Every fire on the forest environment that escapes man's control is called forest fire. Despite the fire being a natural agent within ecosystems, when badly managed, can cause damage that involve environmental sphere as well as the economic and social. From the knowledge of the power of fire destruction emerges the sense of establishing prevention and fighting forest fires. In order to improve prevention activities in eucalyptus plantations of the city of Inhambupe was performed the estimate probability of fire occurrence and modeling forest fire risk. For this, initially, through the use of climatic variables, indexes of Angstron, Logarithmic of Telicyn, Rodríguez and Moretti, Nesterov, and the formulas of Monte Alegre and Monte Alegre Altered were compared, based on the evaluation of the Heidke Skill Score. Subsequently, the modeling of forest fire risk map was performed by developing and integrating preliminary risk maps of natural and social variables: slope, urban area, road system, network watershed, appearance and soil use and occupancy. Finally, both approaches was compared to historical occurrences of forest fires and registry of burned areas in plantations of eucalyptus, for the purpose of determined the applicability of them. By the obtained data it was determined for the city of Inhambupe that the Logarithmic of Telicyn Index and the adjusted Formula of Monte Alegre was appropriate to determine the probability of forest fires. Furthermore, it was shown that more than 75% of the area is at risk of "high" to "extreme" of the emergence and development of the same / Todo fogo no ambiente florestal que foge do controle do homem é denominado de incêndio florestal. O fogo, apesar de ser um agente natural presente nos ecossistemas, quando mal manejado, pode causar danos que englobam tanto a esfera ambiental quanto a econômica e a social. É a partir do conhecimento desse poder de destruição que se desperta o sentimento de se estabelecer ações de prevenção e combate aos incêndios florestais. Visando aprimorar ações de prevenção, em povoamentos de eucalipto presentes no município de Inhambupe, foram realizadas a estimativa da probabilidade de ocorrência e a modelagem do risco de incêndio florestal. Para isso, inicialmente, por meio da utilização de variáveis climáticas, foram comparados os índices de Angstron, Logarítmico de Telicyn, Rodríguez e Moretti, Nesterov, e as fórmulas de Monte Alegre e Monte Alegre Alterada, baseados na avaliação do Skill Score de Heidke. Posteriormente, foi realizada a modelagem do mapa de risco de incêndio florestal, mediante a elaboração e integração de mapas preliminares de risco de variáveis naturais e sociais: inclinação, área urbana, sistema viário, malha hidrográfica, aspecto e uso e ocupação do solo. Por fim, ambas as metodologias foram comparadas ao histórico de ocorrências de incêndios florestais e ao registro de áreas queimadas, oriundos de plantios de eucalipto, a fim de determinar a aplicabilidade das mesmas. Mediante os dados obtidos, determinou-se para o município de Inhambupe o Índice Logarítmico de Telicyn e a Fórmula de Monte Alegre ajustada como adequadas para estimar a probabilidade de ocorrência de incêndios florestais. Além disso, foi evidenciado que mais de 75% da área encontra-se em risco alto a extremo de surgimento e desenvolvimento dos mesmos

Every fire on the forest environment that escapes man's control is called forest fire. Despite the fire being a natural agent within ecosystems, when badly managed, can cause damage that involve environmental sphere as well as the economic and social. From the knowledge of the power of fire destruction emerges the sense of establishing prevention and fighting forest fires. In order to improve prevention activities in eucalyptus plantations of the city of Inhambupe was performed the estimate probability of fire occurrence and modeling forest fire risk. For this, initially, through the use of climatic variables, indexes of Angstron, Logarithmic of Telicyn, Rodríguez and Moretti, Nesterov, and the formulas of Monte Alegre and Monte Alegre Altered were compared, based on the evaluation of the Heidke Skill Score. Subsequently, the modeling of forest fire risk map was performed by developing and integrating preliminary risk maps of natural and social variables: slope, urban area, road system, network watershed, appearance and soil use and occupancy. Finally, both approaches was compared to historical occurrences of forest fires and registry of burned areas in plantations of eucalyptus, for the purpose of determined the applicability of them. By the obtained data it was determined for the city of Inhambupe that the Logarithmic of Telicyn Index and the adjusted Formula of Monte Alegre was appropriate to determine the probability of forest fires. Furthermore, it was shown that more than 75% of the area is at risk of "high" to "extreme" of the emergence and development of the same / Todo fogo no ambiente florestal que foge do controle do homem é denominado de incêndio florestal. O fogo, apesar de ser um agente natural presente nos ecossistemas, quando mal manejado, pode causar danos que englobam tanto a esfera ambiental quanto a econômica e a social. É a partir do conhecimento desse poder de destruição que se desperta o sentimento de se estabelecer ações de prevenção e combate aos incêndios florestais. Visando aprimorar ações de prevenção, em povoamentos de eucalipto presentes no município de Inhambupe, foram realizadas a estimativa da probabilidade de ocorrência e a modelagem do risco de incêndio florestal. Para isso, inicialmente, por meio da utilização de variáveis climáticas, foram comparados os índices de Angstron, Logarítmico de Telicyn, Rodríguez e Moretti, Nesterov, e as fórmulas de Monte Alegre e Monte Alegre Alterada, baseados na avaliação do Skill Score de Heidke. Posteriormente, foi realizada a modelagem do mapa de risco de incêndio florestal, mediante a elaboração e integração de mapas preliminares de risco de variáveis naturais e sociais: inclinação, área urbana, sistema viário, malha hidrográfica, aspecto e uso e ocupação do solo. Por fim, ambas as metodologias foram comparadas ao histórico de ocorrências de incêndios florestais e ao registro de áreas queimadas, oriundos de plantios de eucalipto, a fim de determinar a aplicabilidade das mesmas. Mediante os dados obtidos, determinou-se para o município de Inhambupe o Índice Logarítmico de Telicyn e a Fórmula de Monte Alegre ajustada como adequadas para estimar a probabilidade de ocorrência de incêndios florestais. Além disso, foi evidenciado que mais de 75% da área encontra-se em risco alto a extremo de surgimento e desenvolvimento dos mesmos

The Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) was first introduced in all commercial forest reserves in Sabah in 1997. This policy gives hope to the state government to manage the forests in a sustainable manner following the forest development phase of revenue oriented timber exploitation, which has contributed to the decline in forest resources; the increase in forest degradation and the decrease in state income earned from the forestry sector. Under the SFM concept, the forest of the state was divided into Forest Management Units (FMUs) managed by FMU holders under different institutional arrangements of state, state enterprise and private sector. This study was conducted to investigate the corporate-stakeholder interrelation under the SFM concept implemented by the FMU holder in Sabah, Malaysia. The research was based on the ‘Triple Typology Perspective of Stakeholder Theory’, which encapsulates three different perspectives of ‘conceptual’, ‘corporate’ and ‘stakeholder’ centric. The ‘conceptual’ perspective explores the overall SFM concept and its relation to the FMU holder – stakeholder interaction. The ‘corporate’ view investigates how the FMU holders as the corporate part of the SFM concept deals with their stakeholders; and the ‘stakeholder’ perspective analyses the relation between stakeholders, the FMU holders and SFM implementation. Stakeholder analysis was used to gather information with the application of methods incorporating literature reviews, expert interviews, focus groups, meetings and discussion, questionnaire surveys and Q methodology. Four FMUs were selected as study areas, which managed by the state, state enterprise and private sector. The respondents were encompassed personal of Sabah Forestry Department (SFD), FMU managers and FMU workers, various governmental and non-governmental agencies, and local communities of eight villages located within and in the fringe of FMU areas involved in the study. Under the ‘conceptual centric’, different groups of stakeholders were identified based on SFM documentation, which also provide the normative basis for the SFM concept. The contemporary implementation of SFM was assessed based on stakeholders’ perspective, which indicated that the overall SFM contribution entailed mainly on satisfaction of environment objectives, followed by economic and, to a lesser degree, social objectives. Different categories of stakeholders were identified based on their perceptions of various issues under SFM implementation. These include the level of cooperation or conflict; degree of stakeholder participation; views of specific individuals and a thorough comparison of individual subjectivity. There is, however, an agreement to the statements on the influential factors towards effective SFM implementation, which include the administration and leadership of SFD, and good collaboration between SFD and the FMU holders. Other consensuses were related to the roles of participation in promoting learning about synergy and the importance of various forest uses, and that it should be able to influence the decision-making during the consultation process. The implementation of SFM was agreed in influencing towards investment in the forestry sector and the development of the rural area in the state. The ‘corporate centric’ indicates the different approaches of stakeholder management under the different arrangements of FMU holders. The SFM operations with a high level of stakeholder involvement were identified as community forestry programme followed by forest conservation, forest protection, development and preparation of plans, administration, human resource development, and research and development. The important stakeholders, according to their degree of involvement in SFM operations were the internal stakeholders of FMU workers, followed by external stakeholders of the staff of SFD, contractors, local communities, local authorities, consultants, businessmen/traders and researchers/scientists. Other stakeholders were various state government agencies, manufacturers, shareholders, NGOs (local), international agencies, NGOs (international), donors, federal government agencies and other FMU holders. The ‘stakeholder centric’ identifies the various stakeholders interests and claims associated with SFM implementation that depend on stakeholder affiliation. The main groups in this study were multi-interest stakeholder groups (n=104) and the local community groups of the selected villages (n=332). The interests and claims of the multi-interest stakeholder group were related to SFM objectives such as good management of the forest, protection and conservation of environment and biodiversity, and protection of water catchment areas. The local community groups, on the other hand, were mainly concerned with the importance of the forest as a source for foods, land for agriculture and other livelihood purposes. There are various approaches for stakeholder relation management (SRM) that are employed by the FMU holders and stakeholders. These may consist of management quality system, CSR program, the community forest development project; inter agency meetings and dialogue; and collaboration and cooperation with other agencies and institutions. SRM can assist in balancing conflicts that arise, promoting cooperation, and advancing the knowledge and understanding on the SFM concept among the stakeholders. The SRM approaches under the SFM implementation can augment participation by the stakeholders, which in turn will promote effective and efficient implementation of SFM. The mutual relation of the SFM concept and SRM is advancing stakeholder participation in promoting effective implementation of SFM at the FMU level. The inter-relation of the ‘triple perspective typology of stakeholder theory’ was integrated as new contexts to achieve objectives for sustainability under SFM policy, with the business case of corporate sustainability, and the wider scope of the ecosystem approach and the sustainable development. / Das Konzept Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) wurde erstmals in allen kommerziellen Waldreservaten in Sabah, Malaysia, im Jahr 1997 eingeführt. Mit dieser Politik verbindet die Landesregierung die Hoffnung, dass die Wälder nun in einer nachhaltigen Art und Weise bewirtschaftet werden können, nachdem die fast ausschließlich auf Einnahmen orientierte Holznutzung zum Rückgang der Waldbestände, zur Zunahme der Waldzerstörung und damit letztendlich auch zum Rückgang der Staatseinnahmen aus der Forstwirtschaft beigetragen hat. Zur Umsetzung des SFM-Konzepts wurde der Staatswald in Forest Management Units (FMU) unterteilt, die von FMU Haltern aus verschiedenen Staatsinstitutionen, Staatsunternehmen und der Privatwirtschaft verwaltet werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das Verhältnis zwischen Unternehmen als FMU-Bewirtschaftern und Stakeholdern im Konzept nachhaltiger Waldbewirtschaftung, das von FMUs in Sabah, Malaysia implementiert wurde. Die Arbeit basiert auf der „Triple-Typology Perspective of Stakeholder Theory“, welche drei verschiedene Perspektiven beinhaltet, die konzeptionell, unternehmensbezogen oder Stakeholder-zentriert sind. Dabei untersucht die konzeptionelle Perspektive SFM-Konzepte und die daraus resultierenden Beziehungen zwischen FMU-Bewirtschafter und ihren jeweiligen Stakeholdern. Die unternehmenszentrierte Sicht legt den Schwerpunkt darauf, wie FMU-Bewirtschafter als Teil des SFM-Konzeptes mit Stakeholdern interagieren. Die Stakeholder-Perspektive analysiert das Verhältnis zwischen Stakeholdern, FMU-Bewirtschafter und der SFM-Implementierung. Die Daten wurden mit Hilfe der Stakeholder-Theorie unter Anwendung quantitativer und qualitativer Methoden wie Literaturrecherche, Experteninterviews, Fokusgruppen, informellen Treffen und Diskussionsrunden, schriftlichen Befragungen und der Q-Methodologie erhoben. Als Untersuchungseinheiten wurden vier FMUs ausgewählt, die durch den Staat, den staatlichen Forstbetrieb und den privatem Sektor bewirtschaftet werden. Die Befragungsteilnehmer setzten sich aus Personal der Forstverwaltung Sabah (Sabah Forestry Department, SFD), den FMU-Bewirtschaftern und –Mitarbeitern, verschiedenen Regierungs- und Nicht-Regierungsorganisationen und lokalen Gemeinschaften in acht Dörfern innerhalb sowie im Randgebiet der FMUs zusammen. In Bezug auf die konzeptionelle Perspektive wurden, basierend auf der SFM-Dokumentation, verschiedene Stakeholder-Gruppen identifiziert, die die normative Basis für das SFM-Konzept liefern. Dessen Implementation wurde aus Sicht der Stakeholder analysiert. Es zeigte sich, dass der gesamte Beitrag zum SFM vornehmlich umweltbezogene Zielsetzungen erfüllt, gefolgt von ökonomischen und, zu einem noch geringeren Grad, sozialen Zielen. Mehrere Kategorien von Stakeholdern wurden auf Grundlage ihrer Wahrnehmung verschiedener Aspekte im Zuge der SFM-Implementation identifiziert. Diese umfassen die Kooperations- oder Konfliktebene, den Grad der Stakeholder-Beteiligung sowie individuelle Betrachtungen. Es gibt eine Übereinstimmung zu Äußerungen, welche Einflussfaktoren hinsichtlich effektiver SFM-Implementierung entscheidend sind. Dabei wurden vor allem das Management und die Führung der, der SFD sowie gute Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem SFD und den FMU-Bewirtschaftern genannt. Weitere Übereinstimmung besteht darin, die Weiterbildung über die Bedeutung unterschiedlicher Waldnutzungen und deren Ausbalancierung zu stärken, um die Entscheidungsfindung im Konsultationsprozess beeinflussen zu können. Auch herrschte Einigkeit darin, durch Investition in den Forstsektor und Entwicklung ländlicher Regionen die Implementation von SFM zu stärken. Der unternehmensbezogene Fokus konzentriert sich auf die verschiedenen Ansätze des Stakeholder-Managements unter unterschiedlichen Charakteristika der FMU-Bewirtschafter. SFM-Maßnahmen mit einem hohen Grad an Stakeholder-Beteiligung sind Gemeinschaftsforstprogramme (community forestry programmes), gefolgt von Waldnaturschutz, Waldschutz, Entwicklung und Vorbereitung von Plänen, Verwaltung, die Entwicklung von Humanressourcen sowie Forschung und Entwicklung. Die wichtigsten Stakeholder, bezogen auf ihren Beteiligungsgrad in SFM-Maßnahmen, waren intern die Mitarbeiter der FMUs und extern die Mitarbeiter der SFD, Vertragsnehmer, lokale Gemeinschaftsgruppen und Verwaltungen, Berater, Geschäftsleute/Händler und Forscher/Wissenschaftler. Weitere Stakeholder waren verschiedene Regierungsorganisationen, Produzenten, Aktionäre, internationale Behörden, lokale und internationale NGOs, Behörden der föderalen Regierung und andere FMU-Bewirtschafter. Die Stakeholder Perspektive identifiziert verschiedene Interessen und Forderungen der Stakeholder, die sich auf die SFM-Implementation beziehen und von der Stakeholder-Zugehörigkeit abhängen. Die Hauptgruppen in dieser Studie waren sogenannte Mehrinteressen-Stakeholder-Gruppen (n=104) und lokale Gemeinschaftsgruppen (n=332). Die Interessen und Forderungen der Mehrinteressen-Stakeholder-Gruppen waren bezogen auf SFM-Ziele wie gute Waldbewirtschaftung, Schutz und Erhaltung der Umwelt und Biodiversität sowie Schutz von Wassereinzugsgebieten. Andererseits stand der Wald als Quelle für Nahrung, landwirtschaftliche Flächen und andere Aspekte des Lebensunterhaltes im Mittelpunkt des Interesses lokaler Gemeinschaftsgruppen. Es gibt zahlreiche Ansätze für das Management von Stakeholder-Beziehungen (Stakeholder Relation Management, SRM), welches durch FMU-Bewirtschafter und Stakeholder genutzt wird. Der SRM-Ansatz besteht aus dem Bewirtschaftungsqualitätssystem, CSR-Programm, dem Gemeinschaftswaldentwicklungsprojekt, multilateralen Treffen und Dialog zwischen den Behörden, und Zusammenarbeit und Kooperation mit anderen Behörden und Organisationen. SRM kann dazu dienen, mögliche Konflikte auszubalancieren, Kooperation zu begünstigen sowie das Wissen und Verständnis von SFM zu fördern. Die Einbindung von SRM in die Implementation von SFM erweitert die Beteiligung der Stakeholder, was wiederum zu einer effektiveren und effizienteren Implementation von SFM auf FMU-Ebene führen kann. Die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen der „Triple-Perspective Typology of Stakeholder Theory“ und dem Ökosystemansatz, der unternehmensbezogenen Nachhaltigkeit und dem Konzept des Sustainable Forest Management bilden die Grundlage, um das Ziel einer umfassenden Nachhaltigkeit zu erreichen.

The climate means a number of different challenges for the forest, which can both suffer large-scale negative consequences, and at the same time create the conditions for more growth, depending on regional conditions. The Swedish forest industry has contributed to the development of Swedish welfare, which historically has also been supported by the government through laws and regulations that made this development possible. The historically strong support for the forest industry is argued in this work to have led to a path dependency in how Swedish forests should be managed in order to optimize growth in the way that the forest industry wants it. Furthermore, it is described how the path-dependent management methods were able to continue, and how today it creates problems when forest management methods need to be adapted in order to be resistant to a changing climate in the long term. A reluctance to adapt the industry's management methods instead puts great trust for climate adaptation in Sweden's large proportion of private forest owners and their local knowledge. This paper aims to investigate how the important local conditions affect forestry climate adaptation efforts, by collecting mixed quantitative and qualitative data with a survey, and using descriptive statistics and a thematic analysis to analyze the survey responses. The result shows that local forest owners have been given a role as forestry climate adaptation agents as a result of a deep-rooted path dependency in Swedish forestry methods, and that information about management methods and climate change affects the forest owners' knowledge of climate adaptation of forestry at the local level.

No description available.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the hard copy. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A case study in miombo woodlands was carried out in Pindanganga and MOFLOR forest concession, Gondola and Dondo Districts respectively, in the centre of Mozambique, to analyse the impact of alternative forest management regimes and sectoral and extra sectoral policies on the well being of stakeholders and conservation of the woodlands. A system dynamics model, MIOMBOSIM, based on game theory and implemented in POWERSIM was developed. The analysis is based on a simulation model of the fluctuation over time of the human population, forest dynamics, harvesting costs of the private sector, household consumption, commercial outputs and prices (timber, charcoal, non timber forest products and domestic animals), using data from field surveys and the literature. It also simulated the effects over time of changes in charcoal production efficiency, sales amount and marketing prices of NTFPs, agricultural output prices, off-miombo greater employment availability and a combination between the changes (simultaneous increase in marketing prices ofNTFPs and agricultural output prices, simultaneous increase in charcoal production efficiency and agricultural output prices, and simultaneous increase in off-miombo greater employment availability and agricultural output prices). The modelling approach chosen allows to evaluate management regimes taking into account the different stakeholder interests, which are often conflicting. This study shows that improvement in the well being of stakeholders and resource conservation can be achieved with sound forest management practices. There is no management regime capable of fully satisfying the goals of the stakeholders. The cooperative management option is potentially beneficial to local communities if properly implemented and can improve the rural livelihoods and the woodland resources condition. It also shows that regulated forest management regimes incorporating social concerns or incorporating social and environmental concerns are potentially more beneficial to the household sector than the open access regime. Results found in the study show that an increase by 10% and 30% on charcoal production efficiency can lead to an increase in the per capita benefits of the household sector by 3.0 to more than 100%, but can not reach the poverty line (one dollar per day per person). An increase by 100% in the sales amount or 100% increase in market selling prices of NTFPs can lead to an increase in the per capita benefits of the household sector. An increase in agricultural output selling prices by 25% without any other incentive leads to agricultural expansion. An increase by 100% in off-miembo employment opportunities in the study areas has an insignificant impact on resource use and conservation for the local communities due to the very low employment opportunities currently in place (0.008% in Pindanganga and 0.005% in MOFLOR area). A combination of these two policies instruments under ceteris paribus condition can improve the well being of the rural communities depending on the management regime option, but can not reach the poverty line (one dollar per day per person). The ranking of the management regime can change depending on the policy instrument applied. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Gevalle-studie is in Miombo boomveld in Pindanganga en MOFLOR, onderskeidelik in die Gondola en Dondo Distrikte in die sentrale deel van Mosambiek, uitgevoer om die impak van alternatiewe bosbestuursisteme en sektorale en ekstra-sektorale beleide op die welstand van belanghebbendes (stakeholders) en bewaring van die boomveld te ontleed. 'n Sisteem-dinamika model, MIOMBOSIM, gebaseer op spel teorie (game theory) en ge-implementeer in POWERSIM, was ontwikkel. Die analise is gebaseer op 'n simulasie-model van die fluktuasie oor tyd van die plaaslike bevolking, bosdinamika, oestingskostes van die private sektor, huishoudelike verbruik, kommersiële uitsette en pryse (hout, houtskool, nie-hout produkte en huishoudelike diere), deur data van veldopnames en uit die literatuur te gebruik. Die invloede oor tyd in veranderinge in effektiwiteit van houtskoolproduksie, verkoopsvlakke en markpryse van nie-hout produkte, landbou uitsetpryse, beskikbare indiensneming buite die Miombo boomveldgebiede, en 'n kombinasie tussen die veranderinge, is ook gesimuleer. Die gekose modelleringsbenadering het dit moontlik gemaak om die bosbestuursisteme te evalueer met inagneming van die verskillende en dikwels teenstrydige behoeftes van die belanghebbendes. Die studie het getoon dat verbetering In die welstand van die belanghebbendes en hulpbronbewaring bereik kan word met gesonde bosbestuurspraktyke. Geeneen van die bosbestuursisteme kan die doelwitte van die belanghebbendes ten volle bevredig nie. Die kooperatiewe bestuursopsie is potensieel voordelig vir die plaaslike gemeeskappe indien behoorlik ge-implementeer, en kan die landelike lewensbestaan sowel as die toestand van die boomveld as hulpbron verbeter. Gereguleerde bosbestuursisteme wat sosiale belange of sosialeomgewingsbelange insluit, is potensieel meer voordelig vir die huishoudelike sektor as die vrye toegangsisteem (open access regime). Resultate van die studie het getoon dat 'n toename van onderskeidelik 10% and 30% in effektiwiteit van houtskoolproduksie kan lei tot 'n toename in per kapita voordele van die huishoudelike sektor van 3.0% tot meer as 100%, maar kan nie lei tot 'n vebetering bokant die armoedevlak nie (een VSA doller per dag per persoon). 'n Toename van 100% in die hoeveelheid verkope of 'n 100% toename in die markverkoopsprys van nie-hout produkte kan lei tot 'n toename in die per kapita voordele van die huishoudelike sektor. 'n Toename in die landbou uitsetverkoopspryse met 25% sonder enige ander insentiewe lei tot landbou-uitbreiding. 'n 100% Toename in indiensnemingsgeleenthede buite die Miombo boomveldgebiede in die studiegebiede het onbeduidende impakte op hulpbrongebruik en bewaring vir die plaaslike gemeenskappe as gevolg van baie lae huidige indiensnemingsgeleenthede (0.008% in Pindanganga en 0.005% in MOFLOR). 'n Kombinasie van die twee beleidsinstrumente onder toestande van ceteris paribus kan die welstand van die landelike gemeenskappe verbeter afhangende van die bestuursisteemopsie, maar kan nie die armoedsvlak oorskry nie (een VSA doller per dag per persoon). Die rangorde van die bestuursisteem kan verander afhangende van watter beleidsinstrument toegepas word.

La thèse a pour objectif de participer à l’étude de l’Union européenne et à celle des relations internationales en ciblant spécifiquement la régulation du secteur forêt-bois-papier. La question de fond est de savoir comment la gestion des forêts est construite en problème public européen. Prenant acte d’un agenda mondial qui donne à voir un problème forestier globalisé et des processus de gouvernance opposant multilatéralisme et acteurs transnationaux, la thèse propose de porter la focale sur les acteurs européens qui définissent et politisent les enjeux forestiers selon leur propre relation à la ressource. Pour ce faire, le travail de recherche s’appuie sur une hypothèse centrale selon laquelle l’institutionnalisation des territoires forestiers constitue une ressource d’action publique pour les acteurs face à la régulation politique multiscalaire. Afin de mettre en avant la capacité des acteurs européens à circuler parmi les échelles de régulation pour participer à la construction des politiques publiques sectorielles, la thèse s’appuie sur un cadre théorique empruntant aux Théories des relations internationales et à l’Analyse des politiques publiques. Forte d’une telle grille d’analyse sociologisée, une seconde partie s’articule autour de trois études de cas de politiques européennes de la forêt (la protection des forêts contre les feux, la valorisation énergétique de la biomasse forestière et la lutte contre le commerce international de bois illégal). Au total, elles montrent toutes trois la capacité des acteurs locaux à territorialiser des enjeux globalisés de gestion d’une ressource naturelle. / This work aims at contributing to the study of the European Union and International Relations. Through analyzing the regulation of forest-based industries and the globalization of forest issues, the aim is to identify how both have been constructed as a European public problem. This is implemented around a central hypothesis: forest territories are institutionalized by actors who participate in its regulation. In order to ascertain the ability of actors to move between scales of regulation, the thesis is grounded on theoretical tools derived from the Theories of international relations and Public policy analysis. After a first part dedicated to defining this approach, a second is presents three case studies of European public policy (forest protection against fire, t renewable energy and actions to counter the trade of illegal wood). In sum, each one shows the ability of actors to territorialize a globalized forest issue.

Forgés par les théoriciens de l’économie environnementale dans les années 1990, les Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE) sont des instruments promus comme d’innovants mécanismes de marché permettant la conservation des ressources naturelles. Cette construction savante circulant dans les sphères académiques et politiques internationales coexiste dans la pratique avec une « variété de PSE ». Présenté comme un idéaltype en matière de PSE, le Programme de Paiement pour Services Environnementaux (PPSE) du Costa Rica, introduit en 1996, est pourtant aux antipodes du modèle théorique de l’économie environnementale. En effet, les PSE tico sont des instruments incitatifs largement financés et mis en oeuvre par l’Etat, qui subventionnent non seulement la conservation des forêts privées mais également la production de bois. Cette thèse « réinjecte » les variables politiques, très souvent occultées dans la littérature en économie environnementale, afin d’expliquer les spécificités des instruments PSE costariciens. En cherchant à saisir « par le bas » les impacts de l’internationalisation de l’action publique, elle identifie deux variables dans les processus de « traduction » de ces instruments importés de l’international, opérant au niveau national et local : le gouvernement par les coalitions d’acteurs et les règles formelles et informelles du régime politique national. Cette enquête interroge la démocratisation et l’éclipse de l’Etat associées communément aux politiques environnementales. Elle montre au contraire que le régime politique costaricien structure et autorise un jeu plutôt fermé et « discret » (Culpepper, 2011) de coalitions d’acteurs, distant du « politics » et structuré autour des intérêts productifs du bois. Ce jeu tend à capturer la fabrique des instruments PSE, afin d'accaparer les flux financiers de la redistribution étatique et de la coopération internationale. Il façonne une enclave de « pluralisme limité » (Linz, 1964 ; Hermet, 2004), confinée au sein du régime démocratique costaricien. / Developed by environmental economists during the 1990s, Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are market mechanisms, promised as being innovative for natural resource conservation. This theoretical construction, circulating within academic and international political spheres, coexists in practice with a « variety of PES ». Presented as an ideal example of PES, the Programme for Payment for Environmental Services (PPES) of Costa Rica, introduced in 1996, is however very far from the theoretical model of environmental economics. In fact, tico PES are incentives, financed and put into place largely by the state. They subsidize not only private forest conservation but also wood production. This work « reinserts » political variables, too often omitted in the environmental economic literature, in order to explain the specificities of the Costa Rican PES. By looking at the impacts of the internationalization of public action on national and local level, we identify two variables which help to comprehend the « translation» process of these international tools : government by coalitions and formal and informal rules of the national political regime. This study questions the democratization and the eclipse of the state usually associated with environmental politics. It shows that the Costa Rican political regime structures and authorizes a game by coalitions, which is rather closed and «discrete » (Culpepper, 2011), distant from « politics » and structured around the stakes linked with wood production. This game tends to take over the construction of PES mechanisms, in order to appropriate the financial flows which stem from the state’s redistribution and international cooperation. This game engenders an enclave of « limited pluralism » (Linz, 1964 ; Hermet, 2004) confined within the democratic Costa Rican regime.

Die Agrar- und Forstpolitiken der EU und Deutschlands stehen in einem politökonomischen Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Wertschöpfung und Rohstoffproduktion als ökonomieorientierte Ziele einerseits, der Ökologisierung der Landnutzung andererseits und schließlich dem Ziel der Förderung der ländlichen Entwicklung. In wissenschaftlichen und staatlich-politischen Diskursen und Analysen hinsichtlich der Politiksektoren Land- und Forstwirtschaft wurden Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte in den letzten 25 Jahren stark betont. Insbesondere dem politisch-praktischen Konzept der Politikintegration kommt in den Diskursen und Analysen eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. Die Studie untersucht die agrar- und forstpolitischen Prozesse der Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutz in der deutschen Land- und Forstwirtschaft und leistet einen Beitrag zur qualitativen Erforschung sektoraler Machtverhältnisse. Im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung der Policy-Analyse entspricht die Studie dem Anspruch der Theorieintegration, da eine kritisch-materialistische Perspektive auf politische Prozesse, eine materialistische Staatstheorie, das Konzept der Politiksektoren zusammengeführt werden und dazu beitragen Politikintegrationsprozesse zu analysieren. Im Ergebnis stellt die Studie anhand von vier Fallstudien in den Bundesländern Brandenburg (BB), Niedersachsen (NI), Nordrhein-Westfalen (NW) und Sachsen-Anhalt (ST) und anhand der drei policy issues Reduzierung von Treibhausgasemissionen, Reduzierung von Stoffeinträgen in die Umweltmedien Boden und Wasser und Förderung der biologischen Vielfalt den Ist-Zustand der Umsetzung von Nachhaltigkeitszielen und EU-Umweltschutzpolitiken in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft dar. Anhand der Agrar- und Forstpolitiken in BB, NI, NW und ST in den Förderperioden 2000-2006 und 2007-2013 wird aufgezeigt, dass die Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutzzielen von der politökonomischen Entwicklung der Sektoren abhängt. Sowohl die Agrar- und Forstbürokratien als auch privatwirtschaftliche AkteurInnen dominieren die Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutz. Profitorientierung und ökonomische Regionalentwicklung als Ideologiefragmente der dominanten Status quo- und ökonomieorientierten AkteurInnen setzen Ökologisierungsansätze permanent dem Sachzwang der Profitabilität aus. In den Machtverhältnissen und Kämpfen um die Verallgemeinerung von AkteurInneninteressen dominieren die Status quo- und ökonomieorientierten AkteurInnen die politischen Prozesse durch einen privilegierten Zugang zu den Entscheidungszentren, die ideologische Kongruenz zwischen der Ministerialbürokratie und den dominanten Unternehmensverbänden, die Abhängigkeit der öffentlichen Bürokratien von einer gelingenden Wertschöpfung und der Befassungskontinuität zentraler policy entrepreneure innerhalb der Ministerialbürokratien und der damit verbundenen Policy-Stabilität. Politikintegrationsprojekte wie der produktionsintegrierter Natur- und Umweltschutz (Integrativer Naturschutz) in der deutschen Forst- und Landwirtschaft als Modus der Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutz führen zur Legitimation und Reproduktion der bestehenden Produktionsweise.

This work, containing reflections on human-nature relationship, the perspective of the process of capitalist accumulation and in the light of geographical science and of Marxist theory , aims to analyze the relations between the state and capital , implied in the process that defines the commodification of landscape from the natural activity of ecotourism in the National Parks that are part of the National System of Conservation Units . It is noted therefore that the State, in view of the continuing need for capital expansion and responding to changes of modern times, proposed to be implemented in the National Parks and its environs, ecotourism as an economic activity capable of promoting " sustainable development . " However, this activity is the type of tourism in which nature itself is a commodity that should be consumed. The interference of the commodification of natural landscapes in the production of space these protected areas and their surroundings, with the territorial capital of the tourism demands geographers reflect the purpose of the particularities of results and contradictions of this process that transforms these spaces of accumulation territories of ecotourism, before the regime of flexible accumulation of the capital system, but also imposes question what defines it. And in this sense, it is necessary to note that the analysis of reality, without disregarding the changes observed with the rise of postmodern cultural forms, maintains the central argument is that the relationship between the state and capital that define this process. Besides the growth of visitation to National Parks, some observed in recent years related to public policy, such as a result of investments made in the Parks Program Guide , as well as related to private initiative , as investments made in some of these initiatives Conservations Units by companies that have the issue of support visitation services , supporting the continuum of this process . However, nothing guarantees that this will evolve in the future to the point of being mean to restructure the space of all the National Parks and its environs, which generally constitute the traditional territories of several and / or productive leisure activities, there view are the capitalists who, following the logic of capital, make the choices of the spaces in which they will realize their investments. The analysis highlights the fact that the actions of the State, for the development of ecotourism in protected areas that category were not followed in many of these by significant capital expenditures. But it should be noted that even before being perceived any significant interference with the territorial capital ecotourism in many National Parks, these conflicts of interests related to this process are observed, like the conflicts arising from the expropriation of areas with natural landscapes of great scenic beauty that must be turned into tourist attractions. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the mystification around ecotourism, as well as the need to evaluate the results of this territorialization in the production of space based on social interest. And since the process being analyzed in this work, is ongoing, or even just begins, there is no pretense to launch definitive conclusions about the same, making it necessary to indicate its further analysis. / Este trabalho, contendo reflexões em torno da relação homem-natureza, na perspectiva do processo de acumulação capitalista e à luz da ciência geográfica e da teoria marxista, objetiva analisar as relações entre o Estado e o capital, subentendidas no processo que define a mercantilização da paisagem natural a partir da atividade do ecoturismo nos Parques Nacionais que integram o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza. Nota-se, deste modo, que o Estado, atendendo à necessidade contínua de expansão do capital e respondendo às mudanças dos novos tempos, propõe que seja implementado nos Parques Nacionais e em seus entornos, o ecoturismo como uma atividade econômica capaz de promover o desenvolvimento sustentável . Entretanto, esta atividade é a modalidade de turismo na qual a natureza, em si, é a mercadoria que deve ser consumida. A interferência da mercantilização das paisagens naturais na produção do espaço dessas Unidades de Conservação e dos seus entornos, com a territorialização do capital turístico, exige dos geógrafos refletir a propósito das particularidades, dos desencadeamentos e das contradições desse processo que transforma esses espaços de acumulação em territórios do ecoturismo, diante do regime de acumulação flexível do sistema do capital, mas também impõe questionar o que o define. E, neste sentido, é mister observar que a análise da realidade, sem desconsiderar as mudanças observadas com a ascensão de formas culturais pós-modernas, sustenta o argumento central de que são as relações entre o Estado e o capital que definem esse processo. Além do crescimento da visitação aos Parques Nacionais, algumas iniciativas observadas nos últimos anos, relacionadas à política pública, a exemplo dos investimentos realizados em decorrência do Programa Turismo nos Parques, bem como relacionadas à iniciativa privada, como os investimentos efetuados em algumas dessas Unidades de Conservações por empresas que têm a concessão de serviços de apoio à visitação, sustentam a perspectiva de continuidade desse processo. Todavia, nada garante que este evolua a ponto de no futuro ser significativo para a reestruturação do espaço do conjunto dos Parques Nacionais e de seus entornos, os quais, de modo geral, constituem tradicionais territórios de atividades produtivas diversas e/ou de lazer, haja vista serem os capitalistas que, seguindo a lógica do capital, fazem as escolhas dos espaços em que irão realizar os seus investimentos. A análise da realidade evidencia que as ações do Estado, em prol do desenvolvimento do ecoturismo nas Unidades de Conservação dessa categoria, não foram seguidas em muitas destas por investimentos expressivos de capital. Mas deve-se observar que, mesmo antes de ser percebida qualquer interferência significativa da territorialização do capital com o ecoturismo em muitos Parques Nacionais, nestes, são observados conflitos de interesses relacionados a esse processo, a exemplo dos conflitos decorrentes das desapropriações de áreas com paisagens naturais de grande beleza cênica, que devem ser transformadas em atrativos turísticos. Assim sendo, é importante atentar para a mistificação em torno do ecoturismo, bem como para a necessidade de avaliar os resultados dessa territorialização na produção do espaço com base no interesse social. E, visto que o processo em análise neste trabalho encontra-se em curso, ou mesmo apenas se inicia, não se tem a pretensão de lançar conclusões definitivas sobre o mesmo, fazendo-se necessário indicar o prosseguimento da sua análise.