the transformative perspective, discussing the following themes: social actors; multiple possibilities of consensual practices; the third-party facilitator and the procedural steps to build spaces for dialogues / O presente trabalho analisa a remoção forçada praticada em área urbana, fruto de demandas de reintegração de posse e reivindicatórias de propriedade, movidas em face de população ocupante de assentamentos precários ou informais, com o objetivo de avaliar a gestão jurisdicional pátria destas demandas e mapear os caminhos para o ajustamento não adversarial dos conflitos. Para tanto, a princípio apresenta-se uma visão panorâmica da remoção forçada, abordando as diversidades de variações terminológicas e as respectivas cargas semânticas; os elementos essenciais da remoção forçada; seus diferentes níveis de impacto sobre a população afetada e respectivos instrumentos de avaliação de tal impacto e as principais referências normativas internacionais aplicáveis à remoção forçada, com vista a detectar sua submissão à disciplina jurídica dos direitos humanos, bem com a recepção destes regramentos pela ordem jurídica pátria. Na sequência, busca-se avaliar os principais traços do processo de urbanização brasileiro, a fim de identificar sua responsabilidade quanto à intensificação de práticas de remoção forçada em área urbana, percorrendo-se, neste contexto, o exame quanto à remoção forçada em números – dados quantitativos coletados em relatórios que apontam informações acerca desta prática de forma global – e o papel da segregação sócio espacial como um traço marcante da urbanização brasileira, leitura esta realizada com a contribuição da literatura sobre a produção do espaço geográfico. No passo seguinte busca-se avaliar quanto a ordem jurídico-urbanística brasileira contribui para estabelecer um conjunto normativo aplicável à remoção forçada, sopesando-se quanto à internalização de normas relativas à remoção forçada; ao direito urbanístico e à releitura do direito de propriedade, com a ruptura aos paradigmas do civilismo clássico e ao diálogo entre a legislação urbanística e a segregação sócio espacial. A partir de então, detém-se na gestão jurisdicional da remoção forçada em áreas urbanas, buscando detectar a gradual internalização desta ordem jurídico-urbanística no contexto das decisões judiciais. Para tanto abordou-se o formalismo jurídico da prestação da tutela jurisdicional em ações possessórias; os elementos para a construção da técnica processual adequada às demandas possessórias coletivas; o novo Código de Processo Civil e a remoção forçada e a análise de decisões progressistas em conflitos potencialmente promotores de remoção forçada. Dirige-se então para a identificação das vias de diálogo em conflitos de remoção forçada em área urbana, bem como a leitura que se estabelece sob certos pressupostos teóricos, quais sejam: o pluralismo jurídico e a consequente reorientação quanto à abordagem de conflitos de remoção forçada; a gestão do conflito sob o denominado paradigma da complexidade e sua análise a partir de determinados elementos estruturais e os esforços jurídicos para se efetivar a gestão não adversarial de conflitos de remoção forçada. Por fim, propõem-se caminhos metodológicos para a gestão jurisdicional não adversarial destes conflitos, sob a perspectiva transformacional, debatendo quanto aos seguintes temas: os atores sociais atuantes; as múltiplas possibilidades de práticas consensuais; o terceiro facilitador e os passos procedimentais para a construção de espaços de diálogos

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the degree of discipline in social services may be the reason why more children are evicted in one municipality in Stockholm, compared to another. Since our purpose was to study the degree of discipline in social services work with eviction cases where children are concerned, discipline is therefore a central part of the study. The interest in the subject arose from our prior understanding that social services approach to discipline may affect the extent of evictions. In order to answer the study’s question at issue, a qualitative interview was conducted to create an understanding of the discipline and a vignette study was conducted to compare the social workers assessments in two municipalities in Stockholm, Högstad and Lågby. The study's interviews and vignette study was complemented with previous research related to the topic. The theoretical perspective was the basis for the analysis of the empirical study and consisted interconnection of theory by Michel Foucaults as well as Greta Marie Skaus and Erich Fromms perspective which helped us create a better understanding of the discipline in social services. In conclusion, we discussed thoughts and ideas that arose during the study and the results show, among other things, obvious elements of discipline in social services. Additional knowledge from the study contributed to increased understanding was in which way the social services approach to discipline affects their assessments in eviction cases where children are concerned.

With a history of racial discrimination, which inevitably led to illegal occupations of private and public land and subsequent violent evictions, South Africans have enjoyed constitutional protection against illegal and forcible evictions since the mid-1990s. Sweden, a country considerably less accustomed to illegal occupations, does not guarantee the same protection against forcible evictions. However, the recent influx of Roma from Romania and Bulgaria to Sweden without the means to support themselves has resulted in an increase of illegal occupations and led to evictions from publicly owned land. This paper examines: (i) how the case of South Africa relates to the situation in Sweden, (ii) the extent of legal protection offered by Sweden relating to the right to housing and (iii), whether when carrying out such evictions, Sweden respects European legislation and precedent. The results show that South African and European courts have interpreted the right to housing as a right to alternative accommodation for illegal occupants. With no constitutional right to housing in Sweden, legislation only guarantees the right to housing for holders of a permanent right of residence. For EEA citizens, such as Romanians or Bulgarians, the right of residence is conditional. In the absence of a legal obligation to consider the situation of illegal occupiers or to provide alternative accommodation, there seems to be a gap in Swedish legislation; leading to a failure on the behalf of the state to adhere to European commitments and to protect those most vulnerable in society.

Chaque année, près de 165 000 ménages locataires sont assignés au tribunal par leurspropriétaires dans d'une procédure d'expulsion pour dette locative, soit plus de 1% des ménagesrésidant dans le parc locatif de France métropolitaine. Fondée sur une enquête statistique etethnographique menée dans un département populaire de région parisienne, cette thèse restitue lesinégalités de trajectoire procédurale d'un échantillon de locataires en procédure d'expulsion, en lienavec l'activité des institutions publiques chargées de recouvrir leurs créances et d'administrer cecontentieux : commissions de travail social liées au droit au logement, tribunaux d'instance, bureaudes expulsions de la préfecture et commissariats de police. Elle met tout d'abord en lumière lesconditions et la rationalité économiques spécifiques qui conduisent un nombre important deménages populaires à suspendre le paiement du loyer plutôt que de recourir à d'autres circuitsd'endettement. La thèse analyse ensuite les dispositifs de recouvrement et les usages du droit quemobilisent les propriétaires afin de recouvrir et de sanctionner les créances locatives, et letraitement que réserve l'institution judiciaire à leurs demandes et aux locataires indisciplinés. Elleétudie enfin les logiques régaliennes de l'autorisation administrative et de l'exécution, par lesservices de l’État et les acteurs publics locaux, du concours de la force publique à l'encontre desménages condamnés par le tribunal et se refusant à quitter leur logement. En définitive, la thèseanalyse l'endettement locatif comme une transaction à crédit particulière, dont les dispositifs derecouvrement et de sanction coercitive font apparaître la violence légitime de l’État comme uneinstance nécessaire à la reproduction du marché du logement, de ses normes économiques commedes inégalités de statuts résidentiels qui le structurent. / Every year, nearly 165,000 indebted tenants are summoned to French housing courtsbecause of rent arrears. This number represents more than 1% of the renter households in thecountry. Based on an inquiry, both statistical and ethnographic, which we conducted in a destituedistrict in the Parisian suburbs, this dissertation sheds light on the unequal judicial trajectories of asample of indebted tenants facing a court summons, and analyzes the activity of the publicinstitutions in charge of collecting rent debts and carrying out eviction proceedings. The study firsthighlights the specific economic rationality which leads impoverished households to suspend thepayment of their rent rather than sacrifyng other domestic expenditures or taking out other types ofcredit. The dissertation then focuses on how landlords bring the dispute to court, and identifies thefactors of the judge's ruling in evictions cases. Thirdly, the research deals with the work of the localstate “eviction bureau” employees, who deliver legal authorizations to police eviction squads toexecute the court-orderedj physical removal of the defaulting renters who refuse to vacate thepremisses. By studying rent debts collection practices and legal eviction proceedings, thisdissertation shows how the State's legitimate violence, both physical and symbolic, enables thereproduction of the rental housing market.

In this article the author show us the situation of the precarious along the eviction process where they are involved. Likewise, he tell us regarding the cumbersome situation and the null legal certainty that existed about this theme before the emission of the Fourth Civil Cassation Plenaries.After the Plenaries, the author points, were given rules to identify this matterand reach uniforms conclusions by judges, which represents an advance in the predictability of the judicial decisions about the eviction by precarious occupation. / En el presente artículo el autor no presenta la situación de los precarios y los procesos de desalojos donde se ven involucrados. Asimismo, nos cuenta acerca de la situación engorrosa y la nula seguridad jurídica que existía acerca del tema antes de la emisión del Cuarto Pleno Casatorio Civil. A partir del Pleno, señala el autor, se dieron reglas para identificar este problema y llegar a conclusiones uniformes por parte de los jueces, lo que representa un avance en la predictibilidad de las resoluciones judiciales sobre el desalojo por ocupación precaria.