Den här studien undersöker hur pojkar i klänning gestaltas i barnlitteratur. Syftet är att ur ett normkritiskt perspektiv synliggöra hur genusnormer bryts och upprätthålls. Studiens datainsamling består av kvalitativ text- och bildanalys av tre stycken barnböcker som riktar sig till barn i åldern 3–6 år.  Tidigare forskning redogör för att traditionella genusnormer gestaltas i berättelser för unga läsare, ett perspektiv som kan påverka barns möjligheter till att uttrycka sin könsidentitet. Enligt resultatet i den här studien bidrar karaktärer och innehåll till att både upprätthålla och bryta normer. Den traditionella genusordningen, som bland annat innebär att det maskulina värderas högre än det feminina, framträder i två av tre böcker. Samtidigt är pojkars handlingsutrymmen för att uttrycka sin könsidentitet snävare än flickors. / This study examines the portrayal of boys in dresses in children's literature. The purpose is to make visible from a norm-critical perspective how gender norms are broken and maintained. The study's data collection consists of qualitative text and image analysis of three children's books for children aged 3–6 years. Previous research reports that traditional gender norms are represented in literature for young readers, a perspective that may affect children's opportunities to make gender. The findings in this study show that characters and content contribute to both maintaining and breaking norms. The traditional gender order, meaning masculine is valued higher than feminine, appears in two out of the analyzed books. At the same time, masculine characters seem to have less possibilities of expressing their gender identity than the feminine ones.

MARTINA HYNKOVÁ: ‚JINÉ SVĚTY' ŽEN JAZZOVÉ SEKCE V OBDOBÍ TZV. NORMALIZACE ABSTRACT This master thesis deals with the Jazz section of the Musicians' Union in the normalization period. It was an amateur organization which existed from 1971 until 1986. It took an active part in the area of jazz and united an extensive jazz community. The thesis aims at gender aspects of female Jazz section's activities and roles. The research question can be formulated as follows: Which strategies of living did female members of the Jazz section choose during the normalization? The thesis is based on a biographical method consisting of six interviews with former female members of the Jazz section. Those interviews were made via an episodic narrative interview. The author revealed the following strategies of living: accession to the Jazz section community, being an active member of the community, going abroad to visit cultural events, contact with dissent and living in two worlds. Making of these other worlds by female members of the Jazz section thus became strategies of living on their own.

Internetutvecklingen har skapat nya arenor för utövande av våld. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur det digitala våldet mot minderåriga flickor kan gestalta sig på TikTok. Materialet består av kommentarsfält tillhörande minderåriga flickor. Studien intar ett radikalfeministiskt perspektiv vars utgångspunkt är att det sexuella våldet är en konsekvens av patriarkatet och mannens makt över kvinnans sexualitet; studien utgår även från ett makt-kontrollperspektiv. Metoden för arbetet är Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys, denna appliceras för att analysera hur diskursen gestaltas i kommentarsfälten. Resultatet visar att det digitala våldet tar sig uttryck genom att sexualisera och på andra sätt kränka flickorna, där det främst utmärkande för diskursen är objektifiering av flickorna samtidigt som en social diskurs identifierats som upprätthåller och reproducerar patriarkala strukturer och könsmaktförhållanden. Det finns tendenser till en subkultur som bidrar till gemenskap mellan personer som utsätter flickorna för digitalt våld; då samma uttryck och termer används av olika personer. / The development of the Internet has created new arenas for utilizing violence. The purpose of this study is to investigate how digital violence against underage girls can manifest itself on TikTok. The data consists of comment sections belonging to underage girls. The study uses a radical feminist perspective which has the initial belief that the widespread sexual violence against women is a consequence of patriarchy and men's power over women's sexuality; thus, the study has also adopted a power-control perspective. The method for the study is Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, which has been applied to analyze how the discourse manifests in the comment sections. The results show that the digital violence expresses itself by sexualizing and in other ways violating and offending the girls, where the main distinguishing pattern of the discourse is the objectification of the girls as well as a social discourse being identified which maintains and reproduces patriarchal structures and gender power relations. There are tendencies towards a subculture that contributes to a cohesion between people who utilize digital violence against the girls; where the same expressions and words are used by different people.

Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på om, och i så fall hur, en eventuell genusordning kan ta sig uttryck i en bestämd till synes könsneutral lek i skolans undervisning i idrott och hälsa, bland elever i årskurs fyra och fem. För att svara på syftet använde vi oss av följande frågeställningar; Uttrycks en hierarkisk genusordning, även i tillsynes könsneutrala lekar i skolämnet idrott och hälsa? Och hur tar den sig i så fall uttryck? För att svara på detta utfördes sju stycken, femtio till sextio minuter långa observationer på fyra sydskånska skolor. Observationerna, i vilka vi i varierande grad agerade deltagande och ickedeltagande, planerades och utfördes under en lektion i idrott och hälsa i vardera grupp: en grupp i årskurs fyra i och sex grupper årskurs fem. Uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkt beskrivs i Yvonne Hirdman samt R.W Connells socialkonstruktivistiska och feministiska tankar om samhällets kulturella genusordning. En ordning där normen är hegemoni där män och maskulinitet är överställda kvinnor och femininitet. Resultatet visar ett en hierarkisk genusordning går att finna, där pojkar ikläder sig statusroller, och flickor trots visad motvilja, underordnar sig. En hegemonisk ordning syns hos såväl flickor som pojkar och maskulina egenskaper leder till styrande positioner i gruppen. / The purpose of this study was to determine whether, and if so how, any gender order can be expressed in a given seemingly gender-neutral game in physical education in schools among students in grades four and five. To answer the purpose we used the following questions: is a hierarchical gender order expressed, even in seemingly gender-neutral games in physical education? How does it express itself? To answer the purpose of our study, we made seven fifty to sixty minute’s long observations in four schools in the southern part of Sweden. In these observations, we participated and in non participation. They were planned and executed during one lesson each in physical education: six groups of fifth graders and one group of the fourth grade. The theoretical basis of this essay comes from Yvonne Hirdman, professor of gender and feminism and RW Connell´s social constructivist and feminist ideas about the cultural gender order. The order in which hegemony of men and masculinity seem as the superior norm in contrast to women and femininity. The results show that a hierarchical gender order can be found in the schools and in the physical education surrounding. Boys are in charge and take command and girls, despite the demonstrated reluctance, submit to boys. A hegemonic system is seen in both sexes and girls or boys with masculine characteristics take controlling positions in the group.

The most common approach to examining gender equality in organizations is through quantitative measures, which can miss important aspects of gender equality. This study analyzes Sweden's most gender equal organization according to Nyckeltalsinstitutet to see if the experience of gender equality reflects the organization's good quantitative measures. Based on previous research in the field of gender equality, we assume the working hypothesis that women in organizations are generally treated as the subordinate gender. The study consists of a survey and four semi structured interviews with employees at Sveriges Radio. The questions we aim to answer with the study are: (1) Do experiences of inequality exist in Sweden's most gender equal organization? and (2) does the experience reflect the good quantitative measures of gender equality within the organization? Our working hypothesis is supported by the results of the study. The main conclusion is that there are experiences of inequality within the organization and that experiences of gender discrimination and an unequal work environment do not necessarily reflect the good quantitative measures of gender equality. All relevant aspects of gender equality are therefore not captured by quantitative measures.

Denna studie ämnar öka förståelsen för hur kvinnliga ledare navigerar i mansdominerade branscher, syftet är också att undersöka eventuella utmaningar som råder och om det krävs anpassningar för att upprätthålla legitimitet i det kvinnliga ledarskapet. Genom att besvara detta syfte kan kunskapen bidra till att eliminera den obalans som råder mellan könen när det kommer till ledarskap inom mansdominerade miljöer. Studien tillämpade en kvalitativ forskningsansats där det empiriska materialet samlades in via semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju kvinnliga ledare i mansdominerade branscher. Det insamlade datamaterialet analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Studiens resultat tyder på en komplex diskurs kring kvinnliga ledarskapsstrategier, där kvinnliga ledare tillämpar strategier som syftar till att antingen passa in eller sticka ut. Detta genom att exempelvis dra fördelar av fördomar eller spela på ekonomiska intressen. Strategierna syftar till att understödja kvinnliga ledares legitimitet, hantera strukturella utmaningar eller i vissa fall även manövrera sitt föräldraansvar. Studien utgör ett betydande bidrag till forskning om ledarskap och genus på det sätt att det synliggör och ökar förståelsen för kvinnors minoritet bland ledande positioner i mansdominerade miljöer. / The aim of this study is to develop a better understanding of how female leaders navigate the male-dominated industries, the aim is also to explore what challenges they might face and whether adaptations are required to maintain legitimacy for female leadership. By answering this purpose, we hope to gain knowledge that will help eradicate the imbalance that exists between the sexes regarding leadership in male-dominated environments. The study applied a qualitative research approach in which the empirical material was collected via semi-structured interviews with seven female leaders in male-dominated industries. The collected data was analyzed using a thematic analysis. The study's results indicate a complex discourse around female leadership strategies, where female leaders apply strategies with the purpose of either fitting in or standing out. This could be done by taking advantages of prejudices or capitalize on financial interests. The strategies aim to support the legitimacy of female leaders, deal with structural challenges or in some cases even maneuver their parental responsibility. The study constitutes a significant contribution to research on leadership and gender, in the way that it increases the understanding of the minority of women in leadership positions and makes it more visible in male-dominated environments.

Football has long been male-dominated. Although the number of women practicing in football has increased, there are still very few women coaches in football. Sports norms tend to be male and whenthe majority of men are in leadership positions these norms tend to be reproduced. Therefore, it is important that women also enter these roles, such as the coaching position. The purpose of the study was to identify the perceptions and experiences of football coaches' educators of gender awareness in the coaching training UEFA B. A qualitative method is carried out to investigate phenomena,perceptions and experiences. In the study, six semi-structured interviews were conducted with three women and three men. The questions asked about leadership, gender, educational design and differences in leadership. The result showed that a gender awareness was visible in the reasoning of the coach trainers and the majority of shortcomings in gender equality were presented and proposals for further development of the area were mentioned. A certain nuanced norm criticism was not always visible which indicated that a conclusion could be drawn. The conclusion was that unions, associations,and men have a responsibility to increase gender equality efforts. An important aspect is that the coach development program's initiatives must be integrated into regular operations. Where an important partis that the initiative of the coachlift should be implemented in ordinary operations.

Moje diplomová práce se věnuje tomu, jakým způsobem přistupují vyučující na druhém stupni základních škol k dívkám a chlapcům, kteří jsou genderově atypičtí. Tedy k dětem, kteří nesplňují představu "správné" dívky či "správného" chlapce z hlediska genderového řádu společnosti a nějakým způsobem se těmto představám vymykají (v rovině osobnostní, vzhledové či behaviorální). Ve výzkumu se zajímám o zkušenost vyučujících s těmito dětmi, o charakteristiky, jenž jsou podle nich genderově atypické, jak tyto děti podle nich přijímá kolektiv či učitelský sbor, apod., avšak podstatou mého zkoumání je zjistit, jaký postoj vůči těmto dětem učitelé a učitelky zaujímají a co jej ovlivňuje. Z výsledků výzkumu pak vyplývá, že existuje určitá typologie postojů vyučujících k genderově atypickým dětem, přičemž jednotlivé postoje vyučujících jsou ovlivňovány mnoha faktory. Faktor, který se ukázal jako nejdůležitější, protože významně ovlivňuje to, zda se bude jedna spíše o pozitivní či negativní přijetí dítěte, je to, zda projevy atypického dítěte narušují či znesnadňují vyučování a práci vyučujícího, nikoliv pouhá skutečnost, že je dítě genderově atypické. Tato práce je tvořena dvěma částmi: teoretickou a empirickou. V teoretické části se zabývám informacemi, které jsou základem pro můj výzkum a v rámci celé práce z...

Bakgrund: Män har genom historien dominerat på arbetsmarknadens chefspositioner och därmed utformat chefskapets innehåll. Chefskapet är sammankopplat med agentic attribut som anses "manliga". Hur kvinnor hanterar sitt chefskap har mest studerats vid mansdominerade arbetsplatser där kvinnan är avvikare. Det finns en kunskapslucka i forskningen när det gäller kvinnors sätt att hantera chefskapet vid en kvinnodominerad arbetsplats där kvinnan är normen. Syfte: Syftet var att studera hur kvinnliga chefer vid kvinnodominerade arbetsplatser uttalar sig om manliga och kvinnliga egenskaper i sitt chefskap. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ ansats där sex semistrukturerade intervjuer gjorts med kvinnliga chefer inom den offentliga sektorn. Intervjuerna har spelats in och transkriberats och analyserats med tematisk analysmetod som tolkats med social role theoy, role congruity theory . De två teorierna används för att belysa skillnader som vi menar beror på sociala konstruktioner av kön och könsordning som också används i analysen. Resultat: Intervjupersonerna upplevde att de blev respekterade som chefer och uttryckte ingen konflikt i rollen, att vara kvinna och samtidigt chef. De utgjorde normen inom offentlig sektor där de flesta omkring dem var kvinnor. Flertalet av cheferna ansåg inte att de behövde använda några särskilda strategier för att bli tagna på allvar eller få sin röst hörd. Kvinnorna ansåg inte att de hade specifika förväntningar att uppfylla för att de var kvinnor. Samtliga chefer beskrev sitt chefskap utifrån både communal och agentic egenskaper. De beskrev fler communal egenskaper som viktiga i sitt chefskap, vilket är långt ifrån det stereotypa agentic dominerade chefskapet. Det framkom att de ser chefskapet som en balansgång mellan communal och agentic egenskaper men communal egenskaper betonades mest. Resultatet visade även på en del upplevda skillnader mellan manliga och kvinnliga chefers förutsättningar. Kvinnorna har ibland ansetts som sämre chefer vid tillsättning av tjänster och en av de chefer som har fler män kring sig har vid några tillfällen upplevt att männen vill ta steget framför och överta ledarskapet. Flera kvinnor beskrev att de upplevde att män hade det lättare när det gällde att bli accepterade i chefsrollen och lättare blev accepterade i sin auktoritet / Men has dominated the labour markets management positions through the history and formed the qualities of leadership. The leadership is linked to agentic attributes that are considered "male". How women deal with a manager role has mostly been studied in male- dominated environments where women are deviants. There is a knowledge gap in the research regarding women’s ways of handling managerial positions in a female- dominated environment where the women is the norm. The aim of this study was to see how women managers in female- dominated places of work comment on male and female qualities in the manager role. The study has a qualitative approach where six semi- structured interviews with female managers in the public sector. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The material is processed and analyzed by thematic analysis method which has been interpreted by social role theory and role congruity theory. The two theories are used to illuminate the differences that we believe is due to the social constructions of gender and the gender order witch also is used in the analysis. The respondents felt that they were respected as managers and expressed no conflict in the role, to be a woman and at the same time manager. They constituted the norm in social services where most around them were women. The majority of the managers did not feel that they needed to use some specific strategies to be taken seriously or get their voice heard. The women felt that they did not have specific expectations because they were women; they felt that their own expectations influenced them the most. All managers describe their leadership from both communal and agentic characteristics. They describe more communal characteristics as important in the manager role, which is far from the stereotypical agentic dominated manager role. It appears that they see management to be a balance between communal and agentic qualities but that communal characteristics emphasized most. The results reveal, however, some perceived differences between male and female managers conditions. The women have sometimes been regarded as inferior managers in recruitment and one of the managers who have more men around here, sometimes felt that men wanted to step in front and take over the leadership. One manager mentions strategies to get men to handle her straight communication. Several women described that they felt that men have it easier when it comes to being accepted into the managerial role and easier accepted in its authority. It also appears that some women find that they were expected to solve more problematic situations just because they were women

The study aims to investigating how the #Metoo-campaign with social media and theinternet mobilized and committed people to question existing social structures. Based onthe campaign's own Facebook page, I've investigated what gave this kind of campaign afoothold and impact.In recent decades the Internet and social media has grown in an explosive pace and createda new arena for social interaction. The technological development has created newopportunities for global campaigns and mobilization. Today the internet and social mediaare used as a major source of information in society, as information is spread globallydirectly and you reach a larger audience than you could ever have before. In autumn 2017,the #Metoo campaign was discovered to highlight sexual harassment and a powerstructure in which women subordinate to men. The campaign was spread in social mediavia a hashtag and had been used by 4.7 million people it’s first day.Through this study, the #Metoo-campaign is analyzed and discussed based on thecampaign's Facebook page. An insight into what the senders want with the campaign andhow they work is given and discussed with theories of social movements, social media,power and gender.