Cette thèse contribue aux réflexions critiques sur l’autonomie et le travail en se plaçant sous le prisme encore peu exploré du travail non subordonné en coopérative d’activité et d’emploi (CAE). Les travailleurs non subordonnés sont des individus qui souhaitent vivre de leur savoir-faire et de leurs compétences sans passer par le cadre salarial traditionnel. Ils trouvent eux-mêmes leurs opportunités de travail rémunéré en proposant des biens ou des services à des clients. La thèse s’intéresse à l’expérience qu’ils font de l’autonomie à travers la problématique suivante : dans quelle mesure la non subordination permet-elle aux travailleurs de conquérir de l’autonomie individuelle et collective dans un système néolibéral caractérisé par la figure de l’individu-entrepreneur ? Elle s’appuie sur une démarche inductive dans le cadre d’une enquête ethnographique. Elle s’inscrit dans l’épistémologie constructiviste et les théories critiques en management. La thèse étudie d’abord la dimension individuelle de l’autonomie en se penchant sur le travailleur non subordonné en tant que figure. En particulier, elle compare cette figure à celle de l’individu-entrepreneur néolibéral et mobilise le concept de micro-émancipation. La thèse examine aussi la dimension collective de l’autonomie au niveau global de la gouvernance de la CAE et au niveau des collectifs d’entrepreneurs-salariés qui se forment en interne. Le cadre théorique de l’anarchisme, très peu mobilisé en sciences de gestion, s’avère fécond pour l’analyse. Parallèlement à la réponse à la problématique, la thèse apporte trois contributions. Premièrement, elle propose une cartographie des situations de travail contemporaines qui montre le caractère obsolète de la distinction entre statut salarié et statut indépendant. Deuxièmement, elle établit une typologie des trajectoires professionnelles des travailleurs non subordonnés en CAE : profils « souffrance dans le salariat », « sans emploi », « nomade » et « entrepreneur ». Troisièmement, elle fournit des pistes managériales pour aider des collectifs de travailleurs à se structurer de façon non hiérarchique. / This thesis contributes to critical reflections on autonomy and work through the study of non-subordinated work in business and employment cooperatives (BEC). The concept of non-subordinated workers, close to that of freelancers, refers to individuals who attempt to forge a living out of their skills outside of the traditional salaried worker system. They find themselves their work opportunities by offering their goods and services to clients. The thesis explores the kind of autonomy that these workers practice by asking the following question: to what extent does non-subordinated work allow workers to attain individual and collective autonomy in a neoliberal system characterised by the individual-entrepreneur figure? It is based on an inductive approach carried out during an ethnographic study. It belongs to the constructivist epistemology and to critical management studies. To begin, the thesis studies the individual dimension of autonomy by looking into the non-subordinated worker as a figure. In particular, it compares this figure to that of the individual entrepreneur and builds on the concept of micro-emancipation. The thesis also examines the collective dimension of autonomy at the level of the governance of the BEC and at the level of the non-subordinated workers’ collectives that are created within the cooperative. Anarchism, rarely used in management sciences, proves to be an interesting analytical framework for the analysis. In parallel, the thesis provides three contributions. Firstly, it establishes an overview of contemporary work situations that demonstrates, amongst other things, that the distinction between the legal status of an employee and that of a self-employed person is outdated. Secondly, it proposes a typology of non-subordinated workers’ career paths which includes four profiles: “suffering in the salaried worker system”, “unemployed”, “nomadic”, “entrepreneur”. Thirdly, it offers managerial advice to help collectives of non-subordinated workers organise in a non-hierarchical way.

Syftet med denna studie är att utforska vilka kunskaper och färdigheter några etable- rade sångare anser behövs för att sångare ska kunna bli etablerade och erkända. Studien utgår från sociokulturellt perspektiv och baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med tre sång- are: En jazzsångerska, en operasångare och en popsångare. Samtliga tre informanter betraktas som etablerade och erkända inom sin respektive genre. I bakgrundskapitlet ges en beskrivning av hur musikbranschen ser ut på 2010-talet, vilka deltagare, arenor och maktfaktorer som existerar. Marknadsföring och personligt varumärke tas upp samt hur mental inställning beskrivs höra samman med framgång. Dessutom får läsaren en bild av på vilket sätt dagens musiklärarprogram ägnar sig åt undervisning i marknadsfö- ring, frilans- och branschkunskap. I resultatet framkommer att musikbranschen är en hård värld att vistas och verka i. Informanterna är därför eniga om att det krävs en trygg och speciell personlighet för att nå framgång. Dessutom krävs social kompetens och stark passion. En beskrivning ges av vilken nytta informanterna har haft av sin utbild- ning på vägen mot att bli etablerad sångare. De anser dock att det finns många brister i utbildningarna och att det alltså finns många förbättringsområden. / The purpose of this study is to explore what knowledge and skills some established singers consider necessary for singers to become established and recognized. The study starts from a socio-cultural perspective and is based on qualitative interviews with three singers: a jazz singer, an opera singer and a pop singer. All three interviewees are regarded as established and recognized in their respective genres. In the background chapter a description is given of how the music industry appears in the 21st century – the participants, venues and power factors that exist. Marketing and personal image promotion are considered together with how the mental attitude is associated with success. In addition, the reader gets a picture of how today's music teacher programmes are dedicated to education in marketing, freelance and knowledge of the industry. It emerges from the results that the music industry is a hard world to live and work in. Those interviewed therefore are unanimous in the need for a secure and special type of personality to achieve success. In addition, social skills and a strong passion are indispensable. A description is given of what use those interviewed gained from their education, on the way to becoming established singers. They believe that there are many deficiencies in training today and that consequently there are many areas for improvement.

Submitted by Letícia Coelho Rosa (letticiacoelho@gmail.com) on 2018-01-04T03:19:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LCR_Trabalho Criativo Freelance.pdf: 1098340 bytes, checksum: c49c1887f2d9879df0b3ee7bd2c7b053 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2018-01-05T13:16:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LCR_Trabalho Criativo Freelance.pdf: 1098340 bytes, checksum: c49c1887f2d9879df0b3ee7bd2c7b053 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-05T15:00:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LCR_Trabalho Criativo Freelance.pdf: 1098340 bytes, checksum: c49c1887f2d9879df0b3ee7bd2c7b053 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-04 / Neste estudo, se investiga a criatividade de compositores musicais em suas atuações como freelancer. O trabalho criativo freelance origina uma experiência subjetiva em que recompensas financeiras, êxtases criativos, reconhecimento social e paixão convivem com ansiedade, risco, fracasso e insegurança. Considerando esse contexto, tem-se como objetivo compreender como músico compositor faz sentido da relação entre atividade criativa e trabalho freelance. Utilizou-se a análise fenomenológica interpretativa e literatura de atividade criativa para obtenção e interpretação das essências contidas nas experiências relatadas pelos trabalhadores. As entrevistas em profundidade foram realizadas com 15 músicos de São Paulo. Como resultado, este estudo identifica temas relevantes para compreensão da interação do músico com o contexto: sobreviver de música, ser artista ou autoempreendedor. / In this study, one investigates the creativity of musical composers in their performances as a freelancer. Freelance creative work creates a subjective experience in which financial rewards, creative ecstasies, social recognition, and passion coexist with anxiety, risk, failure, and insecurity. Considering this context, we aim to understand how musician composer makes sense of the relationship between creative activity and freelance work. We used the interpretative phenomenological analysis and creative activity literature to obtain and interpret the essences contained in the experiences reported by the workers. The in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 musicians from São Paulo. As a result, this study identifies themes relevant to understanding the musician's interaction with the context: surviving music, being an artist or self-employed.

Esta investigación exploratoria tiene por objetivo principal determinar cuáles son los criterios de calidad aplicados en el proceso de traducción de los traductores independientes en el mercado de traducción en Lima, Perú, en 2019. Se aplicó una metodología cualitativa, utilizando como herramienta la entrevista. Las entrevistas fueron aplicadas a cinco traductoras independientes que cumplían con una serie de requisitos establecidos según PACTE. A partir de los resultados se comprobó que las participantes aplican una serie de criterios en sus procesos de traducción, que involucran una demanda de tiempo para producir un texto funcional. En ese sentido, se identificó como criterios principales la documentación y revisión. Como sostienen las participantes, los clientes desconocen el proceso de esta labor profesional y, por tanto, no brindan un plazo factible al solicitar un encargo de traducción que permita priorizar la calidad. / This exploratory research has as main objective to determine what are the quality criteria applied in the translation process of the freelance translators in the translation market in Lima, Peru, in 2019. A qualitative methodology was applied, using interviews as a research tool. The interviews were applied to five freelance translators who met a series of requirements established according to PACTE. Results found that the participants apply a series of criteria in their translation process, which implies a demand of time needed in order to produce a functional text. Furthermore, documentation and review were identified as the main criteria applied. As stated by the participants, clients are unaware of the process of this professional work and, therefore, do not provide a feasible deadline when requesting a translation order that allows prioritizing quality. / Tesis

El presente trabajo de investigación, realizado en la condición de pandemia COVID-19, tiene como objetivo analizar el interés del mercado peruano por una plataforma virtual que contacte a usuarios en búsqueda de servicios digitales con personas que trabajen en la modalidad freelance a cambio de un pago justo acordado entre las partes como proceso de negociación entre las mismas. La idea que se desea cumplir es la de beneficiar a las personas afectadas por la crisis económica brindándoles un portal en el que se les facilite conseguir empleo mediante un proceso seguro. Las acciones más relevantes que se consideraron para la realización del objetivo son la generación de la propuesta de valor de la marca, la experimentación de aceptación de esta por parte del público objetivo, las entrevistas a expertos y usuarios para la validación de cuadrantes del Business Model Canvas, la generación de experimentos para analizar la intención de compra según el interés por la propuesta de valor y el desarrollo del plan financiero. De las cuáles los resultados obtenidos fueron una aceptación de 110 personas en las primeras 3 semanas de anuncio a través de las plataformas Facebook, Tik Tok e Instagram. En el aspecto financiero, se obtuvo un COK del 20.82% y un WACC del 20.82%. Se proyecta una venta de 105,964 PEN en el primer año, de 132,137 PEN el segundo y 162,396 PEN en el tercer año. Así mismo un TIR de 113% y un Payback de 1.01. / The present research work, carried out in the condition of COVID-19 pandemic, aims to analyze the interest of the Peruvian market for a virtual platform that contacts users in search of digital services with people who work in the freelance modality in exchange for a fair payment agreed between the parties as a process of negotiation between them. The idea to be fulfilled is to benefit the people affected by the economic crisis by providing them with a portal in which it is easier for them to find employment through a secure process. The most relevant actions that were considered for the realization of the objective are the generation of the value proposition of the brand, the experimentation of acceptance of this by the target audience, the interviews with experts and users for the validation of the Business Model quadrants. Canvas, the generation of experiments to analyze the purchase intention according to the interest in the value proposition and the development of the financial plan. Of which the results obtained were an acceptance of 110 people in the first 3 weeks of the announcement through the Facebook, Tik Tok and Instagram platforms. In the financial aspect, a COK of 20.82% and a WACC of 20.82% were obtained. A sale of 105,964 PEN is projected in the first year, 132,137 PEN the second and 162,396 PEN in the third year. Likewise, an IRR of 113% and a Payback of 1.01. / Trabajo de investigación

Map app Flow is here to ease the process of finding appropriate places for remote working - mostly through shared experience of other users.

Förevarande studie syftar till att undersöka hur de hybrida arbetssätten som uppkommit till följd av pandemin har katalyserat gig-ekonomin inom mediebranschen. Undersökningen har med en deduktiv ansats grundat en hypotes baserat på tidigare forskning inom området. Med kvalitativa intervjuer av både frilansare inom medieindustrin och företagare som anställer dessa, har studien ämnat att analysera huruvida hypotesen kunde bekräftas eller förkastas. För att analysera det empiriska resultatet av undersökningen i förhållande till studiens frågeställning och hypotes har diskussionen anknutit till Maslows motivationsteori. Studien fastslår att delar av dess hypotes kan bekräftas eftersom hybrida arbetssätt ökar frilansarens och företagarnas digitala vana, vilket minskar behovet av fysiska möten med medarbetare och samarbetspartners. Hybrida arbetssätt möjliggör också nya arbetsmöjligheter för frilansare utanför det lokala området eftersom digital kommunikation inte längre minskar professionaliteten av arbetet. De förväntade internationella möjligheterna av hypotesen går emellertid inte att bekräfta avseende studiens otillräckliga kvantitet av respondenter som bekräftar utfallet. Studien visar också på hinder som minskar tryggheten för frilansare när de arbetar med utländska uppdragsgivare. Studiens slutledning av frågeställningen är att de hybrida arbetssätten katalyserar den nationella gig-ekonomin och bör ses som en betydande del för att förstå den postpandemiska framtiden för mediebranschen i Sverige. / This study aims to explore how the hybrid working methods that have emerged because of the pandemic have catalysed the gig economy in the media industry. Using a deductive research approach, the study formulated a hypothesis based on previous research in the field. Through qualitative interviews with both freelance workers in the media industry and organisations who employ them, the study sought to analyse whether the hypothesis could be confirmed or rejected. The discussion used Maslow’s motivation theory to analyse the empirical results of the study in relation to the research question and hypothesis. The study finds that parts of the hypothesis can be confirmed as hybrid working methods increase the digital competence of both freelancers and organisations, reducing the need for physical meetings with colleagues and partners. Hybrid work arrangements also enable new work opportunities for freelancers outside their local area, as digital communication no longer decreases the professionalism of their work. However, the expected international opportunities of the hypothesis cannot be confirmed due to the study's insufficient number of respondents confirming the outcome. The study also identifies barriers that reduce the security of freelancers when working with foreign clients. The study's conclusion regarding the research question is that hybrid working methods catalyse the national gig economy and should be viewed as a significant factor in understanding the post-pandemic future of the media industry in Sweden.

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Médecins Sans Frontières is one of the most respected humanitarian organisations in the world, they focus mainly on providing medical care in places of emergency and war. These places are also interesting for journalists who can take advantage of the protection on the missions while also acquiring unique stories. Working in conflicted areas under a protection of an organisation is called embedded journalism. This concept has been until now studied in connection with army when journalists travel with soldiers. Therefore, their view of war can be distorted. However, a journalist who travels with Médecins Sans Frontières may also have a distorted view of world. Twelve journalists from around the world, who visited the missions and documented the work of doctors, gave interviews for this diploma thesis. In the interviews, they described their experiences, the advantages and disadvantages of being embedded, and how the organisation may have influenced their work. Several Médecins Sans Frontières workers have also shared their experience. The interviews were put in context by a content analysis that focused on the articles and photographs made on missions by these journalists.