Chris Marker é um cineasta que realizou documentários políticos pouco convencionais ao longo de quase sessenta anos de carreira. Depois de uma militância ativa e inserida no coração de acontecimentos cruciais na França e na Europa, e de uma carreira literária como editor, ensaísta e romancista, natural que seus filmes, vistos isoladamente, provoquem as mais equivocadas interpretações. Esta pesquisa procura, através de um levantamento de seus filmes e escritos, dos debates que foram se travando sobre a vida nacional francesa e mundial, sempre retomando os fios dos acontecimentos decisivos do período do Front Populaire (1936), da ocupação da França pelos nazistas e das lutas de Resistência buscar uma interpretação para muitos dos aspectos aparentemente desconcertantes de sua filmografia. Ao longo dos capítulos a pesquisa aborda, a partir de documentação esparsa em textos, declarações, debates, frases de filmes, os elementos biográficos \"enigmáticos\" de que se tem conhecimento, dada a discrição do cineasta sobre a sua pessoa. Em seguida o momento crucial da entrada de Marker, com 16 anos, no liceu em Paris e turbulências do ano de 1936, na França, discorre sobre o Front Populaire. Depois foca o nascimento de uma corrente, da qual Chris Marker participa, influenciada pela filosofia personalista de Emmanuel Mounier; e depois sua passagem pela revista Esprit e posteriormente a sua integração nas lutas da Resistência. Seguindo os passos do futuro cineasta, aborda o impacto da Resistência na vida militante e a formação dos cineclubes no meio operário com a Associação Peuple et Culture. Toda esta trajetória é permeada por comentários e análises de cenas dos futuros documentários. Por fim a pesquisa, aborda a problemática do cinema militante, analisando L\'ambassade (1973), filme de solidariedade com a Unidade Popular chilena e contra o golpe de Pinochet e o curta sobre o editor François Maspero. Os últimos percalços de nosso percurso busca construir um debate sobre A. Medvedkine e V. Maiakóvsky e a profanação da arte moderna, procurando investigar como na obra de Chris Marker coincidem cinema militante, cinema experimental, cinema ensaio e cinema documentário. / Chris Marker is an intriguing filmmaker who produced unconventional political documentaries over almost sixty years. After an active militancy, and inserted in the heart of crucial events in France and Europe, and working on a literary career as an editor, essayist and novelist, it is natural that his films, viewed in isolation, could cause the most equivocal interpretations. This research seeks, through a detailed analyses of his films and writings, to work with the debates that were important on the French national and global life of his time. Always thinking about the decisive events of the Front Populaire in the period (1936), the occupation of France by the German Nazis and the participation of Marker in the struggles of the Resistance. All of this puzzeled elements seek an interpretation for many of the seemingly confusing aspects of his filmography. Throughout the chapters of this research, we seek to approach, with this documentation, texts, statements, debates, films phrases, the enigmatic biographical elements of his uncanny formation. Marker is known by the discretion about himself. Working on his years of youth and formation, we see that when aged 16, in high school in Paris and the 1936 year in France, discussing at length the Front Populaire, we seek to work about Chris Marker influence by the personalist philosophy of Emmanuel Mounier and then by Esprit and later in it\'s integration in the struggles of resistance. Following in the footsteps of the filmmaker, this work discusses the impact of this years in his militant life, including the training of workers film clubs. All this history is permeated by scenes and debates of his future documentaries. Finally, the research addresses the issue of militant cinema, analyzing L\'ambassade (1973), the solidarity with the Chilean Popular Unity and the struggle against the totalitarian latin american dictatorships, and a short film-portrait of the editor Maspero. We end our research with a debate on A. Medvedkine and V. Mayakovsky and the profanation of modern art, trying to investigate how the work of Chris Marker coincide with militant cinema, experimental cinema, film essay and documentary cinema.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo o mapeamento do espaço que ocupa Terayama Shūji, poeta, escritor, dramaturgo e diretor de cinema japonês, frente ao período histórico a que pertenceu e frente às teorias da vanguarda e do pós-modernismo. A investigação se inicia com o período do pós-guerra no Japão, quando em meio a protestos e ansiedades políticas, floresce na capital do país uma nova vanguarda artística. O primeiro capítulo é dedicado a um exame do teatro angura e da nova onda do cinema, dois movimentos dos quais Terayama fez parte. Procura-se então delinear suas propostas artísticas e suas principais influências, japonesas e estrangeiras, examinando como seu trabalho se aproxima ou se afasta do paradigma pós-moderno conforme teorizado principalmente por Fredric Jameson, mas levando em conta reflexões sobre as aplicações desse conceito especificamente no Japão. Por fim, o último capítulo se debruçará sobre dois longas-metragens do diretor Joguem seus livros, vamos às ruas, de 1971, e Pastoral: Morrer no campo, de 1974 de modo a encontrar exemplos do seu caráter experimental, subversivo, de sua insurreição contra as instituições da família e do Estado e de suas complexas relações com a política, a história, o pastiche e a espetacularização. / This research aims at mapping the space occupied by Terayama Shūji, a Japanese poet, playwright and filmmaker, in his historical context and in relation to avant-garde and postmodernism theories. The investigation begins with postwar Tokyo, when amid protests and a climate of political anxiety, a new avant-garde movement starts to flourish. The first chapter is dedicated to an examination of the angura theatre and the Japanese new wave, two of the movements Terayama was part of. We shall then trace his general artistic views and main influences, Japanese and foreign, examining how they relate to postmodern characteristics as theorized mainly by Fredric Jameson, but also inquiring at how this very concept can apply to the Japanese context. In the last chapter, we shall take two of Terayamas feature films Throw Away Your Books, Rally In The Streets and Pastoral: To Die in The Country for further analysis, in order to find more specific examples of his experimental and subversive character, his rejection of the institutions of family and the State, and his complex relationship with politics, history, pastiche and spectacularization.

Cette thèse de doctorat se consacre à l’analyse de périodiques créés au cours du XXe siècle par des cinéastes et des plasticiens à l’œuvre dans le champ des avant-gardes et du cinéma expérimental. Les revues forment des objets plastiques et spéculatifs, complexes et composites de par les relations qui se nouent entre le texte et l’image, les montages qui se créent et le défi que constitue la transposition des images filmiques. En quoi ces revues d’artistes témoignent-elles d’une recherche expérimentale ? Comment les revues d’artistes participent-elles à une histoire critique et plastique des formes cinématographiques ? L’étude tente de comprendre les manières originales dont les cinéastes et les plasticiens se saisissent des revues afin d’élaborer, défendre, documenter, objectiver et analyser certains paradigmes cinématographiques. À quels titres les revues deviennent elles-mêmes des propositions expérimentales, des laboratoires de recherche sur les liens entre l’image et le texte ? Nous observerons comment, grâce à leurs propositions techniques, graphiques et visuelles propres, les revues exposent certains enjeux matériels, poétiques, plastiques et théoriques propres à l’image cinématographique, comment elles questionnent le regard. Les revues offrent des plateformes de diffusion et de dissémination esthétiques, servent à ouvrir des réseaux de circulation pour les idées, singulières ou collectives, des rédacteurs en chef. Comment accompagnent-elles leurs efforts dans la construction d’un milieu cinématographique alternatif ? Les revues Dada I de Tristan Tzara et Hans Arp (1916), Dada Sinn der Welt de John Heartfield et George Grosz (1921), Le Promenoir de Jean Epstein, Pierre Deval et Jean Lacroix (1921-1922), G. für elementare Geschaltung de Hans Richter (1923-1926), Close Up du groupe Pool composé de Kenneth Macpherson, Bryher et H.D. (1927-1933), Film Culture de Jonas Mekas (1955-1996) et Cantrill’s Filmnotes d’Arthur et Corinne Cantrill (1971-2000) forment le corpus de cette thèse qui vise à contribuer à une histoire plastique des publications expérimentales. / This PhD thesis focuses on analyzing periodicals created during the XXth Century by both visual artists and filmmakers operating in the realm of avantgardes and experimental cinema. The journals become plastic, conceptual, complex, and composite objects because of the interplay between text and image as well as the reproduction of images and realization of photomontages. How these artists’ journals show signs of an experimental approach ? How do artists’ journals contribute to the critical and plastic history of film ? The dissertation aims to understand the unique ways the visual artists and filmmakers make use of the journals to create, defend, document, visualize and analyze some cinematic paradigms. To what extent the journals become in turn experimental works about the relationships between text and image ? We will study how magazines exhibit various plastic, aesthetical, theoretical, and poetical dimensions at stake in the cinematic image, relying on specific technical, graphic and visual undertakings, and how they call into question the perception. Journals become instrumentalized in ensuring the movement of the editors’ ideas, either collective or indivuals. How do journals support the editors’ efforts in building an alternative cinema domain ? Dada I edited by Tristan Tzara and Hans Arp (1916), Dada Sinn der Welt by John Heartfield and George Grosz (1921), Le Promenoir by Jean Epstein, Pierre Deval and Jean Lacroix (1921-1922), G. für elementare Geschaltung by Hans Richter (1923-1926), Close Up by Kenneth Macpherson, Bryher and H.D. (1927-1933), Film Culture by Jonas Mekas (1955-1996) and Cantrill’s Filmnotes by Arthur et Corinne Cantrill (1971-2000) form the corpus of this PhD thesis, which aims to contribute to a plastic history of experimental publications.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise se penche sur la place du cinéma analogique à l’ère du « tout-numérique », en particulier dans le domaine du cinéma d’avant-garde. Le premier chapitre se consacre, d’un point de vue historique et théorique, sur «l’air du temps cinématographique», c’est-à-dire, sur le statut de la pellicule dans un contexte où l’on assiste à la disparition du format 35mm, tout aussi bien comme support de diffusion dans les salles de cinéma qu’à l’étape du tournage et de la postproduction. Face à une industrie qui tend à rendre obsolète le travail en pellicule, tout en capitalisant sur l’attrait de celle-ci en la reproduisant par le biais de simulacres numériques, il existe des regroupements de cinéastes qui continuent de défendre l’art cinématographique sur support argentique. Ainsi, le deuxième chapitre relève la pluralité des micros-laboratoires cinématographiques qui offrent des formes de résistance à cette domination du numérique. Nous nous intéresserons également, en amont, aux mouvements des coopératives tels que la Film-Maker’s Cooperative de New York et la London Filmmaker’s Coop afin de comprendre le changement de paradigme qui s’est opéré au sein de l’avant-garde cinématographique entre les années 50 et 70. Les mouvements de coopératives cherchaient avant tout une autonomie créative, tandis que les collectifs contemporains dédiés à la pellicule assurent la pérennité d’une pratique en voie de disparition. Finalement, le troisième chapitre propose une étude de cas sur le collectif de cinéastes montréalais Double Négatif. Ce chapitre relate tout aussi bien l’historique du collectif (fondement du groupe lors de leur passage à l’université Concordia), les spécificités qui émanent de leur filmographie (notamment les multiples collaborations musicales) ainsi que leur dévouement pour la diffusion de films sur support pellicule, depuis bientôt dix ans, au sein de la métropole. À l’image de d’autres regroupements similaires ailleurs sur la planète (Process Reversal, l’Abominable, Filmwerplaats pour ne nommer que ceux-là) le collectif Double Négatif montre des voies à suivre pour assurer que le cinéma sur pellicule puisse se décliner au futur. / This master’s thesis reflects upon the place of analogue cinema in the new digital era of film, particularly within the avant-garde. The first chapter explores from a historical and theoretical point of view the current cinematographic trends, i.e., the status of celluloid in the context of its disappearance, whether it is as a projecting medium or at the production and postproduction stage. Facing an industry which encourages the obsolescence of celluloid (but continues to attempt to reproduce its aesthetic through digital means), there exists filmmaking collectives which continue to defend the use of film in their practice. The second chapter reveals the pluralism of cinematographic micro-laboratories which offer a form of resistance to digital domination. In order to understand the paradigm shift which occured during the 1950s and 1970s within the avant-garde we will also examine the cooperatives movement such as the Film-Maker’s Cooperative in New York and the London Filmmaker’s Coop. The cooperatives movement was above all searching for artistic autonomy, whereas comtemporary collectives dedicated to celluloid tend to ensure the preservation of an endangered practice. The third chapter proposes a case study on the Montreal film-collective Double Negative. This chapter relates the history of the collective (creation of the group during their studies at Concordia University), the specificities of their filmography (particularly their musical collaborations) as well as their devotion to the diffusion and projection of films on celluloid. Like other similar groups (Process Reversal, l’Abominable, Filmwerplaats, to name a few) the Double Negative collective paves the way to ensure the survival of the celluloid medium in cinema.

Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de ses documents visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Privilégiant une approche généalogique et intertextuelle, cette étude interroge le dispositif du plan-séquence fixe à travers ses moments phares dans l’histoire du cinéma et démontre que son usage vise autant à renouer avec le cinéma des premiers temps qu’à poursuivre les préoccupations des cinéastes expérimentaux. Chez Andy Warhol, le plan-séquence fixe s’inscrit dans un rapport de redécouverte et d’enchantement du cinéma des premiers temps. Avec Jeanne Dielman, Chantal Akerman prolonge les traits du modernisme bazinien et de l’avant-garde new-yorkaise. Avec l’avènement de la vidéosurveillance, il se transforme en une esthétique carcérale qui pose dès lors des problèmes éthiques et esthétiques (voyeurisme, degré zéro de la mise en scène, etc.), questionnés dans les documentaires News from Home et Délits flagrants. Forme commune et majeure dans le cinéma d’auteur contemporain de même que dans la culture populaire et amateur (web film, série télé, etc.), le plan-séquence fixe permet d’analyser un ensemble de pratiques et de réalités du cinéma, de l’usine Lumière à YouTube. / Favouring an approach at once genealogical and intertextual, this study explores the practice of the "static sequence shot" (plan-séquence caméra fixe) in cinema. It offers an overview of its significant moments in film history. It tries to show how its use since the 70's can be seen as a reappraisal of early cinema technique, and can also find strong echos in the works of experimental filmmakers, in particular structural filmmaking. For Andy Warhol, the static sequence shot was both a rediscovery and an enchantment of early cinema. In Jeanne Dielman Chantal Akerman's static shots extended Bazinian Modernism into the New York Avant-garde. Since the 80's, with the advent of video surveillance, the static sequence shot becomes associated with a carceral apparatus, posing ethical and aesthetic issues (voyeurism, degree zero mechanisms, etc.). These issues are at the core of the documentary films News from Home and Délits flagrants. Today, we can witness that the static sequence shot has become increasingly important and almost dominant in certain branches of auteur cinema as well as in contemporary popular media culture (web films, T.V. series, etc.) This master's thesis thus claims it allows us to analyse current as well as early practices of cinema, from the Lumière' s factory to YouTube.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pablo Souza de Villavicencio.pdf: 2495837 bytes, checksum: 94b2ead88ea96de058248c6bc50793c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / By focusing on montage or editing that can characterize a method of temporal construction, this study confronts two medias that operate moving images, which suggests different ways of thinking about time. We will discuss the issue of time in the cinema and on video through a brief discrimination between the two languages and, as an example, we will analyze editing and images and sounds on the video Trovoada, in an effort to grasp the temporalities that are characteristic of video. Next, for purposes of comparison, we will analyze the movie Nick s movie (or Lightning Over Water), in which there is a dialogue between cinema and video. Before the digital age, the nature of the supports used in the cinema and in video was different. We understand that both are based in distinct procedures in producing images in movement and generate specific languages that show different temporalities. This difference can be understood as the matrix of the characteristics of the languages. Cinema was the first medium to operate moving images and, by doing this, it opened up broader questioning regarding time, insofar as it moves from a static image to an image that has a specific duration. Video, on the other hand, comes about as an electronic image in which there is effectively an inscription of time in the support itself, and which offers new editing techniques and procedures. We have considered, as a hypothesis, that there are different kinds of times and montages in cinema and video and that the two languages are differentiated by more specific constructions, or that their dialogue takes place in more hybrid constructions: the times articulated in both supports are distinct from each other and blend together. The main authors who have built the theoretical basis of this research are: Arlindo Machado, Raymond Bellour, André Parente, Gene Youngblood, Philippe Dubois, Yvana Fechine, Lucrecia D Alessio Ferrara, Christine Mello and Gilles Deleuze / Com foco na montagem ou edição que pode caracterizar um modo de construção temporal, este é um estudo de confronto entre dois meios que operam imagens em movimento, o que sugere modos diferentes de pensar o tempo. Abordamos a questão do tempo no cinema e no vídeo através de uma breve discriminação entre as duas linguagens, e, como exemplo, analisamos a edição e as imagens e sons no vídeo Trovoada, a fim de apreender as temporalidades características do vídeo. Em seguida e a título de comparação, analisamos o filme Um filme para Nick, no qual há um diálogo entre cinema e vídeo. Antes da era digital, a natureza dos suportes utilizados no cinema e no vídeo era diferente. Entendemos que ambos têm origem em procedimentos distintos na produção da imagem em movimento e geram linguagens específicas que evidenciam diferentes temporalidades. Essa diferença pode ser entendida como a matriz das características das linguagens. O cinema foi o primeiro meio a operar imagens em movimento e, com isso, abriu um questionamento maior sobre o tempo, na medida em que se passa da imagem estática para a imagem que possui determinada duração. Já o vídeo surge como imagem eletrônica em que efetivamente há uma inscrição do tempo no próprio suporte, e que traz novas técnicas e procedimentos de edição. Consideramos, como hipótese, que há diferentes tipos de tempos e montagens no cinema e no vídeo e que as duas linguagens se diferenciam em construções mais específicas, ou dialogam em construções mais híbridas: os tempos articulados nos dois suportes se distinguem e se mesclam. Os principais autores que constroem a fundamentação teórica desta pesquisa são: Arlindo Machado, Raymond Bellour, André Parente, Gene Youngblood, Philippe Dubois, Yvana Fechine, Lucrécia D Alessio Ferrara, Christine Mello e Gilles Deleuze

Après avoir passé plus de 4 ans dans des camps de travail forcé, Jonas Mekas, lituanien, est déporté avec son frère par les Nations-Unies en 1949 aux États-Unis. Les deux rescapés de la seconde guerre mondiale dédient alors leur temps au cinéma. Dès leur arrivée, ils se procurent une caméra 16 mm bolex et se tournent vers le cinéma expérimental, grâce, entre autre, à une de ces cinéastes pionnières américaine Maya Deren. En marge de l'industrie cinématographique hollywoodienne, Jonas Mekas participe à l'édification de structures - coopératives, associations, magazines, journaux - afin de rendre accessible ce genre filmique, de lui obtenir une reconnaissance publique et de, ultimement, le préserver. En 1969, il réalise un film intitulé "Diaries, Notes and Sketches : Also Known as Walden". Mekas réalise ensuite des films qui réemploient des séquences qui se trouvent dans cette première ébauche filmique. Ce processus se retrace au sein de son « premier essai » numérique qu'il réalise à l'ère cybériste intitulé "The First Forty" (2006), composé de vidéos et de descriptions textuelles. Tout comme il l’avait fait avec Walden, Mekas présente explicitement celui-ci à un public, en l’occurrence son nouveau public d'internautes, qui en prend connaissance sur son site web officiel. La présentation numérique et la table des matières papier accompagnant "Diaries, Notes and Sketches : Also Known as Walden" rédigée par l'artiste en 1969 ont une fonction similaire au sens où, par elles, Jonas Mekas donne ces deux créations aux spectateurs. Nous avons choisi d'employer le terme de dispositif pour parler de ces « objets » qui font appel à diverses formes énonciatives afin de créer un effet spécifique chez le spectateur. En explorant la théorie sociologique moderne du don développée par Jacques T. Godbout, notre projet a été de relever « l'esprit de don » qui se retrace au sein de ces dispositifs. Cette étude nous permet de constater que les dispositifs audiovisuels / cinématographiques que développa Mekas sont des « objets » qui peuvent être reçus tel des dons suscitant le désir de donner chez les spectateurs. Ils sont le ciment symbolique personnel et collectif nécessaire à l’accomplissement du processus de « reconnaissance » qu’implique le don. / Having spent more than 4 years in camps of forced labor, Jonas Mekas, Lithuanian, is deported by the United-Nations in 1949 to the United States. With his brother, both survivors of the Second World War, they manage to acquire a bolex 16 mm camera. Outside the Hollywood cinematographic industry, Mekas participates to the institutionalization of the underground artistic community by creating cooperatives, associations and magazines. Mekas is devoting his time to make experimental film genre accessible and allows it to become publicly recognized for its artistic value, which would lead towards protecting and preserving it. In 1969, Mekas produced "Diaries, Notes and Sketches: Also Known has Walden" which condense 4 years of capturing everyday events, people, New York, nature. From his Walden, Mekas will reuse some sequences found in this first draft when comes the time to edit new films. In 2006, Mekas produces his “first digital essay” entitled "The First Forty" (2006). It consists in a presentation of his cinematic labor to a new public, his “new Internet Audience”, in which sequences of Walden appear. Accessible on his official website, this digital piece is composed by videos and their textual descriptions, reminding us of Diaries, Notes and Sketches: Also Known has Walden and its table of content drafted by the artist in 1969. These two apparatus have a similar function : by them, Jonas Mekas explicitly gives these two pieces to the spectators. By investigating the sociological “gift theory” developed by the Jacques T. Godbout, our project was to reveal how “the gift spirit" can be found within those two creations. This study allows us to believe that audiovisual/cinematographic apparatus created by Mekas are “objects” which can be received such as gifts leading to arrouse the spectator’s desire to give in his turn. In this way, they are personal and collective symbolic cement necessary for the fulfillment of the process of “recognition” which involves the gift spirit.

Privilégiant une approche généalogique et intertextuelle, cette étude interroge le dispositif du plan-séquence fixe à travers ses moments phares dans l’histoire du cinéma et démontre que son usage vise autant à renouer avec le cinéma des premiers temps qu’à poursuivre les préoccupations des cinéastes expérimentaux. Chez Andy Warhol, le plan-séquence fixe s’inscrit dans un rapport de redécouverte et d’enchantement du cinéma des premiers temps. Avec Jeanne Dielman, Chantal Akerman prolonge les traits du modernisme bazinien et de l’avant-garde new-yorkaise. Avec l’avènement de la vidéosurveillance, il se transforme en une esthétique carcérale qui pose dès lors des problèmes éthiques et esthétiques (voyeurisme, degré zéro de la mise en scène, etc.), questionnés dans les documentaires News from Home et Délits flagrants. Forme commune et majeure dans le cinéma d’auteur contemporain de même que dans la culture populaire et amateur (web film, série télé, etc.), le plan-séquence fixe permet d’analyser un ensemble de pratiques et de réalités du cinéma, de l’usine Lumière à YouTube. / Favouring an approach at once genealogical and intertextual, this study explores the practice of the "static sequence shot" (plan-séquence caméra fixe) in cinema. It offers an overview of its significant moments in film history. It tries to show how its use since the 70's can be seen as a reappraisal of early cinema technique, and can also find strong echos in the works of experimental filmmakers, in particular structural filmmaking. For Andy Warhol, the static sequence shot was both a rediscovery and an enchantment of early cinema. In Jeanne Dielman Chantal Akerman's static shots extended Bazinian Modernism into the New York Avant-garde. Since the 80's, with the advent of video surveillance, the static sequence shot becomes associated with a carceral apparatus, posing ethical and aesthetic issues (voyeurism, degree zero mechanisms, etc.). These issues are at the core of the documentary films News from Home and Délits flagrants. Today, we can witness that the static sequence shot has become increasingly important and almost dominant in certain branches of auteur cinema as well as in contemporary popular media culture (web films, T.V. series, etc.) This master's thesis thus claims it allows us to analyse current as well as early practices of cinema, from the Lumière' s factory to YouTube. / Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de ses documents visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

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Mai 1968 en France ouvre la voie à un renouveau du cinéma d'intervention sociale et politique, qui adopte le plus souvent la forme documentaire. Deux ans plus tard, émerge le Mouvement de libération des femmes (MLF), un "nouveau féminisme" qui invite les femmes à lutter contre leur oppression spécifique et pour la libre disposition de leur corps et de leur sexualité. Cette thèse propose d'étudier les rapports qui se nouent entre cinéma, vidéo et féminisme entre 1968 et 1981 en France, sous les angles à la fois historique et esthétique, des pratiques de production/diffusion et des formes filmiques. Comment la caméra a-t-elle été investie pour accompagner et populariser les luttes féministes ? Quel a été l'impact du féminisme dans le champ cinématographique et vidéographique ? Un parcours au cœur d'un corpus filmique riche, protéiforme et méconnu doit permettre de dessiner cette histoire complexe et de montrer que, puissant instrument de contre-pouvoir et d'agitation directe, la caméra s'impose aussi aux femmes comme un moyen d'expression et de créativité privilégié dans leur quête d'identité individuelle et collective. La première partie revient sur l'irruption de la "question des femmes" à l'intérieur du cinéma militant reconfiguré après mai 1968 : l'ouverture d'un front féministe spécifique au sein d'un cinéma orienté principalement vers la lutte des classes se révèle très limitée et parfois conflictuelle. La seconde partie interroge l'apparition d'une pratique féministe autonome des femmes, qui s'orientent vers une démarche politique d'auto-représentation, dans le champ de la vidéo militante. S'emparer de la caméra répond ici à une exigence politique de prise de parole et de réappropriation de leur corps et de leur sexualité par l'image. Au-delà du noyau dur des films d'intervention, la troisième partie interroge les usages et les politiques féministes du cinéma. Elle soumet en particulier le "cinéma des femmes" à l'épreuve du féminisme, au crible de ses théories et de ses pratiques. / May 1968 in France opens the way to a renewal of a cinema of social and political intervention that most often adopts a documentary form. Two years later, the Women's Liberation Movement a "new feminism" emerges and invites women to fight against their own oppression and for a freedom of choice with matters regarding their body and their sexuality. This thesis proposes to study the relations forged between cinema, video and feminism between 1968 and 1981 in France, both historically and aesthetically, in terms of production/distribution practices and film forms. In what ways has the camera been invested with the task of accompanying and popularizing feminist struggles ? What has the impact of feminism been in the field of cinema and video ? A look at a rich, diverse and little known body of films allows us to trace this complex history and to show that, as a powerful anti¬establishment and direct action instrument, the camera imposes itself as a preferred means of expression and creativity in women's search for an individual and collective identity. The first part addresses the sudden development of the "woman question" in a militant cinema that reconfigures itself after May 1968 : the opening of a specific feminist coalition within a cinema that was mostly oriented towards class struggle reveals itself as very limited and sometimes antagonistic. The second part questions the appearance of an autonomous feminist practice by women that takes a political approach to self-representation in the field of video activism. Here, taking hold of the camera is a response to a political need to speak out and to reappropriate their body and their sexuality through the image. Beyond the hard core of militant films, the third part examines the uses and the feminist politics of cinema. In particular, it puts "women's cinema" to the test in terms of feminism in order to closely examine its theories and practices.